Self-poisoning with baclofen in alcohol-dependent patients: national reports to French Poison Control Centers, 2008–2013

References

• Ameisen O. Complete and prolonged suppression of symptoms and consequences of alcohol-dependence using high-dose baclofen: a self-case report of a physician. Alcohol Alcohol. 2005;40:147–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolland B, Bordet R, Cottencin O. Alcohol-dependence: the current French craze for baclofen. Addiction. 2012;107:848–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu J, Wang LN. Baclofen for alcohol withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;CD008502.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, et al. Baclofen efficacy in reducing alcohol craving and intake: a preliminary double-blind randomized controlled study. Alcohol Alcohol. 2002;37:504–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addolorato G, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, et al. Effectiveness and safety of baclofen for maintenance of alcohol abstinence in alcohol-dependent patients with liver cirrhosis: randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet. 2007;370:1915–1922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leggio L, Ferrulli A, Zambon A, et al. Baclofen promotes alcohol abstinence in alcohol dependent cirrhotic patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Addict Behav. 2012;37:561–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbutt JC, Kampov-Polevoy AB, Gallop R, et al. Efficacy and safety of baclofen for alcohol dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2010;34:1849–1857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addolorato G, Leggio L, Ferrulli A, et al. Dose-response effect of baclofen in reducing daily alcohol intake in alcohol dependence: secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011;46:312–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ponizovsky AM, Rosca P, Aronovich E, et al. Baclofen as add-on to standard psychosocial treatment for alcohol dependence: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 1 year follow-up. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2015;52:24–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller CA, Geisel O, Pelz P, et al. High-dose baclofen for the treatment of alcohol dependence (BACLAD study): a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25:1167–1177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beraha EM, Salemink E, Goudriaan AE, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-dose baclofen for the treatment of alcohol dependence: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26:1950–1959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolland B, Paille F, Fleury B, et al. Off-label baclofen prescribing practices among French alcohol specialists: results of a national online survey. PLoS One. 2014;9:e98062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roerecke M, Gual A, Rehm J. Reduction of alcohol consumption and subsequent mortality in alcohol use disorders: systematic review and meta-analyses. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:1181–1189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addolorato G, Caputo F, Capristo E, et al. Ability of baclofen in reducing alcohol craving and intake: II-Preliminary clinical evidence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2000;24:67–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolland B, Deheul S, Danel T, et al. [Temporary recommendation for use on off-label baclofen: viewpoint of prescribers of the CAMTEA system]. Therapie. 2015;70:235–238. French.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmerich J, Dumarcet N, Lorence A. France's new framework for regulating off-label drug use . N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1279–1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franchitto N, Pelissier F, Lauque D, et al. Self-intoxication with baclofen in alcohol-dependent patients with co-existing psychiatric illness: an emergency department case series. Alcohol Alcohol. 2014;49:79–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lejoyeux M, Huet F, Claudon M, et al. Characteristics of suicide attempts preceded by alcohol consumption. Arch Suicide Res. 2008;12:30–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boenisch S, Bramesfeld A, Mergl R, et al. The role of alcohol use disorder and alcohol consumption in suicide attempts – a secondary analysis of 1921 suicide attempts. Eur Psychiatry. 2010;25:414–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherpitel CJ, Borges GL, Wilcox HC. Acute alcohol use and suicidal behavior: a review of the literature. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2004;28:18S–28S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan MS, Huguet N, McFarland BH, et al. Use of alcohol before suicide in the United States. Ann Epidemiol. 2014;24:588–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowry JB, Spyker DA, Brooks DE, et al. 2014 Annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 32nd annual report. Clin Toxicol. 2015;53:962–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung NY, Whyte IM, Isbister GK. Baclofen overdose: defining the spectrum of toxicity. Emerg Med Australas. 2006;18:77–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schulz M, Iwersen-Bergmann S, Andresen H, et al. Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of nearly 1,000 drugs and other xenobiotics. Crit Care. 2012;16:R136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupouy J, Fournier JP, Jouanjus É, et al. Baclofen for alcohol dependence in France: incidence of treated patients and prescription patterns—a cohort study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014;24:192–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dore GM, Lo K, Juckes L, et al. Clinical experience with baclofen in the management of alcohol-dependent patients with psychiatric comorbidity: a selected case series. Alcohol Alcohol. 2011;46:714–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiel LB, Hoegberg LC, Jansen T, et al. A nationwide register-based survey of baclofen toxicity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2015;116:452–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May CR. Baclofen overdose. Ann Emerg Med. 1983;12:171–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perry HE, Wright RO, Shannon MW, et al. Baclofen overdose: drug experimentation in a group of adolescents. Pediatrics. 1998;101:1045–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan R, Hodgman MJ, Kao L, et al. Baclofen overdose mimicking brain death. Clin Toxicol. 2012;50:141–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsot A, Imbert B, Alvarez JC, et al. High variability in the exposure of baclofen in alcohol-dependent patients. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38:316–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerkin R, Curry SC, Vance MV, et al. First-order elimination kinetics following baclofen overdose. Ann Emerg Med. 1986;15:843–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghose K, Holmes KM, Matthewson K. Complications of baclofen overdosage. Postgrad Med J. 1980;56:865–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujita S, Koshikawa N, Kobayashi M. GABA(B) receptors accentuate neural excitation contrast in rat insular cortex. Neuroscience. 2011;199:259–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolland B, Jaillette E, Carton L, et al. Assessing alcohol versus baclofen withdrawal syndrome in patients treated with baclofen for alcohol use disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014;34:153–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham JA, Jelic S. Baclofen withdrawal: a cause of prolonged fever in the intensive care unit. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2005;33:534–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leo RJ, Baer D. Delirium associated with baclofen withdrawal: a review of common presentations and management strategies. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:503–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weißhaar GF, Hoemberg M, Bender K, et al. Baclofen intoxication: a fun drug causing deep coma and nonconvulsive status epilepticus-a case report and review of the literature. Eur J Pediatr. 2012;171:1541–1547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leggio L, Zywiak WH, McGeary JE, et al. A human laboratory pilot study with baclofen in alcoholic individuals. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013;103:784–791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteman PJ, Hoffman RS, Goldfrank LR. Alcoholism in the emergency department: an epidemiologic study. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:14–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans SM, Bisaga A. Acute interaction of baclofen in combination with alcohol in heavy social drinkers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009;33:19–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandelberg JH, Kuhn RE, Kohn MA. Epidemiologic analysis of an urban, public emergency department's frequent users. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:637–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charifou Y, Martinet O, Jabot J, et al. Baclofen intoxication cases in an intensive care unit. Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2016;35:169–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holla B, Gowda GS, Prabhu L, et al. High doses of baclofen as suicide attempt in patients with alcohol use disorders – a serious concern. Asian J Psychiatr. 2015;17:99–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton RF, O’Malley SS, Ciraulo DA, et al. Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: the COMBINE study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295:2003–2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan TY. Improvements in the packaging of drugs and chemicals may reduce the likelihood of severe intentional poisonings in adults. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2000;19:387–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolland B, Paille F, Gillet C, et al. Pharmacotherapy for alcohol dependence: the 2015 recommendations of the French Alcohol Society, issued in partnership with the European Federation of Addiction Societies. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2016;22:25–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Recommendation no. R (99) 3 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the harmonization of medico-legal autopsy rules. Forensic Sci Int. 2000;111:5–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser AD, MacNeil W, Isner AF. Toxicological analysis of a fatal baclofen (Lioresal) ingestion. J Forensic Sci. 1991;36:1596–1602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Giovanni N, d’Aloja E. Death due to baclofen and dipyrone ingestion. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;123:26–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pape E, Roman E, Scala-Bertola J, et al. Death of an alcohol-dependent patient following intentional drug intoxication: implication of baclofen? Eur Addict Res. 2014;20:300–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar