Epidemiology, clinical features and management of patients presenting to European emergency departments with acute cocaine toxicity: comparison between powder cocaine and crack cocaine cases

References

• European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European Drug Report 2018: Trend and Developments. Accessed on: 17-06-2018. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/8585/20181816_TDAT18001ENN_PDF.pdf
   Google Scholar
• The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Wastewater analysis and drugs. A European multi-city study. Accessed on: 2-09-2018. Available at: http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/pods/waste-water-analysis_en
   Google Scholar
• Velasquez EM, Anand RC, Newman WP III, et al. Cardiovascular complications associated with cocaine use. J La State Med Soc. 2004;156:302–310.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Callaghan RC, Halliday M, Gatley J, et al. Comparative hazards of acute myocardial infarction among hospitalized patients with methamphetamine- or cocaine-use disorders: a retrospective cohort study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;188:259–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Restrepo CS, Carrillo JA, Martínez S, et al. Pulmonary complications from cocaine and cocaine-based substances: imaging manifestations. Radiographics. 2007;27:941–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miró O, Galicia M, Sánchez M, et al. Factors related to emergency department revisits after urgent attention for cocaine use. Emergencias. 2010;22:408–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galicia M, Nogué S, Burillo-Putze G. Ten years of emergency attendances for cocaine-users in Spain. Med Clin (Barc). 2014;143:322–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodmer M, Enzler F, Liakoni E, et al. Acute cocaine-related health problems in patients presenting to an urban emergency department in Switzerland: A case series. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:173.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanjurjo E, Montori E, Nogué S, et al. Cocaine abuse attended in the emergency department: an emerging pathology. Med Clin (Barc). 2006;126:616–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch X, Loma-Osorio P, Guasch E, et al. Prevalence, clinical characteristics and risk of myocardial infarction in patients with cocaine-related chest pain. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2010;63:1028–1034.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood DM, Heyerdahl F, Yates CB, et al. The European drug emergencies network (Euro-DEN). Clin Toxicol. 2014;52:239–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dines AM, Wood DM, Yates C, et al. Acute recreational drug and new psychoactive substance toxicity in Europe: 12 months data collection from the European drug emergencies network (Euro-DEN). Clin Toxicol. 2015;53:893–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miró O, Yates C, Dines AM, et al. Emergencies attended for substance abuse: Comparison of care in two Spanish emergency departments and three different European regions. Emergencias. (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Zhu H, Wilson FA, Stimpson JP, et al. Correlation between cocaine prices and purity with trends in emergency department visits in a major metropolitan area. J Urban Health. 2014;91:1009–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seleghim MR, Marangoni SR, Marcon SS, et al. Family ties of crack cocaine users cared for in a psychiatric emergency department. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2011;19:1163–1170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegal HA, Falck RS, Wang J, et al. Emergency department utilization by crack-cocaine smokers in Dayton, Ohio. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2006; 32:55–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber JE, Chudnofsky CR, Boczar M, et al. Cocaine-associated chest pain: how common is myocardial infarction?. Acad Emerg Med. 2000;7:873.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaho K, Logan B, Winbery S, et al. Blood cocaine and metabolite concentrations, clinical findings, and outcome of patients presenting to an ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2000;18:593–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsue PY, McManus D, Selby V, et al. Cardiac arrest in patients who smoke crack cocaine. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99:822–824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams J, Wasserberger J. Crack cocaine causing fatal vasoconstriction of the aorta. J Emerg Med. 2006;31:181–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler AJ, Rehm J, Fischer B. Health outcomes associated with crack-cocaine use: systematic review and meta-analyses. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;180:401–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall BD, Milloy MJ, Wood E, et al. Temporal and geographic shifts in urban and non-urban cocaine-related fatal overdoses in Canada setting. Ann Epidemiol. 2012;22:198–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerdà M, Ransome Y, Keyes KM, et al. Prescription opioid mortality trends in New York City, 1990–2006: Examining the emergence of an epidemic. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013;132:53–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Illicit drug use in New York City. NYC Vital Signs 2010;9:1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Burillo PG. Drogas y urgencias: un reto permanente. Emergencias (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Perelló Carbonell R, Aused M, Saubi N, et al. Intoxicacion aguda por drogas de abuso en el paciente vih. papel de las chemsex will be added. Emergencias (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Fernández Alonso C, Quintela Jorge O, Bravo Serrano B, et al. La importancia del factor tiempo en el análisis toxicológico de casos de sospecha de sumisión quimica en un servicio de urgencias hospitalario. Emergencias (in press).
   Google Scholar
• Burke PJ, O'Sullivan J, Vaughan BL. Adolescent substance use: Brief interventions by emergency care providers. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2005;21:770–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galicia M, Nogué S, Miró Ò. MARRIED-2 Research Group. MARRIED-cocaine score: validating a tool for detecting the risk of ED revisit in cocaine users. Emerg Med J. 2016;33:218–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galicia M, Nogué S, Casañas X, et al. Multicenter assessment of the revisit risk for a further drug-related problem in the emergency department in cocaine users (MARRIED-cocaine study). Clin Toxicol. 2012;50:176–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar