References
- Poldrugo F, Barker S, Basa M, et al. Ethanol potentiates the toxic effects of 1,4-butanediol. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res. 1985;9:493–497.
- Poldrugo F, Snead OC. 3rd,. 1,4 Butanediol, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and ethanol: relationships and interactions. Neuropharmacology. 1984;23:109–113.
- Carai MA, Colombo G, Reali R, et al. Central effects of 1,4-butanediol are mediated by GABA(B) receptors via its conversion into gamma-hydroxybutyric acid. Eur J Pharmacol. 2002;441:157–163.
- Liakoni E, Gugelmann H, Dempsey DA, et al. Butanediol conversion to gamma-hydroxybutyrate markedly reduced by the alcohol dehydrogenase blocker fomepizole. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018;105:1196–1203.
- Roberts DM, Smith MW, Gopalakrishnan M, et al. Extreme gamma-butyrolactone overdose with severe metabolic acidosis requiring hemodialysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2011;58:83–85.
- Busardo FP, Jones AW. GHB pharmacology and toxicology: acute intoxication, concentrations in blood and urine in forensic cases and treatment of the withdrawal syndrome. Curr Nueropharmacol. 2015;13:47–70.
- Schep LJ, Knudsen K, Slaughter RJ, et al. The clinical toxicology of gamma-hydroxybutyrate, gamma-butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol. Clin Toxicol. 2012;50:458–470.
- Zvosec DL, Smith SW, McCutcheon JR, et al. Adverse events, including death, associated with the use of 1,4-butanediol. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:87–94.
- Thai D, Dyer JE, Jacob P, et al. Clinical pharmacology of 1,4-butanediol and gamma-hydroxybutyrate after oral 1,4-butanediol administration to healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81:178–184.
- Lenz D, Jubner M, Bender K, et al. Inhibition of 1,4-butanediol metabolism in human liver in vitro. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol. 2011;383:647–654.
- Helrich M, McAslan TC, Skolnik S, et al. Correlation of blood levels of 4-hydroxybutyrate with state of consciousness. Anesthesiology. 1964;25:771–775.
- Jones AW, Eklund A, Kronstrand R. Concentration-time profiles of gamma-hydroxybutyrate in blood after recreational doses are best described by zero-order rather than first-order kinetics. J Anal Toxicol. 2009;33:332–335.
- Palatini P, Tedeschi L, Frison G, et al. Dose-dependent absorption and elimination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;45:353–356.
- Borgen LA, Okerholm R, Morrison D, et al. The influence of gender and food on the pharmacokinetics of sodium oxybate oral solution in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43:59–65.
- Juurlink DN, Roberts DM. The enigma of metformin-associated lactic acidosis. Clin Toxicol. 2014;52:85–87.
- Ingels M, Kelner MJ, Clark RF. The effect of gamma hydroxybutyrate on serum osmolality. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2001;39:417–418.
- Wesley JF. Osmolality - a novel and sensitive tool for detection of tampering of beverages adulterated with ethanol, γ-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol, and for detection of dilution-tampered demerol syringes. Microgram Journal. 2003;1:8–17.
- Krasowski MD, Wilcoxon RM, Miron J. A retrospective analysis of glycol and toxic alcohol ingestion: utility of anion and osmolal gaps. BMC Clin Pathol. 2012;12:1.
- Daly FFS, Little M, Murray L. A risk assessment based approach to the management of acute poisoning. Emerg Med J. 2006;23:396–399.