478
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Basic Research

An overview on performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) confiscated in Italy in the period 2017–2019

, , , , & ORCID Icon
Pages 47-52 | Received 28 Feb 2020, Accepted 11 May 2020, Published online: 01 Jun 2020

References

  • Baker JS, Graham MR, Davies B. Steroid and prescription medicine abuse in the health and fitness community: a regional study. Eur J Intern Med. 2006;17(7):479–484.
  • Cohen J, Collins R, Darkes J, et al. A league of their own: demographics, motivations and patterns of use of 1,955 male adult non-medical anabolic steroid users in the United States. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007;4:12.
  • Brennan R, Wells JSG, Van Hout MC. The injecting use of image and performance-enhancing drugs (IPED) in the general population: a systematic review. Health Soc Care Community. 2017;25(5):1459–1531.
  • Neves DB, da J, Caldas ED. GC–MS quantitative analysis of black market pharmaceutical products containing anabolic androgenic steroids seized by the Brazilian Federal Police. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;275:272–281.
  • Cho SH, Park HJ, Lee JH, et al. Determination of anabolic-androgenic steroid adulterants in counterfeit drugs by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2015;111:138–146.
  • Salinas M, Floodgate W, Ralphs R. Polydrug use and polydrug markets amongst image and performance enhancing drug users: implications for harm reduction interventions and drug policy. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;67:43–51.
  • Botrè F, Pavan A. Enhancement drugs and the athlete. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2009;20(1):133–148.
  • Bonetti A, Tirelli F, Catapano A, et al. Side effects of anabolic androgenic steroids abuse. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(08):679–687.
  • Montisci M, El Mazloum R, Cecchetto G, et al. Anabolic androgenic steroids abuse and cardiac death in athletes: morphological and toxicological findings in four fatal cases. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;217(1–3):e13–e18.
  • Niedfeldt MW. Anabolic steroid effect on the liver. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018;17(3):97–102.
  • Goldman AL, Pope HG, Bhasin S. The health threat posed by the hidden epidemic of anabolic steroid use and body image disorders among young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104(4):1069–1074.
  • Coomber R, Pavlidis A, Santos GH, et al. The supply of steroids and other performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs) in one English city: fakes, counterfeits, supplier trust, common beliefs and access. Perform Enhanc Heal. 2014;3(3–4):135–144.
  • Krug O, Thomas A, Walpurgis K, et al. Identification of black market products and potential doping agents in Germany 2010-2013. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;70(11):1303–1311.
  • Temerdashev AZ, Azaryan AA, Labutin AV, et al. Application of chromatography–mass spectrometry methods to the control of sport nutrition and medicines marketed via internet. J Anal Chem. 2017;72(11):1184–1192.
  • Paoli L, and Donati, A, 2014. The (illegal) suppliers of doping products BT. In: Paoli L, Donati A, editor. The sports doping market: understanding supply and demand, and the challenges of their control. New York (NY): Springer; p. 59–84.
  • Romolo FS, Salvini A, Zelaschi F, et al. Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) characterisation of sildenafil based products seized on the Italian illegal market. Forensic Sci Int Synerg. 2019;1:126–136.
  • Martínez-Sanz JM, Sospedra I, Ortiz CM, et al. Intended or unintended doping? A review of the presence of doping substances in dietary supplements used in sports. Nutrients. 2017;9(10):1093.
  • European Medicines Agency [Internet]. Amsterdam (The Netherlands); [cited 2020 May 4]. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/human-regulatory/overview/public-health-threats/falsified-medicines-overview
  • World Health Organization [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO; WHO Global Surveillance and Monitoring System for substandard and falsified medical products; 2017. [cited 2020 May 4] https://www.who.int/medicines/regulation/ssffc/publications/GSMS_ExecutiveSummary_EN.pdf?ua=1
  • Thevis M, Schrader Y, Thomas A, et al. Analysis of confiscated black market drugs using chromatographic and mass spectrometric approaches. J Anal Toxicol. 2008;32(3):232–240.
  • Graham MR, Ryan P, Baker JS, et al. Counterfeiting in performance- and image-enhancing drugs. Drug Test Anal. 2009;1(3):134–142.
  • Hullstein IR, Malerod-Fjeld H, Dehnes Y, et al. Black market products confiscated in Norway 2011-2014 compared to analytical findings in urine samples. Drug Test Anal. 2015;7(11–12):1025–1029.
  • Strano Rossi S, Odoardi S, Gregori A, et al. An analytical approach to the forensic identification of different classes of new psychoactive substances (NPSs) in seized materials. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2014;28(17):1904–1916.
  • Odoardi S, Castrignanò E, Martello S, et al. Determination of anabolic agents in dietary supplements by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2015;32(5):635–647.
  • Strano-Rossi S, Odoardi S, Castrignanò E, et al. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) determination of stimulants, anorectic drugs and phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5I) in food supplements. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2015;106:144–152.
  • Jackson G, Montorsi P, Cheitlin MD. Cardiovascular safety of sildenafil citrate (Viagra): an updated perspective. Urology. 2006;68(3):47–60.
  • Habbema L, Halk AB, Neumann M, et al. Risks of unregulated use of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analogues: a review. Int J Dermatol. 2017;56(10):975–980.
  • Ong S, Bowling J. Melanotan-associated melanoma in situ. Australas J Dermatol. 2012;53(4):301–302.
  • Casella M, Dello Russo A, Izzo G, et al. Ventricular arrhythmias induced by long-term use of ephedrine in two competitive athletes. Heart Vessels. 2015;30(2):280–283.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.