References
- Gladden RM, O’Donnell J, Mattson CL, et al. Changes in opioid-involved overdose deaths by opioid type and presence of benzodiazepines, cocaine, and Methamphetamine - 25 States, July-December 2017 to January-June 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(34):737–744.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Reports Rising Rates of Drug Overdose Deaths in Rural Areas. Atlanta (GA): CDC, 2016. (Press Release October 19, 2017).
- Ciccarone D. The triple wave epidemic: supply and demand drivers of the US opioid overdose crisis. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;71:183–188.
- Mars SG, Bourgois P, Karandinos G, et al. “Every ‘never’ I ever said came true”: transitions from opioid pills to heroin injecting. Int J Drug Policy. 2014;25(2):257–266.
- Stevens JP, Wall MJ, Novack L, et al. The critical care crisis of opioid overdoses in the United States. Annals Ats. 2017;14(12):1803–1809.
- Unick GJ, Rosenblum D, Mars S, et al. Intertwined epidemics: national demographic trends in hospitalizations for heroin- and opioid-related overdoses, 1993-2009. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e54496.
- Rowe C, Vittinghoff E, Santos G-M, et al. Performance measures of diagnostic codes for detecting opioid overdose in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med. 2017;24(4):475–483.
- Smart R, Kase CA, Taylor EA, et al. Strengths and weaknesses of existing data sources to support research to address the opioids crisis. Prev Med Rep. 2020;17:101015.
- Ruhm CJ. Corrected US opioid-involved drug poisoning deaths and mortality rates, 1999-2015. Addiction. 2018;113(7):1339–1344.
- Land ME, Wetzel M, Geller RJ, et al. Analysis of 207,543 children with acute opioid poisonings from the United States National Poison Data System. Clin Toxicol. 2019;58(8):829–836.
- David DG, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, et al. 2017 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 35th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol. 2018;56(12):1213–1415.
- Carroll CL, Zucker AR. The increased cost of complications in children with status asthmaticus. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2007;42(10):914–919.
- Zibbell JE, Aldridge AP, Cauchon D, et al. Association of law enforcement seizures of heroin, fentanyl, and carfentanil with opioid overdose deaths in Ohio, 2014-2017. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(11):e1914666.
- American Association of Poison Control Centers-National Poison Data System (NPDS). NPDS coding users’ manual, version 3.1. Arlington (VA): AAPCC-NPDS, 2014.
- Roberts JS, Bratton SL, Brogan TV. Acute severe asthma: differences in therapies and outcomes among pediatric intensive care units. Crit Care Med. 2002;30(3):581–585.
- Drug Enforcement Administration [Internet]. Arlington (VA): DEA; Drug scheduling; 2020 [cited 2020 April 22]. Available from: https://www.dea.gov/drug-scheduling
- Hedegaard H, Warner M, Miniño AM. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999-2017. Arlington (VA): US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2018.
- Fischer B, Jones W, Tyndall M, et al. Correlations between opioid mortality increases related to illicit/synthetic opioids and reductions of medical opioid dispensing – exploratory analyses from Canada. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):143.
- Olfson M, Rossen LM, Wall MM, et al. Trends in intentional and unintentional opioid overdose deaths in the United States, 2000-2017. JAMA. 2019;322(23):2340–2342.
- Case A, Deaton A. Mortality and morbidity in the 21st century. Brookings Pap Econ Act. 2017;2017:397–476.
- White ND. Increasing naloxone access and use to prevent opioid overdose death and disability. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2019;13(1):33–35.
- Ma J, Bao Y-P, Wang R-J, et al. Effects of medication-assisted treatment on mortality among opioids users: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry. 2019;24(12):1868–1883.
- Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, et al. Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2017;357:j1550.
- D’Onofrio G, O’Connor PG, Pantalon MV, et al. Emergency department-initiated buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(16):1636–1644.
- Unick GJ, Ciccarone D. US regional and demographic differences in prescription opioid and heroin-related overdose hospitalizations. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;46:112–119.
- Zoorob M. Fentanyl shock: the changing geography of overdose in the United States. Int J Drug Policy. 2019;70:40–46.
- Liang D, Shi Y. The association between pain clinic laws and prescription opioid exposures: new evidence from multi-state comparisons. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;206:107754.
- Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Spyker DA, et al. 2018 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS): 36th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol. 2019;57(12):1220–1413.