References
- Cornely DA, Ritter JA. N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (Tylenol Elixir) as a pediatric antipyretic-analgesic. JAMA. 1955;160:1219–1221.
- Boyd EM, Bereczky GM. Liver necrosis from paracetamol. Br J Pharmacol Chemother. 1966;26(3):606–614.
- Davidson DGD, Eastham WN. Acute liver necrosis following overdose of paracetamol. Br Med J. 1966;2(5512):497–499.
- Thomson JS, Prescott LF. Liver damage and impaired glucose tolerance after paracetamol overdosage. Br Med J. 1966;2(5512):506–507.
- Prescott LF, Ballantyne A, Proudfoot AT, et al. Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet. 1977;310(8035):432–434.
- Potter WZ, Davis DC, Mitchell JR, et al. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. III. Cytochrome p-450-mediated covalent binding in vitro. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1973;187:203–210.
- Mitchell JR, Jollow DJ, Potter WZ, et al. Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis. IV. Protective role of glutathione. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1973;187(1):211–217.
- Zaher H, Buters JTM, Ward JM, et al. Protection against acetaminophen toxicity in CYP1A2 and CYP2E1 double-null mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1998;152(1):193–199.
- Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000097.
- Bramer WM, Giustini D, de Jonge GB, et al. De-duplication of database search results for systematic reviews in EndNote. J Med Libr Assoc. 2016;104(3):240–243.
- Guyatt G, Oxman AD, Akl EA, et al. GRADE guidelines: 1. Introduction—GRADE evidence profiles and summary of evidence tables. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(4):383–394.
- Schwinghammer TL. Drug interactions with cimetidine. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1981;38(12):1976–1978.
- Black M. Hepatotoxic and hepatoprotective potential of histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists. Am J Med. 1987;83(6A):68–75.
- Mitchell MC, Schenker S, Speeg KV. Selective inhibition of acetaminophen oxidation and toxicity by cimetidine and other histamine H2-receptor antagonists in vivo and in vitro in the rat and in man. J Clin Invest. 1984;73(2):383–391.
- Dalhoff K, Poulsen HE. Inhibition of acetaminophen oxidation by cimetidine and the effects on glutathione and activated sulfate synthesis. Brit J Clin Pharmacol. 1993;73(4):215–218.
- Hazai E, Vereczkey L, Monostory K. Reduction of toxic metabolite formation of acetaminophen. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;291(4):1089–1094.
- Mitchell MC, Schenker S, Avant GR, et al. Cimetidine protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in rats. Gastroenterology. 1981;81(6):1052–1060.
- Rudd GD, Donn KH, Grisham JS. Prevention of acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis by cimetidine. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1981;32(2):369–372.
- Donn KH, Rudd GD, Grisham JW, et al. Prevention of acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury by cimetidine (abstract). Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1982;31:218–219.
- Jackson JE. Cimetidine protects against acetaminophen toxicity. Life Sci. 1982;31(1):31–35.
- Peterson FJ, Knodell RG, Lindemann NJ, et al. Prevention of acetaminophen and cocaine hepatotoxicity in mice by cimetidine treatment. Gastroenterology. 1983;85(1):122–129.
- Miners JO, Drew R, Birkett DJ. Effect of cimetidine on paracetamol activation in mice. Biochem Pharmacol. 1984;33(12):1996–1998.
- Speeg KV, Mitchell MC, Maldonado AL. Additive protection of cimetidine and N-acetylcysteine treatment against acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis in the rat. J Pharmacol Exper Ther. 1985;234:550–554.
- Murase T, Hazama H, Okuno H, et al. Effect of H2-receptor antagonists on acetaminophen-induced hepatic injury. Jpn J Pharmacol. 1986;41(4):467–473.
- Okuno H, Toshi M, Hazama H, et al. The effects of cimetidine on acute liver injuries induced by acetaminohen, CCl4 and galactosamine. Acta Hepatologica Japonica. 1987;28(2):154–163.
- Al-Mustafa ZH, Al-Ali AK, Qaw FS, et al. Cimetidine enhances the hepatoprotective action of N-acetylcysteine in mice treated with toxic doses of paracetamol. Toxicology. 1997;121(3):223–228.
- Sajedianfard J, Khodakaramtafti A, Esmailpour H. Therapeutic effects of cimetidine on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Comp Clin Pathol. 2006;15(1):55–57.
- Sajedianfard J, Saeb M, Edalatpisheh MR. Therapeutic effect of cimetidine on acetaminophen-induced hapatotoxicity in rabbits. Comp Clin Pathol. 2009;18(3):325–328.
- Zira A, Mikros E, Giannioti K, et al. Acute liver acetaminophen toxicity in rabbits and the use of antidotes: a metabonomic approach in serum. J Appl Toxicol. 2009;29(5):395–402.
- Ruffalo RL, Thompson JF. Cimetidine and acetylcysteine as antidote for acetaminophen poisoning. South Med J. 1982;8:954–958.
- Prescott LF, Critchley J. The treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1983;23:87–101.
- Anonymous. H2 receptor antagonists, cytochrome P450, and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. Lancet. 1985;236(8460):868–870.
- Davis M. Protective agents for acetaminophen overdose. Semin Liver Dis. 1986;6(2):138–147.
- Speeg KV. Potential use of cimetidine for treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Pharmacotherapy. 1987;7(6):125S–133S.
- Lewis RK, Paloucek FP. Assessment and treatment of acetaminophen overdose. Clin Pharmacol. 1991;10:765–774.
- Kaufenberg AJ, Shepherd MF. Role of cimetidine in the treatment of acetaminophen poisoning. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1998;55(14):1516–1519.
- Kumar RD, Premnath U. Novel regimens in the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning. J Assoc Phys India. 2017;65:71–78.
- Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, et al. Differential effect of cimetidine on drug oxidation (antipyrine and diazepam) vs conjugation (acetaminophen and lorazepam): prevention of acetaminophen toxicity by cimetidine. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1983;224(3):508–513.
- Critchley JA, Dyson EH, Scott AW, et al. Is there a place for cimetidine or ethanol in the treatment of paracetamol poisoning? Lancet. 1983;1(8338):1375–1376.
- Miners JO, Attwood J, Birkett DJ. Determinants of acetaminophen metabolism: effect of inducers and inhibitors of drug metabolism on acetaminophen’s metabolic pathways. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1984;35(4):480–486.
- Chen MM, Lee CS. Cimetidine-acetaminophen interaction in humans. J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;25(3):227–229.
- Vendemiale G, Altomare E, Trizio T, et al. Effect of acute and chronic cimetidine administration on acetaminophen metabolism in humans. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987;82(10):1031–1034.
- Slattery JT, McRorie TI, Reynolds R, et al. Lack of effect of cimetidine on acetaminophen disposition in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1989;46(5):591–597.
- Smith PB, Ryan D. Cimetidine as an alternative to N-acetycysteine in patients with paracetamol poisoning. Emerg Med. 2009;6(3):183–185.
- Kaysen GA, Pond SM, Roper MH, et al. Combined hepatic and renal injury in alcoholics during therapeutic use of acetaminophen. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145(11):2019–2023.
- Monteagudo FSE, Folb PI. Paracetamol poisoning at Groote Schuur Hospital. S Afr Med J. 1987;72:773–776.
- Kadri AZ, Fisher R, Winterton MC. Cimetidine and paracetamol hepatotoxicity. Hum Toxicol. 1988;7(2):205.
- Rolband GC, Marcuard SP. Cimetidine in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1991;13(1):79–82.
- Block R, Jankowski JAZ, Lacoux P, et al. Does hypothermia protect against the development of hepatitis in paracetamol overdose? Anaesthesia. 1992;47(9):789–791.
- Burkhart KK, Janco N, Kulig KW, et al. Cimetidine as adjunctive treatment for acetaminophen overdose. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1995;14(3):299–304.
- Ebrahimi M, Mousavi SR, Toussi AG, et al. Comparing the therapeutic effectiveness of N-acetylcysteine with the combination of N-acetyl cysteine and cimetidine in acute acetaminophen toxicity: a double-blinded clinical trial. Electron Physician. 2015;7(6):1310–1317.
- Brent J, McMartin K, Phillips S, et al. Fomepizole for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. Methylpyrazole for Toxic Alcohols Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(11):832–838.
- Brent J, McMartin K, Phillips S, et al. Fomepizole for the treatment of methanol poisoning. N Engl J Med. 2001;344(6):424–429.
- McMartin KD, Hedström KG, Tolf BR, et al. Studies on the metabolic interactions between 4-methylpyrazole and methanol using the monkey as an animal model. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1980;199(2):606–614.
- Marraffa J, Forrest A, Grant W, et al. Oral administration of fomepizole produces similar blood levels as identical intravenous dose. Clin Toxicol. 2008;46(3):181–186.
- Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Kandel SE, et al. 4-Methylpyrazole protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice and in primary human hepatocytes. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2018;37(12):1310–1322.
- Dai Y, Cederbaum AI. Cytotoxicity of acetaminophen in human cytochrome P4502 E1 -Transfected HepG2 Cells. J Pharmacol Exper Ther. 1985;273:1497–1505.p
- Burk RF, Hill KE, Hunt RW, et al. Isoniazid potentiation of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in the rat and 4-methylpyrazole inhibition of it. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1990;69(1):115–118.
- Brennan RJ, Mankes RE, Lefevre R, et al. 4-Methylpyrazole blocks acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in the rat. Ann Emerg Med. 1994;23(3):487–493.
- Küçükardali Y, Cinan U, Acar HV, et al. Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of 4-methylpyrazole and N-acetylcysteine on acetaminophen (paracetamol) hepatotoxicity in rats. Curr Med Res Opin. 2002;18(2):78–81.
- Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Duan L, et al. Delayed treatment with 4-methylpyrazole protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice by inhibition of c-jun n-terminal kinase. Toxicol Sci. 2019;170(1):57–68.
- Zell-Kanter M, Coleman P, Whiteley PM, et al. A gargantuan acetaminophen level in an acidemic patient treated solely with intravenous N-acetylcysteine. Am J Ther. 2013;20:104–106.
- Yip L, Heard K. Potential adjunct treatment for high-risk acetaminophen overdose. Clin Toxicol. 2016;54(5):459.
- Villano JH, O’Connell CW, Ly BT, et al. Case files from the University of California San Diego Health System Fellowship coma and severe acidosis: remember to consider acetaminophen. J Med Toxicol. 2015;11(3):368–376.
- Appelqvist Å, Erik Lindeman E. Fomepizole, dialysis and an increased dose of N-acetylcysteine in a case of massive paracetamol ingestion. Clin Toxicol. 2017;55:461.
- Kiernan EA, Fritzges JA, Henry KA, et al. A case report of massive acetaminophen poisoning treated with a novel “Triple Therapy”: N-Acetylcysteine, 4-Methylpyrazole, and Hemodialysis. Case Rep Emerg Med. 2019;2019:9301432.
- Woolum JA, Hays WB, Patel KH. Use of fomepizole, N-acetylcysteine, and hemodialysis for massive acetaminophen overdose. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(3):692.e5–692.e7.
- Colon-Hidalgo D, Shah S, Rech M. Use of fomepizole and hemodialysis for massive acetaminophen toxicity: a case report. Crit Care Med. 2020;48(1):454.
- Gosselin S, Juurlink DN, Kielstein JT, et al. Extracorporeal treatment for acetaminophen poisoning: recommendations from the EXTRIP workgroup. Clin Toxicol. 2014;52(8):856–867.
- Rampon G, Wartman H, Osmon S, et al. Use of fomepizole as an adjunct in the treatment of acetaminophen overdose: a case series. Toxicol Commun. 2020;4(1):1–4.
- Shah KR, Beuhler MC. Fomepizole as an adjunctive treatment in severe acetaminophen toxicity: a case report. Am J Emerg Med. 2020;38(2):410.e5–410.e6.
- Shah KR, Fox C, Geib AJ, et al. Fomepizole as an adjunctive treatment in severe acetaminophen ingestions. J Med Toxicol. 2020;16:138.
- Shah KR, Fox C, Geib AJ, et al. Fomepizole as an adjunctive treatment in severe acetaminophen ingestions: a case series. Clin Toxicol. 2020; online ahead of print. DOI:10.1080/15563650.2020.1775847
- Kang AM, Padilla-Jones A, Fisher ES, et al. The effect of 4-methylpyrazole on oxidative metabolism of acetaminophen in human volunteers. J Med Toxicol. 2020;16(2):169–176.
- Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Acetaminophen toxicity: novel insights into mechanisms and future perspectives. Gene Expr. 2018;18(1):19–30.
- Jaeschke H, Akakpo JY, Umbaugh DS, et al. Novel therapeutic approaches against acetaminophen-induced liver injury and acute liver failure. Toxicol Sci. 2020;174(2):159–167.
- Yan M, Huo Y, Yin S, et al. Mechanisms of acetaminophen-induced liver injury and its implications for therapeutic interventions. Redox Biol. 2018;17:274–283.
- Jaeschke H, Duan L, Akakpo JY, et al. The role of apoptosis in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2018;118:709–718.
- Holley AK, Bakthavatchalu V, Velez-Roman JM, et al. Manganese superoxide dismutase: guardian of the powerhouse. Int J Mol Sci. 2011;12(10):7114–7162.
- Poulsen HE, Jorgensen L, Thomsen P. Prevention of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by disulfiram. Pharmacol Ther. 1987;33(1):83.
- Padovani B, Lecesne R, Raffaelli C, et al. Tolerability and utility of mangafodipir trisodium injection (MnDPDP) at the dose of 5 pmol/kg body weight in detecting focal liver tumors: results of a phase III trial using an infusion technique. Euro J Radiol. 1996;23(3):205–211.
- Federle MP, Chezmar JL, Rubin DL, et al. Safety and efficacy of mangafodipir trisodium (MnDPDP) injection for hepatic MRI in Adults: results of the U.S. Multicenter Phase III Clinical Trials (Safety). J Magn Reson Imaging. 2000;12(1):186–197.
- Bedda S, Laurent A, Conti F, et al. Mangafodipir prevents liver injury induced by acetaminophen in the mouse. J Hepatol. 2003;39(5):765–772.
- Ramachandran A, Lebofsky M, Weinman SA, et al. The impact of partial manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2)-deficiency on mitochondrial oxidant stress, DNA fragmentation and liver injury during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2011;251(3):226–233.
- Agarwal R, MacMillan-Crow LA, Rafferty TM, et al. Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice occurs with inhibition of activity and nitration of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011;337(1):110–116.
- Ferret PJ, Hammoud R, Tulliez M, et al. Detoxification of reactive oxygen species by a nonpeptidyl mimic of superoxide dismutase cures acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure in the mouse. Hepatology. 2001;33(5):1173–1180.
- Du K, Farhood A, Jaeschke H. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-Tempo protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol. 2017;91(2):761–773.
- Du K, Ramachandran A, Weemhoff JL, et al. Mito-tempo protects against acute liver injury but induces limited secondary apoptosis during the late phase of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol. 2019;93(1):163–178.
- Dear JW, Morrison E, Henriksen D, et al. Calmangafodipir is a new treatment for late stage liver toxicity after acetaminophen overdose. Hepatology. 2017;66(01):4A–5A.
- Karlsson JOG, Andersson RGG, Jynge P. Mangafodipir a selective cytoprotectant - with special reference to oxaliplatin and its association to chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Transl Oncol. 2017;10(4):641–649.
- Glimelius B, Manojlovic N, Pfeiffer P, et al. Persistent prevention of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy using calmangafodipir (PledOx®): a placebo-controlled randomised phase II study (PLIANT). Acta Oncologica. 2018;57(3):393–402.
- Morrison EE, Oatey K, Gallagher B, et al. Principal results of a randomised open label exploratory, safety and tolerability study with calmangafodipir in patients treated with a 12 h regimen of N-acetylcysteine for paracetamol overdose (POP trial). EBioMedicine. 2019;46:423–430.
- Gunawan BK, Liu ZX, Han D, et al. C-Jun N-terminal kinase plays a major role in murine acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Gastroenterology. 2006;131(1):165–178.
- Kim YH, Hwang JH, Kim KS, et al. Metformin ameliorates acetaminophen hepatotoxicity via Gadd45β-dependent regulation of JNK signaling in mice. J Hepatol. 2015;63(1):75–82.
- Du K, Ramachandran A, Weemhoff JL, et al. Editor’s highlight: metformin protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity by attenuation of mitochondrial oxidant stress and dysfunction. Toxicol Sci. 2016;154(2):214–226.
- Ramachandran R, Saraswathy M. Up-regulation of nuclear related factor 2 (NRF2) and antioxidant responsive elements by metformin protects hepatocytes against the acetaminophen toxicity. Toxicol Res. 2014;3(5):350–358.
- Saeedi Saravi SS, Hasanvand A, Shahkarami K, et al. The protective potential of metformin against acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in BALB/C mice. Pharmaceut Biol. 2016;54(12):2830–2837.
- Jorgensen L, Thomsen P, Poulsen HE. Disulfiram prevents acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1988;62(5):267–271.
- Lee KK, Imaizumi N, Chamberland SR, et al. Targeting mitochondria with methylene blue protects mice against acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Hepatology. 2015;61(1):326–336.
- Mahmoud HM, Abo-Yousse AM, Abo-Saif AA. Abo-Saif AA protective effect of carvedilol on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity; role of modulation inflammation and lipid peroxidation. Int J of Pharmacol. 2017;13(1):33–43.
- Ronsein GE, Guidi DB, Benassi JC, et al. Cytoprotective effects of carvedilol against oxygen free radical generation in rat liver. Redox Rep. 2005;10(3):131–137.
- Satorres J, Pérez-Mateo M, Mayol MJ, et al. Protective effect of diltiazem against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice. Liver Int. 1995;15(1):16–19.
- Dimova S, Koleva M, Rangelova D, et al. Effect of nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem and trifluoperazine on acetaminophen toxicity in mice. Arch Toxicol. 1995;70(2):112–118.
- Mohammed NEM, Messiha BAS, Abo-Saif AA. Effect of amlodipine, lisinopril, and allopurinol on acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Saudi Pharmaceut J. 2016;24:636–644.
- Betto MRB, Lazarotto LF, Watanabe TTN, et al. Effects of treatment with enalapril on hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in mice. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2012;385(9):933–943.
- Nikravesh H, Khodayar MJ, Mahdavinia M, et al. Protective effect of gemfibrozil on hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in mice: the importance of oxidative stress suppression. Adv Pharm Bull. 2018;8(2):331–339.
- Manyike PT, Kharasch ED, Kalhorn TF, et al. Contribution of CYP2E1 and CYP3A to acetaminophen reactive metabolite formation. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2000;67(3):275–282.
- Hendrickson RG. What is the most appropriate dose of N-acetylcysteine after massive acetaminophen overdose? Clin Toxicol. 2019;57(8):686–691.