Neurotoxic effects of nephrotoxic compound diethylene glycol

References

• Schep LJ, Slaughter RJ, Temple WA, et al. Diethylene glycol poisoning. Clin Toxicol. 2009;47(6):525–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schier JG, Rubin CS, Miller D, et al. Medication-associated diethylene glycol mass poisoning: a review and discussion on the origin of contamination. J Public Health Policy. 2009;30(2):127–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosa NR, Rodriguez GM, Schier JG, et al. Clinical, laboratory, diagnostic, and histopathologic features of diethylene glycol poisoning-Panama, 2006. Ann Emerg Med. 2014;64(1):38–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schier JG, Hunt DR, Perala A, et al. Characterizing concentrations of diethylene glycol and suspected metabolites in human serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid samples from the Panama DEG mass poisoning. Clinical Toxicology. 2013;51(10):923–929.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wax PM. Elixirs, diluents, and the passage of the 1938 federal food, drug and cosmetic act. Ann Intern Med. 1995;122(6):456–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Oliveira Dias M. Fatality, malpractice, or sabotage? Case on craft beer poisoning in minas gerais. Brazil. East African Scholars Multidiscip Bull. 2020;3:26–31.
   Google Scholar
• Hanif M, Mobarak MR, Ronan A, et al. Fatal renal failure caused by diethylene glycol in paracetamol elixir: the Bangladesh epidemic. BMJ. 1995;311(6997):88–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reddy NJ, Sudini M, Lewis LD. Delayed neurological sequelae from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and methanol poisonings. Clin Toxicol. 2010;48(10):967–973.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Diaz FJ, Lal A, et al. Basal ganglion hemorrhage as delayed complication of diethylene glycol ingestion. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2017;38:39–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollins YD, Filley CM, McNutt JT, et al. Fulminant ascending paralysis as a delayed sequela of diethylene glycol (Sterno) ingestion. Neurology. 2002;59(9):1460–1463.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasbani MJ, Sansing LH, Perrone J, et al. Encephalopathy and peripheral neuropathy following diethylene glycol ingestion. Neurology. 2005;64(7):1273–1275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowie MD, McKenzie D. Diethylene glycol poisoning in children. S Afr Med J. 1972;46(27):931–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imam YZB, Kamran S, Karim H, et al. Neurological manifestation of recreational fatal and near-fatal diethylene glycol poisonings: case series and review of literature. Medicine. 2014;93(10):e62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marraffa JM, Holland MG, Stork CM, et al. Diethylene glycol: widely used solvent presents serious poisoning potential. J Emerg Med. 2008;35(4):401–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besenhofer LM, Adegboyega PA, Bartels M, et al. Inhibition of metabolism of diethylene glycol prevents target organ toxicity in rats. Toxicol Sci. 2010;117(1):25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiener HL, Richardson KE. Metabolism of diethylene glycol in male rats. Biochem Pharmacol. 1989;38(3):539–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Besenhofer LM, McLaren MC, Latimer B, et al. Role of tissue metabolite accumulation in the renal toxicity of diethylene glycol. Toxicol Sci. 2011;123(2):374–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry GM, Martin S, McMartin KE. Diglycolic acid is the nephrotoxic metabolite in diethylene glycol poisoning inducing necrosis in human proximal tubule cells in vitro. Toxicol Sci. 2011;124(1):35–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson CN, Latimer B, Abreo F, et al. In-vivo evidence of nephrotoxicity and altered hepatic function in rats following administration of diglycolic acid, a metabolite of diethylene glycol. Clin Toxicol. 2017;55(3):196–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprando RL, Mossoba ME, Black T, et al. 28-day repeated dose response study of diglycolic acid: renal and hepatic effects. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017;106(Pt A):558–567.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alfred S, Coleman P, Harris D, et al. Delayed neurologic sequelae resulting from epidemic diethylene glycol poisoning. Clin Toxicol. 2005;43(3):155–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry GM, Dunning CL, Abreo F, et al. Diethylene glycol-induced toxicities show marked threshold dose response in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2015;282(3):244–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consiglio AR, Lucion AB. Technique for collecting cerebrospinal fluid in the cisterna magna of non-anesthetized rats. Brain Res Brain Res Protoc. 2000;5(1):109–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nirogi R, Kandikere V, Mudigonda K, et al. A simple and rapid method to collect the cerebrospinal fluid of rats and its application for the assessment of drug penetration into the central nervous system. J Neurosci Methods. 2009;178(1):116–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson KL, Dayton RD, Klein RL. AAV9 supports wide-scale transduction of the CNS and TDP-43 disease modeling in adult rats. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev. 2015;2(August):15036.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jackson KL, Dayton RD, Orchard EA, et al. Preservation of forelimb function by UPF1 gene therapy in a rat model of TDP-43-induced motor paralysis. Gene Ther. 2015;22(1):20–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thammitiyagodage MG, Silva NR, De Rathnayake C, et al. Biochemical and histopathological changes in Wistar rats after consumption of boiled and un-boiled water from high and low disease prevalent areas for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in north Central Province (NCP) and its comparison with low disease prevalent Colombo, Sri Lanka. BMC Nephrol. 2020;21(1):38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geiling EMK, Cannon PR. Pathologic effects of elixir of sulfanilamide (diethylene glycol) poisoning: a clinical and experimental correlation: final report. JAMA. 1938;111(10):919–926.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien KL, Selanikio JD, Hecdivert C, et al. Epidemic of pediatric deaths from acute renal failure caused by diethylene glycol poisoning. Acute Renal Failure Investigation Team. Jama. 1998;279(15):1175–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rentz ED, Lewis L, Mujica OJ, et al. Outbreak of acute renal failure in Panama in 2006: a case-control study. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86(10):749–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick DL. Preclinical evaluation of carcinogenicity using standard-bred and genetically engineered rodent models. A comprehensive guide to toxicology in nonclinical drug development (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc; 2017. p. 273–292.
   Google Scholar
• Lohmiller JJ, Swing SP, Hanson MM. Reproduction and breeding. The Laboratory Rat. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc.; 2019. p. 147–164.
   Google Scholar
• Khanna JM, Kalant H, Shah G, et al. Comparison of sensitivity and alcohol consumption in four outbred strains of rats. Alcohol. 1990;7(5):429–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fowles J, Banton M, Klapacz J, et al. A toxicological review of the ethylene glycol series: Commonalities and differences in toxicity and modes of action. Toxicol Lett. 2017;278:66–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao R, et al. Neurologic principles. In: Goldfrank LR, Nelson LS. In: Lewin N, eds. Goldfrank’s Toxicologic Emergencies. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw Hill; 2011. 275–284.
   Google Scholar
• Hung YH, Walterfang M, Churilov L, et al. Neurological dysfunction in early maturity of a model for niemann-pick C1 carrier status. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(3):614–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandillo S, Tucci V, Hölter SM, et al. Reliability, robustness, and reproducibility in mouse behavioral phenotyping: a cross-laboratory study. Physiol Genomics. 2008;34(3):243–255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenk W, Lohr D, Sonnenbichler J. Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of diethylene glycol and ethylene glycol in the rat. Xenobiotica. 1989;19(9):961–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Ginneken CAM, Russel FGM. Saturable pharmacokinetics in the renal excretion of drugs. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1989;16(1):38–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landry GM, Dunning CL, Conrad T, et al. Diglycolic acid inhibits succinate dehydrogenase activity in human proximal tubule cells leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Toxicol Lett. 2013;221(3):176–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conrad T, Landry GM, Aw TY, et al. Diglycolic acid, the toxic metabolite of diethylene glycol, chelates calcium and produces renal mitochondrial dysfunction in vitro. Clin Toxicol. 2016;54(6):501–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar