Dose ingested, vomiting, and outcome in patients ingesting a standard paraquat 20SL formulation

References

• Bullivant CM. Accidental poisoning by paraquat: report of two cases in man. Br Med J. 1966;1(5498):1272–1273.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonagh BJ, Martin J. Paraquat poisoning in children. Arch Dis Child. 1970;45(241):425–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith P, Heath D, Fishman AP. Paraquat. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol. 1976;4(4):411–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meredith TJ, Vale JA. Treatment of paraquat poisoning in man: methods to prevent absorption. Hum Toxicol. 1987;6(1):49–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lock EA, Wilks MF. Paraquat. In: Krieger R, editors. Hayes’ handbook of pesticide toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: Elsevier; 2010. p. 1771–1827.
   Google Scholar
• Brown R, Clapp M, Dyson J, et al. Paraquat in perspective. Outlook Pest Man. 2004;15(6):259–267. Dec 2004:
   Google Scholar
• Eddleston M. Evidence for the efficacy of the emetic PP796 in paraquat SL20 formulations - a narrative review of published and unpublished evidence. Clin Toxicol. 2022;60(10):1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Agricultural Organization. FAO specifications and evaluations for agricultural pesticides. Paraquat dichloride. Rome: FAO; 2008; [cited 2021 Apr 4]. Available from: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/agphome/documents/Pests_Pesticides/Specs/Paraquat08.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority. Standard for paraquat dichloride technical concentrate active constituent. Caberra: Australian Government; 2011; [last reviewed 2021; cited 2022 Jan 06]. Available from: https://apvma.gov.au/node/2594.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agricultural Organization. FAO specifications and evaluations for agricultural pesticides. Paraquat dichloride. Rome: FAO; 2021; [cited 2022 Jan 06]. Available from: https://www.fao.org/3/ca9629en/ca9629en.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Millard YC, Slaughter RJ, Shieffelbien LM, et al. Poisoning following exposure to chemicals stored in mislabelled or unlabelled containers: a recipe for potential disaster. N Z Med J. 2014;127(1403):17–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angotti L. Accidental death due to pulmonary fibrosis and multiorgan failure after paraquat ingestion: a case report. Abstract. Chest. 2015;148(4):369A.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delirrad M, Majidi M, Boushehri B. Clinical features and prognosis of paraquat poisoning: a review of 41 cases. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(5):8122–8128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duan Y, Wang Z. To explore the characteristics of fatality in children poisoned by paraquat–with analysis of 146 cases. Int J Artif Organs. 2016;39(2):51–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortenberry GZ, Beckman J, Schwartz A, et al. Magnitude and characteristics of acute paraquat- and diquat-related illnesses in the US: 1998–2013. Environ Res. 2016;146:191–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States Environmental Protection Agency. Paraquat dichloride: one sip can kill. Washington DC, EPA; 2019. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/pesticide-worker-safety/paraquat-dichloride-one-sip-can-kill.
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter JE, Murray BP, Moran TP, et al. Poisonings due to storage in a secondary container reported to the National Poison Data System, 2007–2017. Clin Toxicol. 2021;59(6):521–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddleston M, Karunaratne A, Weerakoon M, et al. Choice of poison for intentional self-poisoning in rural Sri Lanka. Clin Toxicol. 2006;44(3):283–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilks MF, Fernando R, Ariyananda PL, et al. Improvement in survival after paraquat ingestion following introduction of a new formulation in Sri Lanka. PLoS Med. 2008;5(2):e49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bramley A, Hart TB. Paraquat poisoning in the United Kingdom. Human Toxicol. 1983;2:417.
   Google Scholar
• Denduyts-Whitehead AP, Hart TB, Volans GN. Effects of the addition of an emetic to paraquat formulations on acute poisoning in man. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 1985;23:422–423.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan KW, Cheong IK. Paraquat poisoning: a clinical and epidemiological review of 30 cases. Med J Malaysia. 1982;37(3):227–230.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Howard JK. Paraquat poisoning in Western Samoa. A preliminary assessment of the effect of PP796. 1978; 1977–1978; [cited 2022 Jan 06]. Available from: https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/1978.09.30-ICI-rpt-PQ-poisonings-in-Western-Samoa-1977-78-preliminary-assessment-of-effect-of-PP796-SYNG-PQ-04263349_R.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Dawson AH, Eddleston M, Senarathna L, et al. Acute human lethal toxicity of agricultural pesticides: a prospective cohort study. PLoS Med. 2010;7(10):e1000357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley NA, Fahim M, Raubenheimer J, et al. Case fatality of agricultural pesticides after self-poisoning in Sri Lanka: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9(6):e854–e862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilks MF, Tomenson JA, Fernando R, et al. Formulation changes and time trends in outcome following paraquat ingestion in Sri Lanka. Clin Toxicol. 2011;49(1):21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heylings JR, Farnworth MJ, Swain CM, et al. Identification of an alginate-based formulation of paraquat to reduce the exposure of the herbicide following oral ingestion. Toxicology. 2007;241(1–2):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blake DK, Gallagher RT, Woollen BH. Improved methods for the analysis of paraquat in biological fluids. Chromatographia. 2002;55(S1):S183–S185.
   Google Scholar
• Sawada Y, Yamamoto I, Hirokane T, et al. Severity index of paraquat poisoning. Lancet. 1988;1(8598):1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawarammana I, Buckley NA, Mohamed F, et al. High-dose immunosuppression to prevent death after paraquat self-poisoning – a randomised controlled trial. Clin Toxicol. 2018;56(7):633–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conso F. Paraquat poisoning: experience of poison control centers in France. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1979;21(Suppl):112–113.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foulkes DM. Paraquat/Emetic: points for presentation to the FDA. ICI; 1977. Available from: https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/1977.09.06-ICI-PQ-emetic-points-for-presentation-to-FDA-SYNG-PQ-02450812_R.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wilks M, Tomenson JA, Buckley NA, et al. Influence of gastric decontamination on patient outcome after paraquat ingestion. Asia Pacific Association of Medical Toxicology (APAMT) congress Bangkok; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Bramley A, Hart TB. Paraquat poisoning in the United Kingdom (Internal Report). Fernhurst, Surrey: plant Protection Division, ICI Ltd; 1982; [cited 2021 Apr 05]. Available from: https://usrtk.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/1982.06.xx-ICI-rpt-Bramley-Hart-PQ-poisonings-in-the-UK-SYNG-PQ-03720006_R.pdf.
   Google Scholar