References
- U.S. Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration. National drug threat assessment. 2021. Available from: https://www.dea.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/DIR-008-21%202020%20National%20Drug%20Threat%20Assessment_WEB.pdf.
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2021. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. PEP21-07-01-003, NSDUH Series H-56). Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Available from https://www.samhsa.gov/data/.
- Han B, Compton WM, Jones CM, et al. Methamphetamine use, methamphetamine use disorder, and associated overdose deaths among US adults. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(12):1329–1342.
- Hedegaard H, Miniño AM, Warner M. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999–2019. NCHS Data Brief, no 394. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db394-H.pdf.
- Jones CM, Compton WM, Mustaquim D. Patterns and characteristics of methamphetamine use among adults - United States, 2015–2018. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(12):317–323.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. 2022. Overdose death rates. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates.
- Hoots B, Vivolo-Kantor A, Seth P. The rise in non-fatal and fatal overdoses involving stimulants with and without opioids in the United States. Addiction. 2020;115(5):946–958.
- Korona-Bailey JA, Nechuta S, Golladay M, et al. Characteristics of fatal opioid overdoses with stimulant involvement in Tennessee: a descriptive study using 2018 state unintentional drug overdose reporting system data. Ann Epidemiol. 2021;58:149–155.
- Mustaquim D, Jones CM, Compton WM. Trends and correlates of cocaine use among adults in the United States, 2006–2019. Addict Behav. 2021;120:106950.
- Ciccarone D, Shoptaw S. Understanding stimulant use and use disorders in a new era. Med Clin North Am. 2022;106(1):81–97.
- Benham DA, Rooney AS, Calvo RY, et al. The rising tide of methamphetamine use in elderly trauma patients. Am J Surg. 2021;221(6):1246–1251.
- Na PJ, Rosenheck R, Rhee TG. Increased admissions of older adults to substance use treatment facilities and associated changes in admission characteristics, 2000–2017. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022;83(3):21–m13938.
- Choi NG, DiNitto DM, Marti CN, et al. U.S. older adults’ heroin and psychostimulant use treatment admissions, 2012–2019: sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2022;231:109256.
- Shi S, Klotz U. Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics. Curr Drug Metab. 2011;12(7):601–610.
- Kaiser Family Foundation. Opioid overdose deaths by age group2022. Available from: https://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/opioid-overdose-deaths-by-age-group/?dataView=1&activeTab=graph¤tTimeframe=0&startTimeframe=21&selectedDistributions=35-44–55&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D.
- Cenci D, Carbone MG, Callegari C, et al. Psychomotor symptoms in chronic cocaine users: an interpretative model. IJERPH. 2022;19(3):1897.
- Dickson SD, Thomas IC, Bhatia HS, et al. Methamphetamine-associated heart failure hospitalizations across the United States: geographic and social disparities. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(16):e018370.
- Lappin JM, Sara GE. Psychostimulant use and the brain. Addiction. 2019;114(11):2065–2077.
- Lewis D, Kenneally M, van den Heuvel C, et al. Increasing age and methamphetamine use. J Forensic Leg Med. 2021;80:102181.
- Ma Y, Wu H, Wang H, et al. Psychiatric comorbidities and liver injury are associated with unbalanced plasma bile acid profile during methamphetamine withdrawal. Front Endocrinol . 2021;12:801686.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. Cocaine research report. 2016. Available from: https://nida.nih.gov/download/1141/cocaine-research-report.pdf?v=3f3fb3f0903dfa8879388c2a5d086cb9.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. Methamphetamine research report: Overview. 2019. https://nida.nih.gov/download/37620/Methamphetamine-research-report.pdf?v=59d70e192be11090787a4dab7e8cd390.
- Potvin S, Pelletier J, Grot S, et al. Cognitive deficits in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: a meta-analysis. Addict Behav. 2018;80:154–160.
- Soder HE, Berumen AM, Gomez KE, et al. Elevated neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in older adults with cocaine use disorder as a marker of chronic inflammation. Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 2020;18(1):32–40.
- Thomas IC, Nishimura M, Ma J, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with heart failure and methamphetamine abuse. J Card Fail. 2020;26(3):202–209.
- Zhao SX, Deluna A, Kelsey K, et al. Socioeconomic burden of rising metamphetamine-associated heart failure hospitalizations in California from 2008 to 2018. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2021;14(7):e007638.
- Han BH, Tuazon E, Kunins HV, et al. Unintentional drug overdose deaths involving cocaine among middle-aged and older adults in New York city. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;198:121–125.
- Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Beuhler MC, et al. 2020 Annual report of the American association of poison control centers’ national poison data system (NPDS): 38th annual report. Clin Toxicol . 2021;59(12):1282–1501.
- Grimes DA, Schulz KF. Making sense of odds and odds ratios. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(2 Pt 1):423–426.
- Dodani S, Ruktanonchai CW, Kaeley GS, et al. Clinical comorbidities among cocaine users screened in the community through HealthStreet. Health Behav Policy Rev. 2016;3(1):54–61.
- Ghantous Z, Ahmad V, Khoury R. Illicit drug use in older adults: an invisible epidemic? Clin Geriatr Med. 2022;38(1):39–53.
- Han BH, Sherman SE, Palamar JJ. Prescription opioid misuse among middle-aged and older adults in the United States, 2015–2016. Prev Med. 2019;121:94–98.
- Nolan ML, Shamasunder S, Colon-Berezin C, et al. Increased presence of fentanyl in cocaine-involved fatal overdoses: implications for prevention. J Urban Health. 2019;96(1):49–54.
- New York State Department of Health. Overdose deaths involving methamphetamine with and without fentanyl in New York State, outside of New York City, 2016-2020. 2022. Available from: https://www.health.ny.gov/statistics/opioid/data/pdf/nysdoh_op_dta5.pdf.
- Liu Y, Williamson V, Setlow B, et al. The importance of considering polysubstance use: lessons from cocaine research. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;192:16–28.
- Liu Y, Cheong J, Setlow B, et al. Cocaine and marijuana polysubstance use and cocaine use disorder: investigating mediated effects through patterns of cocaine use. J Dual Diagn. 2021;17(1):23–33.
- Stafford AM, Yamamoto BK, Phillips TJ. Combined and sequential effects of alcohol and methamphetamine in animal models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;131:248–269.
- Gladden RM, Mattson CL, et al. Vital signs: characteristics of drug overdose deaths involving opioids and stimulants - 24 states and the District of Columbia, January–June 2019. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(35):1189–1197.