Acute exposure to hydrazine reported to four United States regional poison centers: reconsidering a paradigm

References

• Nguyen HN, Chenoweth JA, Bebarta VS, et al. The toxicity, pathophysiology, and treatment of acute hydrazine propellant exposure: a systematic review. Mil Med. 2021;186(3–4):e319–e326. doi: 10.1093/milmed/usaa429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanshaw BC, Ryder VE, Johansen BD, et al. Spaceflight recovery considerations for acute inhalational exposure to hydrazines. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2023;94(7):532–543. doi: 10.3357/AMHP.6206.2023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schirmann J-P, Bourdauducq P. Hydrazine. In: Elviers B, editor. Ullmann’s encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2001. doi: 10.1002/14356007.a13_177.
   Google Scholar
• Suggs HJ, Luskus LJ, Kilian HJ, et al. Exhaust gas composition of the F-16 emergency power unit. Brooks Air Force Base (TX): United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine, Aerospace Medical Division; 1979. (report no.: SAM-TR-79-21979).
   Google Scholar
• Koerner M, editor. Recent developments in aircraft emergency power. Collection of technical papers. In: 35th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference and Exhibit (IECEC) (Cat. No. 00CH37022); 2000 Jul 24–28. Las Vegas (NV): AIAA; 2000. doi: 10.2514/6.2000-2802.
   Google Scholar
• Davis SM, Yilmaz N. Advances in hypergolic propellants: ignition, hydrazine, and hydrogen peroxide research. Adv Aerospace Eng. 2014;2014:1–9. doi: 10.1155/2014/729313.
   Google Scholar
• Seedhouse E. The engines: the workhorses of commercial spaceflight. In: Seedhouse E, editor. SpaceX: making commercial spaceflight a reality. New York (NY): Springer; 2013. p. 33–49.
   Google Scholar
• Nichang Z. A personal viewpoint on the development of China’s liquid propellant rocket engines. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (OH): United States Air Force Foreign Technology Division; 1991. (report no.: FTD-ID(RS)T-0545-911991).
   Google Scholar
• Mori S, Saito A, Arita M, et al., editors. H3 launch vehicle development concept of operations. In: 14th International Conference on Space Operations; 2016 May 16–20; Daejeon, Korea. Reston (VA): American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics; 2016. doi: 10.2514/6.2016-2531.
   Google Scholar
• Narayana Murty SVS, Sharma SC. Materials for Indian Space Program: an overview. J Indian Inst Sci. 2022;102(1):513–559. doi: 10.1007/s41745-021-00284-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda Y, Yoshikawa M, Abe M, et al. System design of the Hayabusa 2—asteroid sample return mission to 1999 JU3. Acta Astronaut. 2013;91:356–362. doi: 10.1016/j.actaastro.2013.06.028.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dworkin JP, Adelman LA, Ajluni T, et al. OSIRIS-REx contamination control strategy and implementation. Space Sci Rev. 2017;214(1):19. doi: 10.1007/s11214-017-0439-4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rattan TM, Patil KC. Hydrazine and its inorganic derivatives. In: Patil KC, Rattan TM, editors. Inorganic hydrazine derivatives. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2014. p. 1–36. doi: 10.1002/9781118693599.ch01.
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Transportation. Emergency response guidebook (ERG). Washington (DC): United States Department of Transportation, Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Pohanish RP. In: Pohanish RP, editor. Sittig’s handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcinogens. 7th ed. Cambridge (MA): William Andrew Publishing; 2017. p. 1718–1819. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-38968-6.00008-9.
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration. 1910.119 App A – list of highly hazardous chemicals, toxics and reactives. Washington (DC): United States Department of Labor; 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Nicogossian A. The Apollo-Soyuz test project: medical report. Washington (DC): Scientific and Technical Information Office, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; 1977. (report no.: NASA SP-411).
   Google Scholar
• Frierson WB. Use of pyridoxine HCl in acute hydrazine and UDMH intoxication. Ind Med Surg. 1965;34:650–651.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kao YH, Chong CH, Ng WT, et al. Hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity. Occup Med. 2007;57(7):535–537. doi: 10.1093/occmed/kqm077.
   Google Scholar
• Binyamin Y, Frenkel A, Brotfain E, et al. Elevated CPK levels after hydrazine inhalation exposure in an F16 aircraft technician. Toxicol Rep. 2018;5:927–928. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.08.023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans DM. Two cases of hydrazine hydrate dermatitis without systemic intoxication. Br J Ind Med. 1959;16(2):126–127. doi: 10.1136/oem.16.2.126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brooks SM, Weiss MA, Bernstein IL. Reactive airways dysfunction syndrome (RADS). Persistent asthma syndrome after high level irritant exposures. Chest. 1985;88(3):376–384. doi: 10.1378/chest.88.3.376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen P, Bredahl E, Lauritsen O, et al. Examination of the liver in personnel working with liquid rocket propellant. Br J Ind Med. 1970;27(2):141–146. doi: 10.1136/oem.27.2.141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinha BK, Mason RP. Biotransformation of hydrazine derivatives in the mechanism of toxicity. J Drug Metab Toxicol. 2014;5(3):168. doi: 10.4172/2157-7609.1000168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sotaniemi E, Hirvonen J, Isomäki H, et al. Hydrazine toxicity in the human. Report of a fatal case. Ann Clin Res. 1971;3(1):30–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reid FJ. Hydrazine poisoning. Br Med J. 1965;2(5472):1246–1246. doi: 10.1136/bmj.2.5472.1246-a.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• George ME, Johnson WE, Back KC. Effects of propellant hydrazines on red blood cells: methemoglobin and Heinz body formation. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (OH): United States Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division, Air Force Systems Command; 1978. (report no.: AMRL-TR-78-1271978).
   Google Scholar
• Makarovsky I, Markel G, Dushnitsky T, et al. Hydrazine – the space era agent. Isr Med Assoc J. 2008;10(4):302–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen WD. An evaluation of occupational exposure to hydrazine (H-70) during routine maintenance tasks associated with the F-16 emergency power unit. Brooks Air Force Base (TX): United States Air Force Occupational and Environmental Health Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division, Air Force Systems Command; 1978. (report no.: OEHL-TR-78-231978).
   Google Scholar
• Stauffer TB, Eyl AW Jr. Studies on evaporation of hydrazine and procedures for cleanup of small spills. Tyndall Air Force Base (FL): United States Air Force Civil and Environmental Engineering Development Office, Air Force Systems Command; 1978. (report no.: CEEDO-TR-78-121978).
   Google Scholar
• United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hydrazine. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; 2019 [cited 2024 Mar 24]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0329.html
   Google Scholar
• National Research Council (US). Committee on acute exposure guideline levels. Acute exposure guideline levels for selected airborne chemicals. Vol. 8. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Kirklin JK, Watson M, Bondoc CC, et al. Treatment of hydrazine-induced coma with pyridoxine. N Engl J Med. 1976;294(17):938–939. doi: 10.1056/NEJM197604222941708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lheureux P, Penaloza A, Gris M. Pyridoxine in clinical toxicology: a review. Eur J Emerg Med. 2005;12(2):78–85. doi: 10.1097/00063110-200504000-00007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves JL. Influence of large doses of pyridoxine hydrochloride on the convulsigenic activity of UDMH in monkeys. Tech Doc Rep SAMTDR USAF Sch Aerosp Med. 1961;62-31:5p.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Brien RD, Kirkpatrick M, Miller PS. Poisoning of the rat by hydrazine and alkylhydrazines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1964;6(4):371–377. doi: 10.1016/s0041-008x(64)80001-6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhennin C, Vesin L, Feauveaux J. Burns and the toxic effects of a derivative of hydrazine. Burns Incl Therm Inj. 1988;14(2):130–134. doi: 10.1016/0305-4179(88)90218-5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Medina MA. The in vivo effects of hydrazines and vitamin B6 on the metabolism of gamma-aminobutyric acid. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1963;140:133–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornish HH. The role of vitamin B6 in the toxicity of hydrazines. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1969;166(1):136–145. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb54264.x.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harati Y, Niakan E. Hydrazine toxicity, pyridoxine therapy, and peripheral neuropathy. Ann Intern Med. 1986;104(5):728–729. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-104-5-728_2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacEwen J. Human exposure to EEL concentrations of monomethylhydrazine. In: Proceedings of the 1st Annual Conference on Environmental Toxicology; 1970 Sep 9–11; Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base (OH): Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Aerospace Medical Division, Air Force Systems Command; 1970. (report no.: TR no.: AMRL-TR-70-102.1970).
   Google Scholar