Unraveling Victim-Offender Overlap: Exploring Profiles and Constellations of Risk

REFERENCES

• Abbey , A. 2002 . Alcohol-related sexual assault: A common problem among college students . Journal of Studies on Alcohol, Supplement No. , 14 : 118 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Agnew , R. 2002 . Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study on physical victimization and delinquency . Justice Quarterly , 19 : 603 – 632 .
   Google Scholar
• Agnew , R. , Brezina , T. , Wright , J. P. and Cullen , F. T. 2002 . Strain, personality traits, and delinquency: Extending general strain theory . Criminology , 40 : 43 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association . 2000 . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders , Rev. 4th , Washington , DC : Author .
   Google Scholar
• Arata , C. M. , Langhinrichsen-Rohling , J. , Bowers , D. and O'Brien , N. 2007 . Differential correlates of multi-type maltreatment among urban youth . Child Abuse & Neglect , 31 : 392 – 415 .
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , K. D. 1994 . Typologies and taxonomies: An introduction to classification techniques , Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , S. W. 2009 . Street youths' violent responses to violent personal, vicarious, and anticipated strain . Journal of Criminal Justice , 37 : 442 – 451 .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , S. W. , Forde , D. R. and Kay , F. M. 2007 . Self-control, risky lifestyles, and situation: The role of opportunity and context in the general theory . Journal of Criminal Justice , 35 : 119 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Baum , K. 2005 . Juvenile victimization and offending, 1993–2003 (NCJ Pub. No. 209468) , Washington , DC : National Institute of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Bender , K. 2010 . Why do some maltreated youth become juvenile offenders? A call for further investigation and adaptation of youth services . Children and Youth Services Review , 32 : 466 – 473 .
   Google Scholar
• Briere , J. N. 1996 . Trauma symptom checklist for children: Professional manual , Odessa , FL : Psychological Assessment Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Briere , J. N. , Elliot , D. M. , Harris , K. and Cotman , A. 1995 . Trauma symptom inventory: Psychometrics and association with childhood and adult trauma in clinical samples . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 10 : 387 – 401 .
   Google Scholar
• Briere , J. N. and Spinazzola , J. 2005 . Phenomenology and psychological assessment of complex posttraumatic states . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 18 : 401 – 412 .
   Google Scholar
• Broidy , L. M. , Daday , J. K. , Crandall , C. S. , Sklar , D. P. and Jost , P. F. 2006 . Exploring demographic, structural, and behavioral overlap among homicide offenders and victims . Homicide Studies , 10 : 155 – 180 .
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2011, April 22). Bullying among middle school and high school students: Massachusetts, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(15), 465–471. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm6015.pdf (http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm6015.pdf) (Accessed: 1 May 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Chen , X. 2009 . The link between juvenile offending and victimization: The influence of risky lifestyles, social bonding, and individual characteristics . Youth Violence & Juvenile Justice , 7 : 119 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Chesney-Lind , M. and Okamoto , S. 2001 . Gender matters: Patterns in girl's delinquency and gender responsive programming . Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice , 1 ( 3 ) : 1 – 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Cuevas , C. A. , Finkelhor , D. , Turner , H. A. and Ormrod , R. K. 2007 . Juvenile delinquency and victimization: A theoretical typology . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 22 : 1581 – 1602 .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , K. C. , Stoner , S. A. , Norris , J. , George , W. H. and Masters , N. T. 2009 . Women's awareness of and discomfort with sexual assault cues: Effects of alcohol consumption and relationship type . Violence Against Women , 15 : 1106 – 1125 .
   Google Scholar
• DeLisi , M. , Barnes , J. C. , Beaver , K. M. and Gibson , C. L. 2009 . Delinquent gangs and adolescent victimization revisited: A propensity score matching approach . Criminal Justice & Behavior , 36 : 808 – 823 .
   Google Scholar
• Dobrin , A. 2001 . The risk of offending on homicide victimization: A case control study . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 38 : 154 – 173 .
   Google Scholar
• Dolan , M. and Rennie , C. 2007 . Is juvenile psychopathy associated with low anxiety and fear in conduct-disordered male offenders? . Journal of Anxiety Disorders , 21 : 1028 – 1038 .
   Google Scholar
• Dukes, N. N., Pettingell, S. L., McMorris, B. J., & Borowsky, I. W. (2010, March 15). Adolescent violence perpetration: Associations with multiple types of adverse childhood experiences. Pediatrics, 125(4), e778–e786. http://pediatrics. aappublications.org/content/125/4/e778.full.pdf+html (http://pediatrics. aappublications.org/content/125/4/e778.full.pdf+html) (Accessed: 1 May 2011 ).
   Google Scholar
• Dukes , R. L. , Stein , J. A. and Zane , J. I. 2010 . Gender differences in the relative impact of physical and relational bullying on adolescent injury and weapon carrying . Journal of School Psychology , 48 : 511 – 532 .
   Google Scholar
• Esbensen , F. and Carson , D. C. 2009 . Consequences of being bullied: Results from a longitudinal assessment of bullying victimization in a multisite sample of American students . Youth & Society , 41 : 209 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Fagan , A. A. and Mazerolle , P. 2011 . Repeat offending and repeat victimization: Assessing similarities and differences in psychosocial risk factors . Crime & Delinquency , 57 : 732 – 755 .
   Google Scholar
• Fagan , J. , Piper , E. S. and Cheng , Y. T. 1987 . Contributions of victimization to delinquency in the inner cities . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology , 78 : 586 – 613 .
   Google Scholar
• Farrell , G. and Pease , K. 2001 . “ Editors' introduction: Why repeat victimization matters ” . In Repeat victimization , Edited by: Farrell , G. and Pease , K. 1 – 4 . Monsey , NY : Criminal Justice Press .
   Google Scholar
• Farrington , D. , Ohlin , L. and Wilson , J. Q. 1986 . Understanding and controlling crime: Toward a new research strategy , New York : Springer-Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Feiring , C. , Miller-Johnson , S. and Cleland , C. M. 2007 . Potential pathways from stigmatization and internalizing symptoms to delinquency in sexually abused youth . Child Maltreatment , 12 : 220 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Finkelhor , D. , Hamby , S. L. , Ormrod , R. and Turner , H. A. 2005 . The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire: Reliability, validity, and national norms . Child Abuse and Neglect , 29 : 383 – 412 .
   Google Scholar
• Finkelhor , D. , Ormrod , R. , Turner , H. A. and Hamby , S. L. 2005 . The victimization of children and youth: A comprehensive, national survey . Child Maltreatment , 10 : 2 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Ford , J. D. , Elhai , J. D. , Connor , D. F. and Frueh , B. C. 2010 . Poly-victimization and risk of posttraumatic, depressive, and substance use disorders and involvement in delinquency in a national sample of adolescents . Journal of Adolescent Health , 46 : 545 – 552 .
   Google Scholar
• Francis , B. J. , Fligelstone , R. and Soothill , K. 2004 . Identifying patterns of offending behaviour: A new approach to typologies of crime . European Journal of Criminology , 1 : 48 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Frick , P. J. , Lilienfeld , S. O. , Ellis , M. , Loney , B. and Silverthorn , P. 1999 . The association between anxiety and psychopathy dimensions in children . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 27 : 383 – 392 .
   Google Scholar
• Gibson , C. L. , Miller , J. M. , Jennings , W. G. , Swatt , M. and Gover , A. 2009 . Using propensity score matching to understand the relationship between gang membership and violent victimization: A research note . Justice Quarterly , 26 : 625 – 643 .
   Google Scholar
• Gover , A. R. , Jennings , W. G. and Tewksbury , R. 2009 . Adolescent male and female gang members' experiences with violent victimization, dating violence, and sexual assault . American Journal of Criminal Justice , 34 ( 1–2 ) : 103 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Green , D. L. and Diaz , N. 2007 . Predictors of emotional stress in crime victims: Implications for treatment . Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention , 7 : 194 – 205 .
   Google Scholar
• Haddow , J. L. 2006 . Residual effects of repeated bully victimization before the age of 12 on adolescent functioning . Journal of School Violence , 5 ( 2 ) : 37 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamby , S. L. and Finkelhor , D. 2001 . Juvenile Justice Bulletin: Choosing and using child victimization questionnaires (NCJ Publication No. 186027) , Washington , DC : Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Hay , C. and Evans , M. M. 2006 . Violent victimization and involvement in delinquency: Examining predictions from general strain theory . Journal of Criminal Justice , 34 : 261 – 274 .
   Google Scholar
• Hazler , R. J. and Carney , J. V. 2006 . “ Critical characteristics of effective bullying prevention programs ” . In Handbook of school violence and school safety , Edited by: Jimerson , S. R. and Furlong , M. J. 273 – 292 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Hedström , P. 2005 . Dissecting the social: On the principles of analytic sociology , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Heide , K. M. and Solomon , E. P. 2006 . Biology, childhood trauma, and murder: Rethinking justice . International Journal of Law and Psychiatry , 29 : 220 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins , G. E. , Jennings , W. G. , Tewksbury , R. and Gibson , C. L. 2009 . Exploring the link between low self-control and violent victimization trajectories in adolescents . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 36 : 1070 – 1084 .
   Google Scholar
• Hollist , D. R. , Hughes , L. A. and Schaible , L. M. 2009 . Adolescent maltreatment, negative emotion, and delinquency: An assessment of general strain theory and family-based strain . Journal of Criminal Justice , 37 : 379 – 387 .
   Google Scholar
• Holtfreter , K. , Reising , M. D. , Piquero , N. L. and Piquero , A. R. 2010 . Low self-control and fraud: Offending, victimization, and their overlap . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 37 : 188 – 203 .
   Google Scholar
• Jacques , S. and Wright , R. 2008 . The victimization-termination link . Criminology , 46 : 1009 – 1038 .
   Google Scholar
• Jennings , W. G. , Higgins , G. E. , Tewksbury , R. , Gover , A. R. and Piquero , A. R. 2010 . A longitudinal assessment of the victim-offender overlap . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 25 : 2147 – 2174 .
   Google Scholar
• Katz , C. M. , Webb , V. J. , Fox , K. and Shaffer , J. N. 2011 . Understanding the relationship between violent victimization and gang membership . Journal of Criminal Justice , 39 : 48 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Kazemian , L. , Widom , C. S. and Farrington , D. P. 2011 . A prospective examination of the relationship between child neglect and juvenile delinquency in the Cambridge Study in delinquent development . International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies , 2 ( 1–2 ) : 65 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Kearney , C. , Wechsler , A. , Kaur , H. and Lemos-Miller , A. 2010 . Posttraumatic stress disorder in maltreated youth: A review of contemporary research and thought . Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review , 13 : 46 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Kimonis , E. R. , Ray , J. B. , Branch , J. R. and Cauffman , E. 2011 . Anger mediates relation between violence exposure and violence perpetration in incarcerated boys . Child and Youth Care Forum , 40 : 381 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Klevens , J. , Duque , L. F. and Ramírez , C. 2002 . The victim-perpetrator overlap and routine activities: Results from a cross-sectional study in Bogota, Columbia . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 17 : 206 – 215 .
   Google Scholar
• Kline , R. B. 2005 . Principles and practice of structural equation modeling , 2nd , New York : Guilford .
   Google Scholar
• Kort-Butler , L. 2010 . Experienced and vicarious victimization: Do social support and self-esteem prevent delinquent responses? . Journal of Criminal Justice , 38 : 496 – 505 .
   Google Scholar
• Lanktree , C. B. , Gilbert , A. M. , Briere , J. , Taylor , N. , Chen , K. Maida , C. A. 2008 . Multi-informant assessment of maltreated children: Convergent and discriminant validity of the TSCC and TSCYC . Child Abuse and Neglect , 32 : 621 – 625 .
   Google Scholar
• Lanza , S. T. , Collins , L. M. , Lemmon , D. R. and Schafer , J. L. 2007 . PROC LCA: A SAS procedure for latent class analysis . Structural Equation Modeling , 14 : 671 – 694 .
   Google Scholar
• Lauritsen , J. L. and Laub , J. H. 2007 . Understanding the link between victimization and offending: New reflections on an old idea . Crime Prevention Studies , 22 : 55 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Lauritsen , J. L. , Laub , J. H. and Sampson , R. J. 1992 . Conventional and delinquent activities: Implications for the prevention of violent victimization among adolescents . Violence and Victims , 7 : 91 – 108 .
   Google Scholar
• Lauritsen , J. L. , Sampson , R. J. and Laub , J. H. 1991 . Link between offending and victimization among adolescents . Criminology , 29 : 265 – 292 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , W. , Cochran , J. K. and Mieczkowski , T. 2011 . Direct and vicarious violent victimization and juvenile delinquency: An application of general strain theory . Sociological Inquiry , 81 : 195 – 222 .
   Google Scholar
• Lin , W. and Mieczkowski , T. 2011 . Subjective strains, conditioning factors, and juvenile delinquency: General strain theory in Taiwan . Asian Criminology , 6 : 69 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Loeber , R. and Stouthamer-Loeber , M. 1987 . “ The prediction of delinquency ” . In Handbook of juvenile delinquency , Edited by: Quay , H. C. 325 – 382 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Lynam , D. R. 1996 . Early identification of chronic offenders: Who is the fledgling psychopath? . Psychological Bulletin , 120 : 209 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Macmillan , R. 2001 . Violence and the life course: The consequences of victimization for personal and social development . Annual Review of Sociology , 27 : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Maldonado-Molina , M. , Jennings , W. G. , Tobler , A. L. , Piquero , A. R. and Canino , G. 2010 . Assessing the victim-offender overlap among Puerto Rican youth . Journal of Criminal Justice , 38 : 1191 – 1201 .
   Google Scholar
• Manasse , M. E. and Ganem , N. M. 2009 . Victimization as a cause of delinquency: The role of depression and gender . Journal of Criminal Justice , 37 : 371 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Mazerolle , P. 1998 . Gender, general strain, and delinquency: An empirical examination . Justice Quarterly , 15 : 65 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• McCutcheon , A. L. 1987 . Latent class analysis (Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Series No. 07–064) , Newbury Park , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Messman-Moore , T. L. , Coates , A. A. , Gaffey , K. J. and Johnson , C. F. 2008 . Sexuality, substance use, and susceptibility to victimization . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 23 : 1730 – 1746 .
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt , T. E. 2006 . “ Pathways in the life course to crime ” . In Criminological theory: Past to present , Edited by: Cullen , F. T. and Agnew , R. 502 – 521 . Los Angeles : Roxbury Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Mrug , S. and Windle , M. 2010 . Prospective effects of violence exposure across multiple contexts on early adolescents internalizing and externalizing problems . Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , 51 : 953 – 961 .
   Google Scholar
• Mustaine , E. E. and Tewksbury , R. 2000 . Comparing the lifestyles of victims, offenders, and victim-offenders: A routine activity assessment of similarities and differences for criminal incident participants . Sociological Focus , 33 : 339 – 362 .
   Google Scholar
• Muthén , B. O. 2002 . Beyond SEM: General latent variable modeling . Behaviormetrika , 29 : 81 – 117 .
   Google Scholar
• Muthén , L. K. and Muthén , B. O. 1998–2010 . Mplus user's guide , 4th , Los Angeles : Muthén & Muthén .
   Google Scholar
• Nagin , D. S. 1999 . Analyzing developmental trajectories: A semi-parametric, group-based approach . Psychological Methods , 4 : 139 – 157 .
   Google Scholar
• Najavits , L. , Gallop , R. and Weiss , R. 2006 . Seeking Safety therapy for adolescent girls with PTSD and substance use disorder: A randomized controlled trial . Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research , 33 : 453 – 463 .
   Google Scholar
• Nansel , T. R. , Overpeck , M. D. , Haynie , D. L. , Ruan , W. J. , Scheidt , P. C. and Simon-Martin , B. 2003 . Relationships between bullying and violence among U.S. youth . Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine , 157 : 348 – 353 .
   Google Scholar
• Nofziger , S. 2009 . Deviant lifestyles and violent victimization at school . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 24 : 1494 – 1517 .
   Google Scholar
• Norris , F. H. , Kaniasty , K. and Thompson , M. P. 1997 . “ The psychological consequences of crime: Findings from a longitudinal population-based study ” . In Victims of crime , 2nd , Edited by: Davis , R. C. , Luirigio , A. J. and Skogan , W. G. 146 – 166 . Thousand Oaks , CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Nylund , K. L. , Asparouhov , T. and Muthen , B. O. 2007 . Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study . Structural Equation Modeling , 14 : 535 – 569 .
   Google Scholar
• Olweus , D. 1996 . Bully/Victim problems at school: Facts and effective intervention . Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems , 5 : 15 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Ousey , G. , Wilcox , P. and Fisher , B. 2011 . Something old, something new: Revisiting competing hypotheses of the victimization-offending relationship among adolescents . Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 27 : 53 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Perry , A. and Iwaniec , D. 2007 . The validity of latent class typology of adolescent drinking patterns . Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine , 24 : 13 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , F. W. 2003 . Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 42 : 268 – 278 .
   Google Scholar
• Rapp-Paglicci , L. A. and Wodarski , J. S. 2000 . Antecedent behaviors of male youth victimization: An exploratory study . Deviant Behavior , 21 : 519 – 536 .
   Google Scholar
• Reid , J. A. and Sullivan , C. J. 2009 . A latent class typology of juvenile victims and exploration of risk factors and outcomes of victimization . Criminal Justice and Behavior , 36 : 1001 – 1024 .
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. and Laub , J. H. 2005 . Seductions of method: Rejoinder to Nagin and Tremblay . Criminology , 43 : 905 – 913 .
   Google Scholar
• Sampson , R. J. and Lauritsen , J. L. 1990 . Deviant lifestyles, proximity to crime, and the offender-victim link in personal violence . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 27 : 110 – 139 .
   Google Scholar
• Sartor , C. E. , Agrawal , A. , McCutcheon , V. V. , Duncan , A. E. and Lynskey , M. T. 2008 . Disentangling the complex association between childhood sexual abuse and alcohol-related problems: A review of methodological issues and approaches . Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs , 69 : 718 – 727 .
   Google Scholar
• Schreck , C. J. , Stewart , E. A. and Fisher , B. S. 2006 . Self-control, victimization, and their influence on risky lifestyles: A longitudinal analysis using panel data . Journal of Quantitative Criminology , 22 : 319 – 340 .
   Google Scholar
• Schreck , C. J. , Stewart , E. A. and Osgood , D. 2008 . A reappraisal of the overlap of violent offenders and victims . Criminology , 46 : 871 – 906 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. J. and Ecob , R. 2007 . An investigation into causal links between victimization and offending in adolescents . British Journal of Sociology , 58 : 633 – 659 .
   Google Scholar
• Snyder , H. N. and Sickmund , M. 2006 . Juvenile offenders and victims: 2006 National Report , Washington , DC : U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention .
   Google Scholar
• Springer , C. and Padgett , D. K. 2000 . Gender differences in young adolescents' exposure to violence and rates of PTSD symptomatology . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 70 : 370 – 379 .
   Google Scholar
• Sukhodolsky , D. G. , Kassinove , H. and Gorman , B. 2004 . Cognitive behavioral therapy for anger in children and adolescents: A meta-analysis . Aggression and Violent Behavior , 9 : 247 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , T. J. 2008 . The boulevard ain't safe for your kids: Youth gang membership and violent victimization . Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice , 24 : 125 – 136 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , M. L. , Lanyon , R. I. and Millsap , R. E. 2009 . Validation of diagnostic measures based on latent class analysis: A step forward in response bias research . Psychological Assessment , 21 : 227 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner , H. and Butler , M. 2003 . Direct and indirect effects of childhood adversity on depressive symptoms in young adults . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 32 : 89 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Turner, H. A., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). Developmental victimization survey [Data file]. Available from National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect Web site http://www.ndacan.cornell.edu (http://www.ndacan.cornell.edu)
   Google Scholar
• Turner , R. J. and Wheaton , B. 1997 . “ Checklist measurement of stressful life events ” . In Measuring stress: A guide for health and social scientists , Edited by: Cohen , S. C. and Kessler , R. C. 29 – 58 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Unnever , J. D. , Cullen , F. T. and Pratt , T. C. 2003 . Parental management, ADHD, and delinquent involvement: Reassessing Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory . Justice Quarterly , 20 : 471 – 500 .
   Google Scholar
• Vitaro , F. , Boivin , M. and Tremblay , R. E. 2007 . “ Peers and violence: A two-sided developmental perspective ” . In Handbook of violence , Edited by: Roberts , R. and Wodarski , J. S. 129 – 147 . New York : John Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Wagner , C. H. 1982 . Simpson's paradox in real life . The American Statistician , 36 : 46 – 48 .
   Google Scholar
• Winstanley , C. A. , Eagle , D. M. and Robbins , T. W. 2006 . Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: Translation between clinical and preclinical studies . Clinical Psychology Review , 26 : 379 – 395 .
   Google Scholar
• Wood , J. , Foy , D. W. , Layne , C. , Pynoos , R. and James , C. B. 2002 . An examination of the relationships between violence exposure, posttraumatic stress symptomatology, and delinquent activity: An “ecopathological” model of delinquent behavior among incarcerated adolescents . Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma , 6 : 127 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Zahn , M. A. , Day , J. C. , Mihalic , S. F. and Tichavsky , L. 2009 . Determining what works for girls in the juvenile justice system: A summary of the evaluation evidence . Crime & Delinquency , 55 : 266 – 293 .
   Google Scholar