A Criminological Fly in the Ointment: Specialty Courts and the Generality of Deviance

References

• Akers, R. L. (2009). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., & Wormith, S. (2011). The risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model: Does adding the good lives model contribute to effective crime prevention. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 735–755. doi:10.1177/0093854811406356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. A., Zinger, I., Hoge, R. D., Bonta, J., Gendreau, P., & Cullen, F. T. (1990). Does correctional treatment work? A clinically relevant and psychologically informed meta-analysis. Criminology, 28, 369–404. doi:10.1111/crim.1990.28.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum, D. (1996). Smoke and mirrors: The war on drugs and the politics of failure. Waltham, MA: Little, Brown and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, K. (2018). The politics, promise, and peril of criminal justice reform in the context of mass incarceration. Annual Review of Criminology, 1, 235–259. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-032317-092458
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair, L., Sullivan, C. C., Lux, J., Thielo, A. J., & Gormsen, L. (2016). Measuring drug court adherence to the what works literature: The creation of the evidence-based correctional program checklist-drug court. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60, 165–188. doi:10.1177/0306624X14549950
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., Roth, J. A., & Visher, C. A. (1986). Criminal careers and “career criminals” (Vol. 1). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boldt, R., & Singer, J. (2006). Juristocracy in the trenches: Problem-solving judges and therapeutic jurisprudence in drug treatment courts and unified family courts. Maryland Law Review, 65, 82–99.
   Google Scholar
• Boldt, R. C. (2017). Problem-solving courts. In E. Luna (Ed.), Reforming criminal justice: Pretrial and trial processes (Vol. 3, pp. 273–304). Phoenix: Sandra Day O’Connor College of Law, Arizona State University.
   Google Scholar
• Bonta, J., & Andrews, D. A. (2017). The psychology of criminal conduct (6th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Brewster, M. P. (2001). An evaluation of the Chester County (PA) drug court program. Journal of Drug Issues, 31, 177–206. doi:10.1177/002204260103100110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, M., Canales, D., Wei, R., Totten, A., Macaulay, A., & Wershler, J. (2015). Multidimensional evaluation of a mental health court: Adherence to the risk-need-responsivity model. Law and Human Behavior, 39, 489–502. doi:10.1037/lhb0000135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey, T. (2004). When good intentions are not enough: Problem-solving courts and the impending crisis of legitimacy. Southern Methodist University Law Review, 57, 1459–1520.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. K., & Short, J. F., Jr. (1958). Research on delinquent subcultures. Journal of Social Issues, 3, 20–37. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1958.tb01414.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, F. T., Fisher, B. S., & Applegate, B. K. (2000). Public opinion about punishment and corrections. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 27, 1–79. doi:10.1086/652198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, F. T., & Gilbert, K. E. (1982). Reaffirming rehabilitation. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
   Google Scholar
• Cullen, F. T., & Jonson, C. L. (2017). Correctional theory: Context and consequences (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Cullen, F. T., Manchak, S. M., & Duriez, S. A. (2014). Before adopting project HOPE, read the warning label: A rejoinder to Kleiman, Kilmer, and Fisher’s comment. Federal Probation, 78(2), 75–77.
   Google Scholar
• Cullen, F. T., Pratt, T. C., & Turanovic, J. J. (2016). It’s hopeless: Beyond zero-tolerance supervision. Criminology & Public Policy, 15, 1215–1227. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen, F. T., Pratt, T. C., Turanovic, J. J., & Butler, L. (2018). When bad news arrives: Project HOPE in a post-factual world. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, 34, 13–34.
   Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P. (2003). Developmental and life-course criminology: Key theoretical and empirical issues—The 2002 Sutherland award address. Criminology, 41, 221–256. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00987.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeley, M. M. (1979). Process is the punishment: Handling cases in a lower criminal court. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Felson, M., & Eckert, M. (2015). Crime and everyday life: A brief introduction (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Gendreau, P. (1996). Offender rehabilitation: What we know and what needs to be done. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 144–161. doi:10.1177/0093854896023001010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbons, D. C. (1965). Changing the lawbreaker: The treatment of delinquents and criminals. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gotttfredson, D. C., Najaka, S. S., & Kearley, B. (2003). Effectiveness of drug treatment courts: Evidence from a randomized trial. Criminology & Public Policy, 2, 171–196. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2003.tb00117.x
   Google Scholar
• Gover, A. R., MacDonald, J. M., & Alpert, G. P. (2003). Combating domestic violence: Findings from an evaluation of a local domestic violence court. Criminology & Public Policy, 3, 109–132. doi:10.1111/cpp.2003.3.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Granfield, R., Eby, C., & Brewster, T. (1998). An examination of the denver drug court: The impact of a treatment-oriented drug-offender system. Law & Policy, 20, 183–202. doi:10.1111/1467-9930.00047
   Google Scholar
• Harrell, A. (2003). Judging drug courts: Balancing the evidence. Criminology & Public Policy, 2, 207–212. doi:10.1111/cpp.2003.2.issue-2
   Google Scholar
• Hawken, A., & Kleiman, M. A. R. (2009). Managing drug involved probationers with swift and certain sanctions: Evaluating Hawaii’s HOPE. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Heck, C. (2006). Local drug court research: Navigating performance measures and process evaluations. Alexandria, VA: National Drug Court Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Henggeler, S. W., Clingempeel, W. G., Brondino, M. J., & Pickrel, S. G. (2002). Four-year follow-up of multisystemic therapy with substance-abusing and substance-dependent juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 868–874. doi:10.1097/00004583-200207000-00021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henggeler, S. W., Melton, G. B., Brondino, M. J., Scherer, D. G., & Hanley, J. H. (1997). Multisystemic therapy with violent and chronic juvenile offenders and their families: The role of treatment fidelity in successful dissemination. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 821–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henggeler, S. W., & Schaeffer, C. M. (2016). Multisystemic therapy: Clinical overview, outcomes, and implementation research. Family Process, 55, 514–528. doi:10.1111/famp.12232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henggeler, S. W., Schoenwald, S. K., Borduin, C. M., Rowland, M. D., & Cunningham, P. B. (2009). Multisystemic therapy for antisocial behavior in children and adolescents (2nd ed.). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschi, T., & Gottfredson, M. R. (1994). The generality of deviance. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
   Google Scholar
• Honegger, L. N. (2015). Does the evidence support the case for mental health courts? A review of the literature. Law and Human Behavior, 39, 478–488. doi:10.1037/lhb0000141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hora, P. F., Schma, W. G., & Rosenthal, J. T. A. (1999). Therapeutic jurisprudence and the drug treatment court movement: Revolutionizing the criminal justice system’s response to drug abuse and crime in America. Notre Dame Law Review, 74, 439–538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaafari, J. D. (2019, February 19). Special courts for veterans languish. The Marshall Project. Retrieved from https://www.themarshallproject.org/2019/02/19/special-courts-for-veterans-languish
   Google Scholar
• King, L. L., & Roberts, J. J. (2017). The complexity of public attitudes toward sex crimes. Victims & Offenders, 12, 71–89. doi:10.1080/15564886.2015.1005266
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleiman, M. A. R. (2016). Swift-certain-fair: What do we know now, and what do we need to know? Criminology & Public Policy, 15, 1185–1193. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latessa, E. J., Cullen, F. T., & Gendreau, P. (2002). Beyond correctional quackery: Professionalism and the possibility of effective treatment. Federal Probation, 66(2), 43–49.
   Google Scholar
• Latessa, E. J., & Holsinger, A. (1998). The importance of evaluating correctional programs: Assessing outcome and quality. Corrections Management Quarterly, 2, 22–29.
   Google Scholar
• Lattimore, P. K., MacKenzie, D. L., Zajac, G., Dawes, D., Arsenault, E., & Tueller, S. (2015). Outcome findings from the HOPE demonstration field experiment: Is swift, certain, and fair an effective supervision strategy? Criminology & Public Policy, 15, 1103–1141. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12248
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993). The efficacy of psychological, educational, and behavioral treatment: Confirmation from meta-analysis. American Psychologist, 48, 1181–1209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J., & Sullivan, C. J. (2017). Learning more from evaluation of justice interventions: Further consideration of theoretical mechanisms in juvenile drug courts. Crime & Delinquency, 63, 1091–1115. doi:10.1177/0011128716629757
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovins, L. B., & Latessa, E. J. (2018). One state’s use of program evaluation to improve correctional practices. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 34, 81–96. doi:10.1177/1043986217750639
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowder, E. M., Desmarais, S. L., & Baucom, D. J. (2016). Recidivism following mental health court exit: Between and within-group comparisons. Law and Human Behavior, 40, 118–127. doi:10.1037/lhb0000168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenkamp, C. T., Holsinger, A. M., & Latessa, E. J. (2005). Are drug courts effective: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Community Corrections, 15(1), 5–11.
   Google Scholar
• Lowenkamp, C. T., Latessa, E. J., & Smith, P. (2006). Does correctional program quality really matter? The impact of adhering to the principles of effective intervention. Criminology & Public Policy, 5, 575–594. doi:10.1111/cpp.2006.5.issue-3
   Google Scholar
• Lussier, P., LeBlanc, M., & Proulx, J. (2005). The generality of criminal behavior: A confirmatory factor analysis of the criminal activity of sex offenders in adulthood. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33, 177–189. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2004.12.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marlowe, D. B., Hardin, C. D., & Fox, C. L. (2016). Painting the current picture: A national report on drug courts and other problem-solving courts in the United States. Alexandria, VA: National Drug Court Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, B., Hubbard, D. J., & Latessa, E. J. (2001). Making the next step: Using evaluability assessment to improve correctional programming. The Prison Journal, 81, 454–472. doi:10.1177/0032885501081004003
   Google Scholar
• Mazerolle, P., Brame, R., Paternoster, R., Piquero, A., & Dean, C. (2000). Onset age, persistence, and offending versatility: Comparisons across gender. Criminology, 38, 1143–1172. doi:10.1111/crim.2000.38.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGloin, J. M., Sullivan, C. J., Piquero, A. R., Blokland, A., & Nieuwbeerta, P. (2011). Marriage and offending specialization: Expanding the impact of turning points and the process of desistance. European Journal of Criminology, 8, 361–376. doi:10.1177/1477370811414103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGloin, J. M., Sullivan, C. J., Piquero, A. R., & Pratt, T. C. (2007). Local life circumstances and offending specialization/diversity: Comparing opportunity and propensity models. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 44, 321–346. doi:10.1177/0022427807302664
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNiel, D. E., Sadeh, N., Delucchi, K. L., & Binder, R. (2015). Prospective study of violence risk reduction by a mental health court. Psychiatric Services, 66, 598–603. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201400203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meekins, T. M. (2006). “Specialized justice”: The over-emergence of specialty courts and the threat of a new criminal defense paradigm. Suffolk University Law Review, 40(1), 1–55.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, O. (2011). Drug and other specialty courts. In M. Tonry (Ed.), The oxford handbook of crime and criminal justice (pp. 843–871). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, O., Wilson, D. B., Eggers, A., & MacKenzie, D. L. (2012). Assessing the effectiveness of drug courts on recidivism: A meta-analytic review of traditional and non-traditional drug courts. Journal of Criminal Justice, 40, 60–71. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan, R. D., Mitchell, S. M., Thoen, M. A., Campion, K., Bolaños, A. D., Sustaíta, M. A., & Henderson, S. (2016). Specialty courts: Who’s in and are they working? Psychological Services, 13, 246–253. doi:10.1037/ser0000085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosher, C. J., & Akins, S. (2014). From “just say no!” to “well, maybe”: The war on drugs and sensible alternatives. In S. L. Mallicoat & C. L. Gardiner (Eds.), Criminal justice policy (pp. 121–144). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute of Justice. (2018). Drug courts. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connell, D., Brent, J. J., & Visher, C. A. (2016). Decide your time: A randomized trial of a drug testing and graduated sanctions program for probationers. Criminology and Public Policy, 15, 1073–1102. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12246
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogle, M. R., & Turanovic, J. J. (2016). Is getting tough with low-risk kids a good idea? The effect of failure to appear detention stays on juvenile recidivism. Criminal Justice Policy Review. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0887403416682299
   Google Scholar
• Olver, M. E., Coupland, R. B., & Kurtenbach, T. J. E. (2018). Risk-need-responsivity applications of the MMPI-2 in sexual offender assessment. Psychology, Crime & Law, 24, 806–830. doi:10.1080/1068316X.2018.1438434
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osgood, D. W., & Schreck, C. J. (2007). A new method for studying the extent, stability, and predictors of individual specialization in violence. Criminology, 45, 273–312. doi:10.1111/crim.2007.45.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrom, B. J. (2003). Editorial introduction: Domestic violence courts. Criminology & Public Policy, 3, 105–108. doi:10.1111/cpp.2003.3.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Palmer, T. (1992). The re-emergence of correctional intervention. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pesta, G. B., Blomberg, T. G., Ramos, J., & Ranson, J. W. A. (2018). Translational criminology: Toward best practice. American Journal of Criminal Justice. Advance online publication. doi:10.1007/s12103-018-9467-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquero, A. (2000). Frequency, specialization, and violence in offending careers. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37, 392–418. doi:10.1177/0022427800037004003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquero, A., Paternoster, R., Mazerolle, P., Brame, R., & Dean, C. (1999). Onset age and offense specialization. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 275–299. doi:10.1177/0022427899036003002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., & Blumstein, A. (2003). The criminal career paradigm. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, 30, 359–506. doi:10.1086/652234
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piquero, A. R., Jennings, W. G., & Barnes, J. C. (2012). Violence and criminal careers: A review of the literature from a developmental life-course perspective. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 171–179. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2012.02.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portillo, S., Rudes, D. S., & Taxman, F. S. (2016). The transportability of contingency management in problem-solving courts. Justice Quarterly, 33, 267–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, T. C. (2008). Rational choice theory, crime control policy, and criminological relevance. Criminology & Public Policy, 7, 43–52. doi:10.1111/cpp.2008.7.issue-1
   Google Scholar
• Pratt, T. C. (2016). A self-control/life-course theory of criminal behavior. European Journal of Criminology, 13, 129–146. doi:10.1177/1477370815587771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, T. C. (2019). Addicted to incarceration: Corrections policy and the politics of misinformation in the United States (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt, T. C., Barnes, J. C., Cullen, F. T., & Turanovic, J. J. (2016). “I suck at everything”: Crime, arrest, and the generality of failure. Deviant Behavior, 37, 837–851. doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1147809
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redlich, A. D., Steadman, H. J., Monahan, J., Petrila, J., & Griffin, P. A. (2005). The second generation of mental health courts. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11, 527–538. doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.4.527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisig, M. D., & Pratt, T. C. (2011). Low self-control and imprudent behavior revisited. Deviant Behavior, 32, 589–625. doi:10.1080/01639621003800505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1990). Crime and deviance over the life course: The salience of adult social bonds. American Sociological Review, 55, 609–627. doi:10.2307/2095859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shaffer, D. K. (2011). Looking inside the black box of drug courts: A meta-analytic review. Justice Quarterly, 28, 493–521. doi:10.1080/07418825.2010.525222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shdaimah, C. S., & Wiechelt, S. A. (2012). Converging on empathy: Perspectives on Baltimore City’s specialized prostitution diversion program. Women and Criminal Justice, 22, 156–173. doi:10.1080/08974454.2012.662131
   Google Scholar
• Skeem, J. L., Steadman, H. J., & Manchak, S. M. (2015). Applicability of the risk-need-responsivity model to persons with mental illness involved in the criminal justice system. Psychiatric Services, 66, 916–922. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201400448
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steadman, H. J., Davidson, S., & Brown, C. (2001). Mental health courts: Their promise and unanswered questions. Psychiatric Services, 52, 457–458. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.52.4.457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, D. M., Homan, K. J., & DeBerard, S. (2015). The effectiveness of juvenile treatment drug courts: A meta-analytic review of literature. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 24, 80–93. doi:10.1080/1067828X.2013.764371
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, C. J., Blair, L., Latessa, E. J., & Sullivan, C. C. (2016). Juvenile drug courts and recidivism: Results from a multisite outcome study. Justice Quarterly, 33, 291–318. doi:10.1080/07418825.2014.908937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, C. J., McGloin, J. M., Pratt, T. C., & Piquero, A. R. (2006). Rethinking the “norm” of offender generality: Investigating specialization in the short-term. Criminology, 44, 199–233. doi:10.1111/crim.2006.44.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, C. J., Welsh, B. C., & Ilchi, O. S. (2017). Modeling the scaling up of early crime prevention: Implementation challenges and opportunities for translational criminology. Criminology & Public Policy, 16, 457–485. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland, E. H. (1937). The professional thief. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 28, 161–163.
   Google Scholar
• Tanner-Smith, E. E., Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2016). Meta-analysis of research on the effectiveness of juvenile drug courts. Nashville, TN: Peabody Research Institute, Vanderbilt University.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, K. J. (2016). On the relationship between peer isolation and offending specialization. Crime & Delinquency, 62, 26–53. doi:10.1177/0011128713501031
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. General Accounting Office. (1997). Drug courts: Overview of growth, characteristics, and results. Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from https://www.gao.gov/products/GGD-97-106
   Google Scholar
• Warr, M. (1998). Life-course transitions and desistance from crime. Criminology, 36, 183–216. doi:10.1111/crim.1998.36.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, D. B., Olaghere, A., & Kimbrell, C. S. (2019). Implementing juvenile drug treatment courts: A meta-aggregation of process evaluations. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. Advance online publication. doi:10.1177/0022427819826630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, K. A., Pratt, T. C., & DeLisi, M. (2008). Examining offending specialization in a sample of male multiple homicide offenders. Homicide Studies, 12, 381–398. doi:10.1177/1088767908323930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, K. A., Pratt, T. C., Lowenkamp, C. T., & Latessa, E. J. (2012). The importance of understanding ecological context for correctional rehabilitation programs: Understanding the micro- and macro-level dimensions of successful offender treatment. Justice Quarterly, 29, 775–798. doi:10.1080/07418825.2011.583933
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar