References
- Aaron, L., & Dallaire, D. H. (2010). Parental incarceration and multiple risk experiences: Effects on family dynamics and children’s delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(12), 1471–1484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-009-9458-0
- Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
- Alati, R., Baker, P., Betts, K. S., Connor, J. P., Little, K., Sanson, A., & Olsson, C. A. (2014). The role of parental alcohol use, parental discipline and antisocial behavior on adolescent drinking trajectories. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 134, 178–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.030
- Amstadter, A. B., Elwood, L. S., Begle, A. M., Gudmundsdottir, B., Smith, D. W., Resnick, H. S., Hanson, R. F., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2011). Predictors of physical assault victimization: Findings from the national survey of adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 36(8), 814–820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.03.008
- Andersen, J. P., Zou, C., & Blosnich, J. (2015). Multiple early victimization experiences as a pathway to explain physical health disparities among sexual minority and heterosexual individuals. Social Science & Medicine, 133, 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.043
- Antle, K., Gibson, C. L., & Krohn, M. D. (2020). The mediating role of family dynamics in the relationship between paternal incarceration and child behavior problems. Journal of Crime and Justice, 43(1), 16–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2019.1619615
- Ash-Houchen, W., & Lo, C. C. (2018). Intersections of gender and sexual minority status: Co-occurring bullying victimization among adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 80, 262–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.11.023
- Asscher, J. J., Van der Put, C. E., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2015). Gender differences in the impact of abuse and neglect victimization on adolescent offending behavior. Journal of Family Violence, 30(2), 215–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-014-9668-4
- Barker, E. D., Arseneault, L., Brendgen, M., Fontaine, N., & Maughan, B. (2008). Joint development of bullying and victimization in adolescence: Relations to delinquency and self-harm. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(9), 1030–1038. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.ObO13e31817eec98
- Beatty, C.1997. Parents in prison: Children in crisis (Issue Brief). CWLA Press.
- Belknap, J., & Holsinger, K. (2006). The gendered nature of risk factors for delinquency. Feminist Criminology, 1(1), 48–71. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085105282897
- Belknap, J., Holsinger, K., & Little, J. (2012). Sexual minority status, abuse, and self-harming behaviors among incarcerated girls. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 5(2), 173–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/19361521.2012.671797
- Belliveau, J. M., & Stoppard, J. M. (1995). Parental alcohol abuse and gender as predictors of psychopathology in adult children of alcoholics. Addictive Behaviors, 20(5), 619–625. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(95)00022-5
- Bender, D., & Lösel, F. (2011). Bullying at school as a predictor of delinquency, violence and other antisocial behavior in adulthood. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21(2), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.799
- Benedini, K. M., & Fagan, A. A. (2020). From child maltreatment to adolescent substance use: Different pathways for males and females? Feminist Criminology, 15(2), 147–173. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085118810426
- Benedini, K. M., Fagan, A. A., & Gibson, C. L. (2016). The cycle of victimization: The relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent peer victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 59, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.08.003
- Bloom, B. (1995). Imprisoned mothers. In K. Gabel & D. Johnston (Eds.), Children of incarcerated parents (pp. 21–30). Lexington Books.
- Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1996). Is youth victimization related to trauma symptoms and depression after controlling for prior symptoms and family relationships? A longitudinal, prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(6), 1406–1416. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.64.6.1406
- Bowes, L., Arseneault, L., Maughan, B., Taylor, A., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2009). School, neighborhood, and family factors are associated with children’s bullying involvement: A nationally representative longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 48(5), 545–553. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819cb017
- Broidy, L., & Agnew, R. (1997). Gender and crime: A general strain theory perspective. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(3), 275–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427897034003001
- Brown, J. L., Sales, J. M., Swartzendruber, A. L., Eriksen, M. D., DiClemente, R. J., & Rose, E. S. (2014). Added benefits: Reduced depressive symptom levels among African-American female adolescents participating in an HIV prevention intervention. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 37(5), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-013-9551-4
- Brown, L. K., Lourie, K. J., Zlotnic, C., & Cohn, J. (2000). Impact of sexual abuse on the HIV-risk-related behavior of adolescents in intensive psychiatric treatment. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(9), 1413–1415. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.157.9.1413
- Burgess-Proctor, A., Huebner, B. M., & Durso, J. M. (2016). Comparing the effects of maternal and paternal incarceration on adult daughters’ and sons’ criminal justice system involvement: A gendered pathways analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 43(8), 1034–1055. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816643122
- Buttar, A., Clements-Nolle, K., Haas, J., & Reese, F. (2013). Dating violence, psychological distress, and attempted suicide among female adolescents in the juvenile justice system. Journal of Correctional Health Care, 19(2), 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078345812474639
- Button, D. M. (2019). Contextualizing LGB youth’s experiences with victimization and risky behaviors: A qualitative approach to general strain theory. Feminist Criminology, 14(4), 441–465. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085118789792
- Carbonneau, R., Tremblay, R. E., Vitaro, F., Dobkin, P. L., Saucier, J. F., & Pihl, R. O. (1998). Paternal alcoholism, paternal absence and the development of problem behaviors in boys from age six to twelve years. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 59(4), 387–398. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.1998.59.387
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2011). Bullying among middle school and high school students—Massachusetts, 2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 60(15), 465–471. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm6015.pdf
- Chacko, M., Barnes, C., Wiemann, C., & DiClemente, R. (2004). Implementation of urine testing for chlamydia (CT) and gonorrhea (NGC) in a community clinic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 34(2), 146-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00454-3
- Chandy, J. M., Blum, R. W., & Resnick, M. D. (1996). Gender-specific outcomes for sexually abused adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20(12), 1219–1231. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(96)00117-2
- Chesney-Lind, M., & Shelden, R. G. (1997). Girls, delinquency, and juvenile justice (2nd ed.). Brooks/Cole.
- Connolly, J., Pepler, D., Craig, W., & Taradash, A. (2000). Dating experiences of bullies in early adolescence. Child Maltreatment, 5(4), 299–310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559500005004002
- Conrad, S. M., Tolou-Shams, M., Rizzo, C. J., Placella, N., & Brown, L. K. (2014). Gender differences in recidivism rates for juvenile justice youth: The impact of sexual abuse. Law and Human Behavior, 38(4), 305–314. https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000062
- Davis, J. P., Dworkin, E. R., Helton, J., Prindle, J., Patel, S., Dumas, T. M., & Miller, S. (2019). Extending poly-victimization theory: Differential effects of adolescents’ experiences of victimizations on substance use disorder diagnoses upon treatment entry. Child Abuse & Neglect, 89, 165–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.01.009
- Davis, L., & Shlafer, R. J. (2017). Mental health of adolescents with currently and formerly incarcerated parents. Journal of Adolescence, 54, 120–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.10.006
- De Genna, N. M., Cornelius, M. D., & Cook, R. L. (2007). Marijuana use and sexually transmitted infections in young women who were teenage mothers. Women’s Health Issues, 17(5), 300–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2007.07.002
- DeCamp, W., & Newby, B. (2015). From bullied to deviant: The victim-offender overlap among bullying victims. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 13(1), 3–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204014521250
- Dembo, R., Faber, J., Cristiano, J., DiClemente, R., Krupa, J. M., Wareham, J., & Terminello, A. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of a brief depression measure for justice-involved youth: A multigroup comparison. Journal of Child and Adolescent Substance Abuse, 27(3), 146–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/1067828X.2018.1431990
- Dembo, R., Krupa, J. M., Wareham, J., Faber, J., Cristiano, J., DiClemente, R. J., Terminello, A., & Schmeidler, J. (2020). An exploratory structural equation model of stress-related experiences among justice-involved youth: A gender comparison. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 47(2), 127–144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854819887991
- Donahue, K., Långström, N., Lundström, S., Lichtenstein, P., & Forsman, M. (2017). Familial factors, victimization, and psychological health among sexual minority adolescents in Sweden. American Journal of Public Health, 107(2), 322–328. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303573
- Edwards, E. P., Eiden, R. D., Colder, C., & Leonard, K. E. (2006). The development of aggression in 18 to 48 month old children of alcoholic parents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 34(3), 409–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-006-9021-3
- Eiden, R. D., Lessard, J., Colder, C. R., Livingston, J., Casey, M., & Leonard, K. E. (2016). Developmental cascade model for adolescent substance use from infancy to late adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 52(10), 1619–1633. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000199
- Eiden, R. D., Ostrov, J. M., Colder, C. R., Leonard, K. E., Edwards, E. P., & Orrange-Torchia, T. (2010). Parent alcohol problems and peer bullying and victimization: Child gender and toddler attachment security as moderators. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 39(3), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374411003691768
- Enders, C. K. (2010). Applied missing data analysis. Guilford Press.
- Fergusson, D., Horwood, J., & Lynskey, M. (1997). Childhood sexual abuse, adolescent sexual behaviours and sexual revictimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(8), 789–803. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00039-2
- Finan, L. J., Schulz, J., Gordon, M. S., & Ohannessian, C. M. (2015). Parental problem drinking and adolescent externalizing behaviors: The mediating role of family functioning. Journal of Adolescence, 43, 100–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.001
- Ford, J. D., Cruise, K. R., & Grasso, D. J. (2017). A study of the impact of screening for poly-victimization in juvenile justice (No. NOJ 2012-IJ-CX-0046). US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
- Friedman, M. S., Marshal, M. P., Guadamuz, T. E., Wei, C., Wong, C. F., Saewyc, E. M., & Stall, R. (2011). A meta-analysis of disparities in childhood sexual abuse, parental physical abuse, and peer victimization among sexual minority and sexual nonminority individuals. American Journal of Public Health, 101(8), 1481–1494. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.190009
- Gámez-Guadix, M., Orue, I., Smith, P. K., & Calvete, E. (2013). Longitudinal and reciprocal relations of cyberbullying with depression, substance use, and problematic internet use among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), 446–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.030
- Gault-Sherman, M., Silver, E., & Sigfúsdóttir, I. D. (2009). Gender and the associated impairments of childhood sexual abuse: A national study of Icelandic youth. Social Science & Medicine, 69(10), 1515–1522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.037
- Gifford, E. J., Eldred, L. M., Evans, K. E., & Sloan, F. A. (2016). Criminally involved parents who misuse substances and children’s odds of being arrested as a young adult: Do drug treatment courts mitigate the risk? Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(8), 2447–2457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0406-9
- Glassner, S. D., & Cho, S. (2018). Bullying victimization, negative emotions, and substance use: Utilizing general strain theory to examine the undesirable outcomes of childhood bullying victimization in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Youth Studies, 21(9), 1232–1249. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2018.1461200
- Goldbach, J. T., Schrager, S. M., Dunlap, S. L., & Holloway, I. W. (2015). The application of minority stress theory to marijuana use among sexual minority adolescents. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(3), 366–375. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826084.2014.980958
- Goldbach, J. T., Sterzing, P. R., & Stuart, M. J. (2018). Challenging conventions of bullying thresholds: Exploring differences between low and high levels of bully-only, victim-only, and bully-victim roles. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 47(3), 586–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0775-4
- Goldbach, J. T., Tanner-Smith, E. E., Bagwell, M., & Dunlap, S. (2014). Minority stress and substance use in sexual minority adolescents: A meta-analysis. Prevention Science, 15(3), 350–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0393-7
- Gover, A. R. (2004). Childhood sexual abuse, gender, and depression among incarcerated youth. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48(6), 683–696. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X04264459
- Grekin, E. R., Brennan, P. A., & Hammen, C. (2005). Parental alcohol use disorders and child delinquency: The mediating effects of executive functioning and chronic family stress. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66(1), 14–22. https://doi.org/10.15288/jsa.2005.66.14
- Hammig, B., & Jozkowski, K. (2013). Academic achievement, violent victimization, and bullying among U.S. high school students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(7), 1424–1436. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512468247
- Hanson, R. F., Self-Brown, S., Fricker-Elhai, A., Kilpatrick, D. G., Saunders, B. E., & Resnick, H. (2006). Relations among parental substance use, violence exposure and mental health: The national survey of adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 31(11), 1988–2001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.01.012
- Hartwig, H. J., & Myers, J. E. (2003). A different approach: Applying a wellness paradigm to adolescent female delinquents and offenders. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 25(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.17744/mehc.25.1.kg4jy38q13xmfklb
- Haugland, S. H., Holmen, T. L., Ravndal, E., & Bratberg, G. H. (2013). Parental alcohol misuse and hazardous drinking among offspring in a general teenage population: Gender-specific findings from the Young-HUNT 3 Study. BMC Public Health, 13(1), e1140–e1149. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1140
- Hertz, M. F., Jones, S. E., Barrios, L., David-Ferdon, C., & Holt, M. (2015). Association between bullying victimization and health risk behaviors among high school students in the United States. Journal of School Health, 85(12), 833–842. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12339
- Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. W. (2010). Bullying, cyberbullying, and suicide. Archives of Suicide Research, 14(3), 206–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2010.494133
- Hirschtritt, M. E., Dauria, E. F., Marshall, B. D. L., & Tolou-Shams, M. (2018). Sexual minority, justice-involved youth: A hidden population in need of integrated mental health, substance use, and sexual health services. Journal of Adolescent Health, 63(4), 421–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.05.020
- Holt, M. K., Matjasko, J. L., Espelage, D., Reid, G., & Koenig, B. (2013). Sexual risk taking and bullying among adolescents. Pediatrics, 132(6), e1481–e1487. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0401
- Hong, J. S., Voisin, D. R., Cho, S., & Espelage, D. L. (2016). Association among subtypes of bullying status and sexually risky behaviors of Urban African American adolescents in Chicago. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 18(5), 1007–1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-016-0375-5
- Horan, J. M., & Widom, C. S. (2015). Cumulative childhood risk and adult functioning in abused and neglected children grown up. Development and Psychopathology, 27(3), 927–941. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941400090X
- Hussey, J. M., Chang, J. J., & Kotch, J. B. (2006). Child maltreatment in the United States: Prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences. Pediatrics, 118(3), 933–942. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2452
- Institute of Behavioral Research. (2014). TCU drug screen V (TCUDS V).
- Jääskeläinen, M., Holmila, M., Notkola, I.-L., & Raitasalo, K. (2016). Mental disorders and harmful substance use in children of substance abusing parents: A longitudinal register-based study on a complete birth cohort born in 1991. Drug and Alcohol Review, 35(6), 728–740. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.12417
- Jacobsen, W. C. (2019). The intergenerational stability of punishment: parental incarceration and suspension or expulsion in elementary school. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 56(5), 651–693. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427819829794
- Jang, S. J. (2007). Gender differences in strain, negative emotions, and coping behaviors: A gender strain theory approach. Justice Quarterly, 24(3), 523–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820701485486
- Johnson, E. I., Kilpatrick, T., Bolland, A. C., & Bolland, J. (2019). Household member arrest and adolescent substance use: The mediating roles of parenting on youth psychological distress. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(8), 1088–1105. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854819858121
- Jonnson, M. R., Bird, B. M., Li, S. M., & Viljoen, J. L. (2019). The prevalence of sexual and gender minority youth in the justice system. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(7), 999–1019. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854819848803
- Kampfner, C. J. (1995). Post-traumatic stress reactions in children of imprisoned mothers. In K. Gabel & D. Johnston (Eds.), Children of incarcerated parents (pp. 21–30). Lexington Books.
- Kann, L., Olson, E. O., McManus, W. A., Shanklin, S. L., Flint, K. H., Queen, B., Lowry, R., Chyen, D., Whittle, L., Thornton, J., Lim, C., Yamakawa, Y., Brener, N., & Zaza, S. (2016, August 12). Sexual identity, sex of sexual contacts, and health-related behaviors among students in grades 9-12–United States and selected sites, 2015. MMWR Surveillance, 65(9), 1–202. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/ss/pdfs/ss6509.pdf
- Kendler, K. S., Gardner, C. O., Edwards, A., Hickman, M., Heron, J., Macleod, J., Lewis, G., & Dick, D. M. (2013). Dimensions of parental alcohol use/problems and offspring temperament, externalizing behaviors, and alcohol use/problems. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 37(12), 2118–2127. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12196
- Khan, M. R., Scheidell, J. D., Rosen, D. L., Geller, A., & Brotman, L. M. (2018). Early age at childhood parental incarceration and STI/HIV-related drug use and sex risk across the young adult lifecourse in the US: Heightened vulnerability of black and Hispanic youth. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 183, 231–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.11.006
- Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H. S., Best, C. L., & Schnurr, P. P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.1.19
- Kim, S., Kimber, M., Boyle, M. H., & Georgiades, K. (2019). Sex differences in the association between cyberbullying victimization and mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(2), 126–135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718777397
- Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 513–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.09.018
- Lee, J., Choi, M. J., Thornberg, R., & Hong, J. S. (2020). Exploring sex differences in the association between bullying involvement and alcohol and marijuana use among US adolescents in 6(th) to 10(th) grade. Substance Use & Misuse, 55(8), 1203–1213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2020.1725054
- Lee, R. D., Fang, X., & Luo, F. (2013). The impact of parental incarceration on the physical and mental health of young adults. Pediatrics, 131(4), e1188–e1195. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-0627
- Littleton, H. L., Grills, A. E., & Drum, K. B. (2014). Predicting risky sexual behavior in emerging adulthood: Examination of a moderated mediation model among child sexual abuse and adult sexual assault victims. Violence and Victims, 29(6), 981–998. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00067
- Long, E. C., Lönn, S. L., Sundquist, J., Sundquist, K., & Kendler, K. S. (2018). The role of parent and offspring sex on risk for externalizing psychopathology in offspring with parental alcohol use disorder: A national Swedish study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(12), 1381–1389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1563-5
- Luk, J. W., Wang, J., & Simons-Morton, B. G. (2010). Bullying victimization and substance use among U.S. adolescents: Mediation by depression. Prevention Science, 11(4), 355–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-010-0179-0
- Majd, K., Marksamer, J., & Reyes, C. (2009). Hidden injustice: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth in juvenile courts. Washington Legal Services for Children, National Juvenile Defender Centern, and National Center for Lesbian Rights. http://www.nclrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/hidden_injustice.pdf
- Manasse, M. E., & Ganem, N. M. (2009). Victimization as a cause of delinquency: The role of depression and gender. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37(4), 371–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.06.004
- Martin, G., Bergen, H. A., Richardson, A. S., Roeger, L., & Allison, S. (2004). Sexual abuse and suicidality: Gender differences in a large community sample of adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28(5), 491–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.08.006
- McCormack, A., Janus, M. D., & Burgess, A. W. (1986). Runaway youths and sexual victimization: Gender differences in an adolescent runaway population. Child Abuse & Neglect, 10(3), 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(86)90014-1
- McCutcheon, V. V., Agrawal, A., Kuo, S. I.-C., Su, J., Dick, D. M., Meyers, J. L., Edenberg, H. J., Nurnberger, J. I., Kramer, J. R., Kuperman, S., Schuckit, M. A., Hasselbrock, V. M., Brooks, A., Porjesz, B., & Bucholz, K. K. (2018). Associations of parental alcohol use disorders and parental separation with offspring initiation of alcohol, cigarette and cannabis use and sexual debut in high-risk families. Addiction, 113(2), 336–345. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14003
- McGeough, B. L., & Sterzing, P. R. (2018). A systematic review of family victimization experiences among sexual minority youth. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 39(5), 491–528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-018-0523-x
- McGrath, S. A., Nilsen, A. A., & Kerley, K. R. (2011). Sexual victimization in childhood and the propensity for juvenile delinquency and adult criminal behavior: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(6), 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.03.008
- Mears, D. P., & Siennick, S. E. (2016). Young adult outcomes and the life-course penalties of parental incarceration. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53(1), 3–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427815592452
- Melchior, L. A., Huba, G. J., Brown, V. B., & Reback, C. J. (1993). A short depression index for women. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 53(4), 1117–1125. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164493053004024
- Mellentin, A. I., Brink, M., Andersen, L., Erlangsen, A., Stenager, E., Bjerregaard, L. B., & Christiansen, E. (2016). The risk of offspring developing substance use disorders when exposed to one versus two parent(s) with alcohol use disorder: A nationwide, register-based cohort study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 80, 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.06.001
- Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674–697. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.674
- Meyerson, L. A., Long, P. J., Miranda, R., & Marx, B. P. (2002). The influence of childhood sexual abuse, physical abuse, family environment, and gender on the psychological adjustment of adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(4), 387–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00315-0
- Miller, H. V., & Barnes, J. C. (2015). The association between parental incarceration and health, education, and economic outcomes in young adulthood. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 40(4), 765–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-015-9288-4
- Moore, E., Gaskin, C., & Indig, D. (2013). Childhood maltreatment and post-traumatic stress disorder among incarcerated young offenders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(10), 861–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.07.012
- Mumola, C. J. (2000). Incarcerated parents and their children. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
- Murray, J., Farrington, D. P., & Sekol, I. (2012). Children’s antisocial behavior, mental health, drug use, and educational performance after parental incarceration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 138(2), 175–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026407
- Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2018). Mplus user’s guide, 8th edition. Muthén & Muthén.
- Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. JAMA, 285(16), 2094–2100. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.285.16.2094
- Nichols, E. B., & Loper, A. B. (2012). Incarceration in the household: Academic outcomes of adolescents with an incarcerated household member. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(11), 1455–1471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9780-9
- Obat, I. S., & Anthony, J. C. (2004). Mental health problems in adolescent children of alcohol dependent parents: Epidemiologic research with a nationally representative sample. Journal of Child & Adolescent Substance Abuse, 13(4), 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1300/J029v13n04_06
- Ohannessian, C. M. (2015). The interactive effect of parental problem drinking and maternal problem drinking on adolescent internalizing problems. Addictive Behaviors, 50, 70–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.011
- Okumu, M., Mengo, C., Ombayo, B., & Small, E. (2017). Bullying and HIV risk among high school teenagers: The mediating role of teen dating violence. Journal of School Health, 87(10), 743–750. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12547
- Oshri, A., Handley, E. D., Sutton, T. E., Wortel, S., & Burnette, M. L. (2014). Developmental trajectories of substance use among sexual minority girls: Association with sexual victimization and sexual health risk. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(1), 100–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.009
- Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36(4), 859–866. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1998.tb01268.x
- Pérez, D. M. (2001). Ethnic differences in property, violent, and sex offending for abused and nonabused adolescents. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29(5), 407–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(01)00105-2
- Perren, S., & Hornung, R. (2005). Bullying and delinquency in adolescence: Victims’ and perpetrators’ family and peer relations. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 64(1), 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.64.1.51
- Pinchevsky, G. M., Wright, E. M., & Fagan, A. A. (2013). Gender differences in the effects of exposure to violence on adolescent substance use. Violence and Victims, 28(1), 122–144. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.28.1.122
- Piquero, N. L., & Sealock, M. D. (2004). Gender and general strain theory: A preliminary test of Broidy and Agnew’s gender/GST hypotheses. Justice Quarterly, 21(1), 125–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095761
- Pisinger, V. S. C., Bloomfield, K., & Tolstrup, J. S. (2016). Perceived parental alcohol problems, internalizing problems and impaired parent-child relationships among 71988 young people in Denmark. Addiction, 111(11), 1966–1974. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13508
- Pollock, V. E., Schneider, L. S., Gabrielli, W. F., & Goodwin, D. W. (1987). Sex of parent and offspring in the transmission of alcoholism: A meta-analysis. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175(11), 668–673. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-198711000-00004
- Priesman, E., Newman, R., & Ford, J. A. (2018). Bullying victimization, binge drinking, and marijuana use among adolescents: Results from the 2013 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 50(2), 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/02791072.2017.1371362
- Radliff, K. M., Wheaton, J. E., Robinson, K., & Morris, J. (2012). Illuminating the relationship between bullying and substance use among middle and high school youth. Addictive Behaviors, 37(4), 569–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.001
- Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1177/014662167700100306
- Raj, A., Rose, J., Decker, M. R., Rosengard, C., Hebert, M. R., Stein, M., & Clarke, J. G. (2008). Prevalence and patterns of sexual assault across the life span among incarcerated women. Violence Against Women, 14(5), 528–541. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208315528
- Renda, J., Vassallo, S., & Edwards, B. (2011). Bullying in early adolescence and its association with anti-social behaviour, criminality and violence 6 and 10 years later. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21(2), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.805
- Roettger, M. E., Swisher, R. R., Kuhl, D. C., & Chavez, J. (2010). Paternal incarceration and trajectories of marijuana and other illegal drug use from adolescence into young adulthood: Evidence from longitudinal panels of males and females in the United States. Addiction, 106(1), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03110.x
- Rosario, M., Schrimshaw, E. W., & Hunter, J. (2012). Homelessness among lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth: Implications for subsequent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(5), 544–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-011-9681-3
- Rubin, D. B. (1987). Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys. John Wiley & Sons.
- Ryan, C., Huebner, D., Diaz, R. M., & Sanchez, J. (2009). Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. Pediatrics, 123(1), 346–352. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-3524
- Santor, D. A., & Coyne, J. C. (1997). Shortening the CES-D to improve its ability to detect cases of depression. Psychological Assessment, 9(3), 233–243. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.9.3.233
- Schafer, J. L., & Olsen, M. K. (1998). Multiple imputation for multivariate missing-data problems: A data analyst’s perspective. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 33(4), 545–571. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3304_5
- Schraedley, P. K., Gotlib, I. H., & Hayward, C. (1999). Gender differences in correlates of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 25(2), 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(99)00038-5
- Sher, K. J., Walitzer, K. S., Wood, P. K., & Brent, E. E. (1991). Characteristics of children of alcoholics: Putative risk factors, substance use and abuse, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 427–448. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.427
- Shetgiri, R. (2013). Bullying and victimization among children. Advances in Pediatrics, 60(1), 33–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2013.04.004
- Shippee, N. D., & Owens, T. J. (2011). GPA, depression, and drinking: A longitudinal comparison of high school boys and girls. Sociological Perspectives, 54(3), 351–376. https://doi.org/10.1525/sop.2011.54.3.351
- Shorey, R. C., Fite, P. J., Elkins, S. R., Frissell, K. C., Tortolero, S. R., Stuart, G. L., & Temple, J. R. (2013). The association between problematic parental substance use and adolescent substance use in an ethnically diverse sample of 9th and 10th graders. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 34(6), 381–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-013-0326-z
- Snyder, Z. K., Carlo, T. A., & Coats Mullins, M. M. (2001). Parenting from prison: An examination of a children’s vision program at a women’s correctional facility. Marriage & Family Review, 32(3–4), 33–61. https://doi.org/10.1300/J002v32n03_04
- Sourander, A., Jensen, P., Rönning, J. A., Elonheimo, H., Niemelä, S., Helenius, H., Kumpulainen, K., Piha, J., Tamminen, T., Moilanen, I., & Almqvist, F. (2007). Childhood bullies and victims and their risk of criminality in late adolescence: The Finnish from a boy to a man study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161(6), 546–552. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.161.6.546
- Sprang, G., Clark, J. J., & Staton-Tindall, M. (2010). Caregiver substance use and trauma exposure in young children. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 91(4), 401–407. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.4029
- Strohacker, E., Wright, L. E., & Watts, S. J. (2019). Gender, bullying victimization, depressive symptoms, and suicidality. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X19895964.
- Swisher, R. R., & Shaw-Smith, U. R. (2015). Paternal incarceration and adolescent well-being: Life course contingencies and other moderators. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 104(4), 929–959. https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=7543&context=jclc
- Testa, M., Hoffman, J. H., & Livingston, J. A. (2010). Alcohol and sexual risk behaviors as mediators of the sexual victimization-revictimization relationship. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 249–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018914
- Toomey, R. B., & Russell, S. (2016). The role of sexual orientation in school-based victimization: A meta-analysis. Youth & Society, 48(2), 176–201. https://doi.org/10.1177/0044118X13483778
- Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., Diaz, R. M., Card, N. A., & Russell, S. T. (2010). Gender-nonconforming lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender youth: School victimization and young adult psychosocial adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 46(6), 1580–1589. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020705
- Townsend, C., & Rheingold, A. A. (2013). Estimating a child sexual abuse prevalence rate for practitioners: A review of child sexual abuse prevalence studies. Darkness to Light. http://www.D2L.org/1in10
- Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., & Lösel, F. (2012). School bullying as a predictor of violence later in life: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective longitudinal studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17(5), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2012.05.002
- Turner, M. G., Exum, M. L., Brame, R., & Holt, T. J. (2013). Bullying victimization and adolescent mental health: General and typological effects across sex. Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.12.005
- Tyler, K. A., Gervais, S. J., & Davidson, M. M. (2013). The relationship between victimization and substance use among homeless and runaway female adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(3), 474–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512455517
- Valdebenito, S., Ttofi, M., & Eisner, M. (2015). Prevalence rates of drug use among school bullies and victims: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.004
- van der Wal, M. F., de Wit, C. A. M., & Hirasing, R. A. (2003). Psychosocial health among young victims and offenders of direct and indirect bullying. Pediatrics, 111(6), 1312–1317. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.111.6.1312
- Viljoen, J. L., O’Neill, M. L., & Sidhu, A. (2005). Bullying behaviors in female and male adolescent offenders: Prevalence, types, and association with psychosocial adjustment. Aggressive Behavior, 31(6), 521–536. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20036
- Walsh, K., Resnick, H. S., Danielson, C. K., McCauley, J. L., Saunders, B. E., & Kilpatrick, D. G. (2014). Patterns of drug and alcohol use associated with lifetime sexual revictimization and current posttraumatic stress disorder among three national samples of adolescent, college, and household-residing women. Addictive Behaviors, 39(3), 684–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.12.006
- Walters, G. D., & Espelage, D. L. (2018). From victim to victimizer: Hostility, anger, and depression as mediators of the bullying victimization-bullying perpetration association. Journal of School Psychology, 68, 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2017.12.003
- Widom, C. (1989). Child abuse, neglect and violent criminal behavior. Criminology, 27(2), 251–271. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01032.x
- Wildeman, C. (2010). Parental incarceration and children’s physically aggressive behaviors: Evidence from the fragile families and child wellbeing study. Social Forces, 89(1), 285–309. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0055
- Wildeman, C., & Turney, K. (2014). Positive, negative, or null? The effects of maternal incarceration on children’s behavioral problems. Demography, 51(3), 1041–1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-014-0291-z
- Wilson, B. D., Jordan, S. P., Meyer, I. H., Flores, A. R., Stemple, L., & Herman, J. L. (2017). Disproportionality and disparities among sexual minority youth in custody. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(7), 1547–1591. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0632-5
- Wong, C. F., Kipke, M. D., Weiss, G., & McDavitt, B. (2010). The impact of recent stressful experiences on HIV-risk related behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 33(3), 463–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2009.06.004
- Woodward, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2000). Childhood and adolescent predictors of physical assault: A prospective longitudinal study. Criminology, 38(1), 233–261. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2000.tb00889.x
- Yoon, G., Westermeyer, J., Kuskowski, M. A., & Nesheim, L. (2013). Impact of the number of parents with alcohol use disorder on alcohol use disorder in offspring: A population-based study. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 74(8), 795–801. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08350
- Young, A. M., Grey, M., & Boyd, C. J. (2009). Adolescents’ experiences of sexual assault by peers: Prevalence and nature of victimization occurring within and outside of school. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(8), 1072–1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9363-y
- Yule, A. M., Wilens, T. E., Martelon, M. K., Rosenthal, L., & Biederman, J. (2018). Does exposure to parental substance use disorders increase offspring risk for a substance use disorder? A longitudinal follow-up study into young adulthood. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 186, 154–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.01.021