References
- Abrams, J. R. (1981). Adolescent perceptions of parental discipline and juvenile delinquency. In R. J. Hunner & Y. E. Walker (Eds.), Exploring the relationship between Child abuse and delinquency (pp. 252–265). Allanheld, Osmun.
- Agnew R. (2013). When criminal coping is likely: An extension of general strain theory. Deviant Behavior, 34(8), 653–670. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2013.766529
- Agnew, R. (1985). A revised strain theory of delinquency. Social Forces, 64(1), 151–167. https://doi.org/10.2307/2578977
- Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30(1), 47–87. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
- Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(4), 319–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427801038004001
- Agnew, R. (2002). Experiences, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study on physical victimization and delinquency. Justice Quarterly, 19(4), 603–632. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820200095371
- Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into Crime: An overview of general strain theory. Roxbury Publishing Company.
- Agnew, R., & White, H. R. (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory. Criminology, 30(4), 475–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01113.x
- Archer, R. J. L. (2019). Sexual assault victimization, fear of sexual assault, and self-protective behaviors: A test of general strain theory. Victims & Offenders, 14(4), 387–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2019.1608882
- Aseltine, R. H., Gore, S., & Gordon, J. (2000). Life stress, anger and anxiety, and delinquency: An empirical test of general strain theory. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41(3), 256–275. https://doi.org/10.2307/2676320
- Barbieri, N., Clipper, S. J., Narvey, C., Rude, A., Craig, J. M., & Piquero, N. L. (2019, November-December). Assessing general strain theory and measures of victimization, 2002–2018. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 49, 101304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2019.06.005
- Baron, S. (2007). Street youth, gender, financial strain, and crime: Exploring Broidy and Agnew’s extension to general strain theory. Deviant Behavior, 28(3), 273–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620701233217
- Baron, S. W. (2004). General strain, street youth and crime: A test of Agnew’s revised theory. Criminology, 42(2), 457–483. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2004.tb00526.x
- Baron, S. W. (2019). Strain, criminal propensity, and violence: Examining the role of the composite moderator in Agnew’s extension to GST. Crime and Delinquency, 65(6), 801–821. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128718787511
- Bondurant, B. (2001). University women’s acknowledgement of rape. Violence Against Women, 7(3), 294–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778010122182451
- Brezina, T. (1996). Adapting to strain: An examination of delinquent coping responses. Criminology, 34(1), 39–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1996.tb01194.x
- Brezina, T. (1998). Adolescent maltreatment and delinquency: The question of intervening processes. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 35(1), 71–99. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427898035001003
- Broidy, L. (2001). A test of general strain theory. Criminology, 39(1), 9–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00915.x
- Broidy, L., & Agnew, R. (1997). Gender and crime: A general strain theory perspective. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(3), 275–306. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427897034003001
- Burt, M. R. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.38.2.217
- Button, D. M. (2019). Contextualizing LGB youth’s experiences with victimization and risky behaviors: A qualitative approach to general strain theory. Feminist Criminology, 14(4), 441–465. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557085118789792
- Carson, D. C., Sullivan, C. J., Cochran, J. K., & Lersch, K. M. (2009). General strain theory and the relationship between early victimization and drug use. Deviant Behavior, 30(1), 54–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639620802050023
- Clark, T., Doyle, O., & Clincy, A. (2013). Age of first cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use among U.S. biracial/ethnic youth: A population-based study. Addictive Behaviors, 38(9), 2450–2454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.04.005
- Cloward, R. A., & Ohlin, L. E. (1960). Delinquency and opportunity: A theory of delinquent gangs. Free Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/7.3.116
- Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent boys: The culture of the gang. Free Press.
- Coker, A. L., Smith, P. H., Thompson, M. P., McKeown, R. E., Bethea, L., & Davis, K. E. (2002). Social support protects against the negative effects of partner violence on mental health. Journal of Women’s Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 11(5), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1089/15246090260137644
- Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory, and antiracist politics. The University of Chicago Legal Forum, 1989(1), 139–167. https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/uclf/vol1989/iss1/8
- Crenshaw, K. (1991). Mapping the margins: Intersectionality, identity politics, and violence against women of color. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 1241–1299. https://doi.org/10.2307/1229039
- Cutajar, M. C., Mullen, P. E., Ogloff, J. R., Thomas, S. D., Wells, D. L., & Spataro, J. (2010). Psychopathology in a large cohort of sexually abused children followed up to 43 years. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(11), 81–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.04.004
- Dario, L. M., & O’Neal, E. N. (2018). Do the Mental health consequences of sexual victimization differ between males and females? A general strain theory approach. Women & Criminal Justice, 28(1), 19–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974454.2017.1314845
- DeCoster, S., & Zito, R. C. (2010). Gender and general strain theory: The gendering of emotional experiences and expression. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(2), 224–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986209359853
- Donde, S. D. (2017). College women’s assignment of blame versus responsibility for sexual assault experiences. Violence Against Women, 23(14), 1671–1688. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801216665481
- Duncan, R. D., Saunders, B. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Hanson, R. F., & Resnick, H. S. (1996). Childhood physical assault as a risk factor for PTSD, depression, and substance abuse: Findings from a national survey. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66(3), 437–448. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0080194
- Dutton, M. A. (2009). Pathways linking intimate partner violence and posttraumatic disorder. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 10(3), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838009334451
- Farrington, D. P., & Welsh, B. C. (2007). Saving children from a life of crime: Early risk factors and effective interventions. Oxford University Press.
- Foley, L. A., Evancic, C., Karnik, K., King, J., & Parks, A. (1995). Date rape: Effects of race of assailant and victim and gender of participants on perceptions. Journal of Black Psychology, 21(1), 6–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/00957984950211002
- Francis, K. A. (2014). General strain theory, gender, and the conditioning influence of negative internalizing emotions on youth risk behaviors. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 12(1), 58–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204013477428
- Ganem, N. M. (2010). The role of negative emotion in general strain theory. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 26(2), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986209359558
- Golladay, K., & Holtfreter, K. (2016). The consequences of identity theft victimization: An examination of emotional and physical health outcomes. Victims & Offenders, 12(5), 741–760. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2016.1177766
- Gravelin, C. R., Biernat, M., & Bucher, C. E. (2019). Blaming the victim of acquaintance rape: Individual, situational, and sociocultural factors. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 2422. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02422
- Hackman, C. L., Pember, S. E., Wilerson, A. H., Burton, W., & Usdan, S. L. (2017). Slut-shaming and victim-blaming: A qualitative investigation of undergraduate students’ perceptions of sexual violence. Sex Education, 17(6), 697–711. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2017.1362332
- Hagan, J., & Foster, H. (2003). S/He’s a rebel: Toward a sequential stress theory of delinquency and gendered pathways to disadvantage in emerging adulthood. Social Forces, 82(1), 53–86. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0091
- Hay, C., & Evans, M. M. (2006). Violent victimization and involvement in delinquency: Examining predictions from general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(3), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2006.03.005
- Hinduja, S. (2007). Workplace violence and negative affective responses: A test of Agnew’s general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35(6), 657–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.09.002
- Hochschild, A. R. (1979). Emotion work, feeling rules, and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85(3), 551–575. https://doi.org/10.1086/227049
- Hockett, J. M., & Saucier, D. A. (2015, November-December). A systematic literature review of “rape victims” versus “rape survivors”: Implications for theory, research, and practice. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 25, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2015.07.003
- Horwitz, A. V., & White, H. R. (1987). Gender role orientations and styles of pathology among adolescents. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 28(2), 158–170. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137129
- Hughes, T. L., Szalacha, L. A., Johnson, T. P., Kinnison, K. E., Wilsnack, S. C., & Cho, Y. (2010). Sexual victimization and hazardous drinking among heterosexual and sexual minority women. Addictive Behaviors, 35(12), 1152–1156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.07.004
- Iratzoqui, A. (2018). Strain and opportunity: A theory of repeat victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(8), 1366–1387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515615146
- Iratzoqui, A., & Watts, S. J. (2019). Longitudinal risks for domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(14), 2839–2862. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516663897
- Isom Scott, D. A., & Mikell, T. (2019). ‘Gender’ and general strain theory: Investigating the impact of gender socialization on young women’s criminal outcomes. Journal of Crime and Justice, 42(4), 393–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2018.1559754
- Jang, S. (2007). Gender differences in strain, negative emotions, and coping behaviors: A general strain theory approach. Justice Quarterly, 24(3), 523–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820701485486
- Jang, S. J., Ferguson, T. W., & Rhodes, J. R. (2016). Does alcohol or delinquency help adolescents feel better over time? A study on the influence of heavy drinking and violent/property offending on negative emotions. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 60(6), 619–639. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X14562932
- Jordan, C. E., Campbell, R., & Follingstad, D. (2010). Violence and women’s mental health: The impact of physical, sexual, and psychological aggression. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6(1), 607–628. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-090209-151437
- Jozkowski, K. N., Peterson, Z. D., Sanders, S. A., Dennis, B., & Reece, M. (2014). Gender differences in heterosexual college students’ conceptualizations and indicators of sexual consent: Implications for contemporary sexual assault prevention education. The Journal of Sex Research, 51(8), 904–916. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2013.792326
- Kahn, A. S., Mathie, V. A., & Torgler, C. (1994). Rape scripts and rape acknowledgement. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00296.x
- Kaplan, H. B., & Tolle, G. C., Jr. (2006). The cycle of deviant behavior. Springer.
- Katz, R. S. (2000). Explaining girls’ and women’s crime and desistance in the context of their victimization experiences: A developmental test of revised strain theory and the life course perspective. Violence Against Women, 6(6), 633–660. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801200006006005
- Laumann, E. O., Gagnon, J. H., Michael, R. T., & Michaels, S. (1994). The social organization of sexuality: Sexual practice in the United States. The University of Chicago Press.
- Lauritsen, J. L., Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (1992). Conventional and delinquent activities: Implications for the prevention of violent victimization among adolescents. Violence and Victims, 7(2), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.7.2.91
- Lauritsen, J. L., Sampson, R. J., & Laub, T. H. (1991). The link between offending and victimization among adolescents. Criminology, 29(2), 265–292. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1991.tb01067.x
- Logie, C., Alaggia, R., & Rwigema, M. (2014). A social ecological approach to understanding correlates of lifetime sexual assault among sexual minority women in Toronto, Canada: Results from a cross-sectional internet-based survey. Health Education Research, 29(4), 671–682.
- Long, S. M., Ullman, S. E., Long, L. M., Mason, G. E., & Starzynski, L. L. (2007). Women’s experiences of male-perpetrated sexual assault by sexual orientation. Violence and Victims, 22(6), 684–701. https://doi.org/10.1891/088667007782793138
- Lonsway, K. A., & Archambault, J. (2019). Victim impact: How victims are affected by sexual assault and how law enforcement can respond. End Violence Against Women International.
- Maschi, T., Bradley, C., & Morgen, K. (2008). Unraveling the link between trauma and delinquency: The mediating role of negative affect and delinquent peer exposure. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 6(2), 136–157. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541204007305527
- Mazerolle, P., Burton, V. S., Cullen, F. T., Evans, D., & Payne, G. L. (2000). Strain, anger, and delinquent adaptations specifying general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28(2), 89–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(99)00041-0
- Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1997). Violent responses to situations of strain: A structural examination of conditioning effects. Violence and Victims, 12(4), 323–344. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.12.4.323
- Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Linking exposure to strain with anger: An investigation of deviant adaptations. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26(3), 195–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0047-2352(97)00085-8
- McGrath, S. A., Nilsen, A. A., & Kerley, K. R. (2011). Sexual victimization in childhood and the propensity for juvenile delinquency and adult criminal behavior: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16(6), 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2011.03.008
- Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672–682. https://doi.org/10.2307/2084686
- Moon, B., & Morash, M. (2017). A test of general strain theory in South Korea: A focus on objective/subjective strains, negative emotions, and composite conditioning factors. Crime and Delinquency, 63(6), 731–756. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128716686486
- Morgan, R., & Oudekerk, B. (2019). Criminal victimization, 2018 (NCJ 253043). U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Office of Justice Programs. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv18.pdf
- Negriff, S., Schneiderman, J. U., & Trickett, P. K. (2017). Concordance between self-reported childhood maltreatment versus case record reviews for child welfare–affiliated adolescents: Prevalence rates and associations with outcomes. Child Maltreatment, 22(1), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559516674596
- Ngo, F. T., & Paternoster, R. (2016). Toward an understanding of the emotional and behavioral reactions to stalking: A partial test of general strain theory. Crime and Delinquency, 62(6), 703–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128713510077
- Pals, H., & Kaplan, H. B. (2013). Long-term effects of adolescent negative self-feelings on adult deviance. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 38(3), 348–368. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-012-9178-y
- Paternoster, R., & Mazerolle, P. (1994). General strain theory and delinquency: A replication and extension. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31(3), 235–263. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427894031003001
- Piquero, N. L., & Sealock, M. D. (2000). Generalizing general strain theory: An examination of an offending population. Justice Quarterly, 17(3), 449–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820000094631
- Piquero, N. L., & Sealock, M. D. (2004). Gender and general strain theory: A preliminary test of Broidy and Agnew’s gender/GST hypotheses. Justice Quarterly, 21(1), 125–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400095761
- Sanday, P. R. (1981). The socio-cultural context of rape: A cross-cultural study. Journal of Social Issues, 37(4), 5–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1981.tb01068.x
- Siegel, J. M., Golding, J. M., Stein, J. A., Burnam, M. A., & Sorenson, S. B. (1990). Reactions to sexual assault: A community study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 5(2), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626090005002007
- Sigfusdottir, I. D., Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Gudjonsson, G. H., & Sigurdsson, J. F. (2013). Suicidal ideations and attempts among adolescents subjected to childhood sexual abuse and family conflict/violence: The mediating role of anger and depressed mood. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1227–1236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.10.001
- Smith, L. H., & Ford, J. (2010). History of forced sex and recent sexual risk indicators among young adult males. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 42(2), 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1363/4208710
- Smith, S. G., Zhang, X., Basile, K. C., Merrick, M. T., Wang, J., Kresnow, M., & Chen, J. (2018). The National intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2015 data brief – Updated release. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/2015data-brief508.pdf
- Solakoglu, O., Driver, N., & Belshaw, S. H. (2018). The effect of sexual abuse on deviant behaviors among Turkish adolescents: The mediating role of emotions. International Journal of Offender and Comparative Criminology, 62(1), 24–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X16642810
- StataCorp. (2013). Stata statistical software: Release 13 [software].
- Stemple, L., & Meyer, I. H. (2014). The sexual victimization of men in America: New data challenge old assumptions. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6), 19–26. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.301946
- Stiles, B. L., & Kaplan, H. B. (2004). Adverse social comparison processes and negative self-feelings. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 32(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.1.31
- Stirpe, T. S., & Stermac, L. E. (2003). An exploration of childhood victimization and family-of-origin characteristics of sexual offenders against children. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 47(5), 542–555. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X03253316
- Straus, M. A. (1991). Discipline and deviance: Physical punishment of children and violence and other crime in adulthood. Social Problems, 38(2), 133–151. https://doi.org/10.2307/800524
- Suarez, E., & Gadalla, T. M. (2010). Stop blaming the victim: A meta-analysis on rape myths. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(11), 2010–2035. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354503
- Suris, A., & Lind, L. (2008). Military sexual trauma: A review of prevalence and associated health consequences in veterans. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 9(4), 250–269. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838008324419
- Tinkler, J. E. (2012). Resisting the enforcement of sexual harassment law. Law & Social Inquiry, 37(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2011.01279.x
- Ullman, S. E., Relyea, M., Peter-Hagene, L., & Vasquez, A. L. (2013). Trauma histories, substance use coping, PTSD, and problem substance use among sexual assault victims. Addictive Behaviors, 38(6), 2219–2223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.027
- Watts, S. J., & McNulty, T. L. (2013). Childhood abuse and criminal behavior: Testing a general strain theory model. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(15), 3023–3040. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513488696
- Weiss, K. G. (2010). Male sexual victimization: Examining men’s experiences of rape and sexual assault. Men and Masculinities, 12(3), 275–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X08322632
- Wemmers, J., Cyrb, K., Chamberlanda, C., Lessardc, G., Collin-Vézinac, D., & Clémentd, M. (2018). From victimization to criminalization: General strain theory and the relationship between poly-victimization and delinquency. Victims & Offenders, 13(4), 542–557. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2017.1383958
- Wilson, L. C., & Miller, K. E. (2016). Meta-analysis of the prevalence of unacknowledged rape. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 17(2), 149–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015576391