1,791
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Part III: Reforming Policy: Exploring Inclusive Ways Forward

On the Illegality of Sex Work and the Impact on Victimization, Health, and Human Trafficking: Is Criminalization a Cure or Disease?

, &

References

  • Albright, E., & D’Adamo, K. (2017). Decreasing human trafficking through sex work decriminalization. American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, 19(1), 122–126. https://doi.org/10.1001/journalofethics.2017.19.1.sect2-1701
  • American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU). (2022). Is sex work decriminalization the answer? What the research tells us. ACLU Research Brief. https://www.aclu.org/report/sex-work-decriminalization-answer-what-research-tells-us
  • Anesu, S., Calvin, M. J., Agnes, A. J., Johanna, F. R., Prudence, M., Koketso, M. F., andWinnie, H. M. (2019). ‘You cannot be raped when you are a sex worker’: Sexual violence among substance abusing sex workers in Musina, Limpopo Province. e-Bangi, 16, 1–15. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332978455_%27YOU_CANNOT_BE_RAPED_WHEN_YOU_ARE_A_SEX_WORKER%27_SEXUAL_VIOLENCE_AMONG_SUBSTANCE_ABUSING_SEX_WORKERS_IN_MUSINA_LIMPOPO_PROVINCE
  • Armstrong, L. (2017). From law enforcement to protection? Interactions between sex workers and police in a decriminalized street-based sex industry. British Journal of Criminology, 57(3), 570–588. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azw019
  • Aronowitz, A. A., & Chmaitilly, M. (2020). Human trafficking: Women, children, and victim-offender overlap. In Oxford research encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264079.013.609
  • Bailey, J. (2010). Freedom or slavery? The harm in legalizing prostitution. Critique: A Worldwide Journal of Politics. https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/about-dev.Illinoisstate.edu/dist/e/34/files/2019/09/Bailey_Joshua.pdf
  • Baseman, J., Ross, M., & Williams, M. (1999). Sale of sex for drugs and drugs for sex: An economic context of sexual risk behavior for STDs. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 26(8), 444–449. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007435-199909000-00005
  • Bisschop, P., Kastoryano, S., & van der Klaauw, B. (2017). Street prostitution zones and crime. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 9(4), 28–63. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150299
  • Bowen, D. (2013). The impact of legalizing prostitution on violent crime. Mercatus Center at George Mason University.
  • Brants, C. (1998). The fine art of regulated tolerance: Prostitution in Amsterdam. Journal of Law and Society, 25(4), 621–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6478.00106
  • Brents, B. G., & Hausbeck, K. (2005). Violence and legalized brothel prostitution in Nevada: Examining safety, risk, and prostitution policy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20(3), 270–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504270333
  • Center for Disease Control, (2022). Sexually Trasmitted Diseases: Adolescents and Young Adults. https://www.cdc.gov/std/life-stages-populations/adolescents-youngadults.htm#print
  • Cho, S.-Y., Dreher, A., & Neumayer, E. (2013). Does legalized prostitution increase human trafficking? World Development, 41, 67–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.023
  • Cunningham, S., & Shah, M. (2018). Decriminalizing indoor prostitution: Implications for sexual violence and public health. The Review of Economic Studies, 85(3), 1683–1715. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdx065
  • Decker, J. (1979). Prostitution - Regulation and control. FB Rothman.
  • de Vries, I., Reid, J., & Farrell, A. (This issue). Responding to uncertainties and ambiguities: The debate on commercial sex and sex trafficking. Victims & Offenders.
  • Di Nicola, A., Orfano, I., Cauduro, A., & Conci, N. (2005). Study on national legislation on prostitution and trafficking in woman and children. Transcrime. Joint Research Center on Transnational Crime, European Parliament.
  • Equality Model. (n.d.). Equal not exploited: The campaign against legalized exploitation. https://www.equalitymodelus.org/
  • Erickson, P. G., Butters, J., McGillicuddy, P., & Hallgren, A. (2000). Crack and prostitution: Gender, myths, and experiences. Journal of Drug Issues, 30(4), 767–788. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204260003000406
  • Farley, M. (2004). “Bad for the body, bad for the heart”: Prostitution harms women even if legalized or decriminalized. Violence Against Women, 10(10), 1087–1125. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801204268607
  • Farley, M. (2009). Theory versus reality: Commentary on four articles about trafficking for prostitution. Women’s Studies International Forum, 32(4), 311–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2009.07.001
  • Farrell, A., & Cronin, S. (2015). Policing prostitution in an era of human trafficking enforcement. Crime, Law and Social Change, 64(4–5), 211–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-015-9588-0
  • Fedina, L., Williamson, C., & Perdue, T. (2019). Risk factors for domestic child sex trafficking in the United States. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(13), 2653–2673. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516662306
  • Fehrenbacher, A. E., Park, J. N., Footer, K. H., Silberzahn, B. E., Allen, S. T., & Sherman, S. G. (2020). Exposure to police and client violence among incarcerated female sex workers in Baltimore City, Maryland. American Journal of Public Health, 110(S1), S152–S159. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305451
  • Greene, J. M., Ennett, S. T., & Ringwalt, C. L. (1999). Prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth. American Journal of Public Health, 89(9), 1406–1409. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1406
  • Gunderson, A. (2018). The effect of decriminalizing prostitution on public health and safety. Chicago Policy Review (online). www.proquest.com/docview/2008071778?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
  • Hedlin, S. (2016). Can prostitution law reform curb sex trafficking: Theory and evidence on scale, substitution, and replacement effects. University of Michigan Journal of Legal Reform, 50, 329–386. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.50.2.can
  • Heil, E., & Nichols, A. (2014). Hot spot trafficking: A theoretical discussion of the potential problems associated with targeted policing and the eradication of sex trafficking in the United States. Contemporary Justice Review, 17(4), 421–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/10282580.2014.980966
  • Hoefinger, H., Musto, J., Macioti, P. G., Fehrenbacher, A. E., Mai, N., Bennachie, C., & Giametta, C. (2019). Community-based responses to negative health impacts of sexual humanitarian anti-trafficking policies and the criminalization of sex work and migration in the US. Social Sciences, 9(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci9010001
  • Hubbard, P., Matthews, R., & Scoular, J. (2008). Regulating sex work in the EU: Prostitute women and the new spaces of exclusion. Gender, Place and Culture, 17(2), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1080/09663690701863232
  • Huisman, W., & Kleemans, E. R. (2014). The challenges of fighting sex trafficking in the legalized prostitution market of the Netherlands. Crime, Law and Social Change, 61(2), 215–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-013-9512-4
  • Idsoe, O., & Guthe, T. (1967). The rise and fall of the treponematoses. I. Ecological aspects and international trends. in venereal syphilis. The British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 43(4), 227–243. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.43.4.227
  • Jakobsson, N., & Kotsadam, A. (2011). The law and economics of international sex slavery: Prostitution laws and trafficking for sexual exploitation. European Journal of Law and Economics, 35(1), 87–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-011-9232-0
  • James, J., & Withers, J. (1975). The politics of prostitution. Social Research Associates.
  • Kagan, E. T. (2007). Morality v. reality: The struggle to effectively fight HIV/AIDS and respect human rights. Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 32(3), 1201–1226. https://brooklynworks.brooklaw.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1243&context=bjil
  • Kingston, S., & Thomas, T. (2018). No model in practice: A ‘Nordic model’ to respond to prostitution? Crime, Law and Social Change, 71(4), 423–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-018-9795-6
  • Landsberg, A., Shannon, K., Krüsi, A., DeBeck, K., Milloy, M. J., Nosova, E., Kerr, T., & Hayashi, K. (2017). Criminalizing sex work clients and rushed negotiations among sex workers who use drugs in a Canadian setting. Journal of Urban Health, 94(4), 563–571. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-017-0155-0
  • Lee, S., & Persson, P. (2022). Human trafficking and regulating prostitution American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 14(3), 87–127. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20180622
  • Lerum, K., & Brents, B. G. (2016). Sociological perspectives on sex work and human trafficking. Sociological Perspectives, 59(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731121416628550
  • Limoncelli, S. A. (2009). The trouble with trafficking: Conceptualizing women’s sexual labor and economic human rights. Women’s Studies International Forum, 32(4), 261–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2009.05.002
  • Lucas, A. M. (1995). Race, class and deviancy: The criminalization of prostitution. Berkely Women’s Law Journal, 47, 10–25. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/berkwolj10&div=12&id=&page=
  • Lutnick, A., & Cohan, D. (2009). Criminalization, legalization or decriminalization of sex work: What female sex workers say in San Francisco, USA. Reproductive Health Matters, 17(34), 38–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0968-8080(09)34469-9
  • Mak, G. (2022). New York might decriminalize sex work. But will it do so safely and responsibly? The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/feb/27/sex-work-new-york-decriminalize-safely
  • Marinova N. K. and James P. (2012). The tragedy of human trafficking: Competing theories and European evidence. Foreign Policy Analysis, 8(3), 231–253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2011.00162.x
  • NBC Bay Area. (2008). Voters choose not to legalize prostitution in San Francisco. www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/voters_choose_not_to_legalize_prostitution_in_san_francisco/1842719/
  • Phillips, J. (2015). Black girls and the (im)possibilities of a victim trope: The intersectional failures of legal and advocacy interventions in the commercial sexual exploitation of minors in the United States. UCLA Law Review, 62, 1642–1680. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/uclalr62&div=40&id=&page=
  • Platt, L., Grenfell, P., Meiksin, R., Elmes, J., Sherman, S. G., Sanders, T., Mwangi, P., & Crago, A.-L. (2018). Associations between sex work laws and sex workers’ health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies. PLOS Medicine, 15(12), 1–54. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002680
  • Raymond, J. G. (2004). Ten reasons for not legalizing prostitution and a legal response to the demand for prostitution. Journal of Trauma Practice, 2(3–4), 315–332. https://doi.org/10.1300/J189v02n03_17
  • Reid, J., Bilali, K., Fox, B., & Diaz, J. (This issue). Child sex trafficker recruitment tactics: Using crime scripting to inform prevention. Victims & Offenders.
  • Rekart, M. L. (2005). Sex-work harm reduction. The Lancet, 366(9503), 2123–2134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67732-X
  • Rio, L. (1991). Psychological and sociological research and the decriminalization or legalization of prostitution. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20(2), 205–218. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01541945
  • Rodriguez, B. (2021). What is the future of prostitution and sex work? Two states preview diverging paths. The 19th News. https://19thnews.org/2021/07/future-of-prostitution-and-sex-work-two-states-preview-diverging-paths/
  • Rusch, M. L. A., Brouwer, K. C., Lozada, R., Strathdee, S. A., Magis-Rodríguez, C., Patterson, T. L. (2010). Distribution of sexually transmitted diseases and risk factors by work locations among female sex workers in Tijuana, Mexico. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 37(10), 608–614. https://doi.org/10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181de
  • San Francisco Examiner. (2008). Prop K based on harmful myths - by Mayor Gavin Newsom and District Attorney Kamala Harris. http://www.sfexaminer.com/opinion/Prop_K_based_on_harmful_myths.html
  • Sawicki, D. A., Meffert, B. N., Read, K., & Heinz, A. J. (2019). Culturally competent health care for sex workers: An examination of myths that stigmatize sex work and hinder access to care. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 34(3), 355–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2019.1574970
  • Shannon, K., & Csete, J. (2010). Violence, condom negotiation, and HIV/STI risk among sex workers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 304(5), 573–574. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2010.1090
  • Shannon, K., Strathdee, S. A., Goldenberg, S. M., Duff, P., Mwangi, P., Rusakova, M., Reza-Paul, S., Lau, J., Deering, K., Pickles, M. R., & Boily, M. C. (2015). Global epidemiology of HIV among female sex workers: Influence of structural determinants. The Lancet, 385(9962), 55–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60931-4
  • Shaver, F. (1985). Prostitution: A critical analysis of three policy approaches. Canadian Public Policy / Analyse de Politiques, 11(3), 493–503. https://doi.org/10.2307/3550504
  • Sherman, S. G., Footer, K., Illangasekare, S., Clark, E., Pearson, E., & Decker, M. R. (2015). “What makes you think you have special privileges because you are a police officer?” A qualitative exploration of police’s role in the risk environment of female sex workers. AIDS Care, 27(4), 473–480. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2014.970504
  • Shuster, K. (1993). On the “oldest profession”: A proposal in favor of legalized but regulated prostitution. University of Florida Journal of Law and Public Policy, 5(1). https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/ufpp5&div=6&id=&page=
  • Shutt, J. E., Barnes, J. C., Beaver, K. M., Higgins, G. E., & Tewksbury, R. (2011). Does biology underlie the oldest profession? Prostitution and sex disparities in john behavior. Biodemography and Social Biology, 57(2), 155–170. https://doi.org/10.1080/19485565.2011.614566
  • Sullivan, B. (2010). When (some) prostitution is legal: The impact of law reform on sex work in Australia. Journal of Law and Society, 37(1), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6478.2010.00496.x
  • Swedish Institute. 2010. The ban against the purchase of sexual services. An evaluation 1999–2008. SOU. 49. https://ec.europa.eu/anti-trafficking/sites/antitrafficking/files/the_ban_against_the_purchase_of_sexual_services._an_evaluation_1999-2008_1.pdf
  • Thrane, L. E., Hoyt, D. R., Whitbeck, L. B., & Yoder, K. A. (2006). Impact of family abuse on running away, deviance, and street victimization among homeless rural and urban youth. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30(10), 1117–1128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.03.008
  • van der Meulen, E., & Durisin, E. M. (2008). Why decriminalize? How Canada’s municipal and federal regulations increase sex workers’ vulnerability. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 20(2), 289–312. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjwl.20.2.289
  • Wanyenze, R. K., Musinguzi, G., Kiguli, J., Nuwaha, F., Mujisha, G., Musinguzi, J., Arinaitwe, J., & Matovu, J. K. (2017). “When they know that you are a sex worker, you will be the last person to be treated”: Perceptions and experiences of female sex workers in accessing HIV services in Uganda. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 17(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-017-0119-1
  • Weitzer, R. (2017). Legal prostitution: The German and Dutch models. In E. U. Savona, M. A. R. Kleiman, & F. Calderoni (Eds.), Dual markets (pp. 365–385). Springer.
  • Whitbeck, L. B., Hoyt, D. R., Yoder, K. A., Cauce, A. M., & Paradise, M. (2001). Deviant behavior and victimization among homeless and runaway adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(11), 1175–1204. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626001016011005
  • Wilcox, R. (1962). Prostitution and venereal disease. The British Journal of Venereal Diseases, 38, 37–42. https://doi.org/10.1136/sti.38.1.37
  • Williams, T. (2019). In Washington, a fight to decriminalize prostitution divides allies. The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/2019/10/17/us/washington-legal-prostitution.html.
  • Winick, C., & Kinsie, P. M. (1971). The lively commerce: Prostitution in the United States. Quadrangle Books.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.