441
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Skeletal and Dental Health of Early Tongans: The Bioarchaeology of the Human Skeletons from the To-At-36 Site, Ha‘ateiho, Tongatapu, Tonga

, , &
Pages 204-243 | Received 06 Apr 2018, Accepted 25 Dec 2018, Published online: 12 Mar 2019

REFERENCES

  • Arriaza, B. T. 1997. Spondylolysis in prehistoric human remains from Guam and its possible etiology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104(3):393–397.
  • Aufderheide, A. C., and C. Rodriguez-Martin. 1998. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brothwell, D. R. 1981. Digging Up Bones: The Excavation, Treatment and Study of Human Skeletal Remains, 3rd ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Buckley, H. R. 2000. Subadult health and disease in prehistoric Tonga, Polynesia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 113(4):481–505.
  • Buckley, H. R. 2006. ‘The predators within’: Investigating the relationship between malaria and health in the prehistoric Pacific Islands. In Bioarchaeology of Southeast Asia (M. Oxenham, and N. Tayles, eds.):309–332. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buckley, H. R. 2016. Health and Disease in the Prehistoric Pacific Islands. British Archaeological Reports International Series 2792. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports Ltd.
  • Buckley, H. R., and M. Oxenham. 2016. Bioarchaeology in the Pacific Islands: A temporal and geographical examination of nutritional and infectious disease. In The Routledge Handbook of Bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands (M. Oxenham, and H. R. Buckley, eds.):363–388. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Buckley, H. R., and N. Tayles. 2003. Skeletal pathology in a prehistoric Pacific Island sample: Issues in lesion recording, quantification, and interpretation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 122(4):303–324.
  • Buckley, H. R., N. Tayles, S. E. Halcrow, K. Robb, and R. Fyfe. 2010. The people of Wairau Bar: A re-examination. Journal of Pacific Archaeology 1(1):1–20.
  • Buikstra, J. E., and D. H. Ubelaker. 1994. Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Report Number 44. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeological Survey.
  • Burley, D. V. 1998. Tongan archaeology and the Tongan past, 2850-150 B.P. Journal of World Prehistory 12(3):337–392.
  • Burley, D. V. 2007. In search of Lapita and Polynesian Plainware settlements in Vava‘u, Kingdom of Tonga. In Oceanic Explorations: Lapita and Western Pacific Settlement (S. Bedford, C. Sand, and S. Connaughton, eds.):187–198. Terra Australis 26. Canberra: Australian National University E-press. http://epress.anu.edu.au/ta26citation.html.
  • Burley, D. V., A. Barton, W. R. Dickinson, S. P. Connaughton, and K. Taché. 2010. Nukuleka as a founder colony for West Polynesian settlement: New insights from recent excavations. Journal of Pacific Archaeology 1(2):128–144.
  • Campbell, I. C. 2001. Island Kingdom: Tonga Ancient and Modern. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press.
  • Clark, G. 2015. Chiefly tombs, lineage history, and the ancient Tongan State. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 11(3):326–343.
  • Clark, G., D. Burley, and T. Murray. 2008. Monumentality and the development of the Tonga maritime chiefdom. Antiquity 82(318):994–1008.
  • Clark, G. R., C. Reepmeyer, N. Melekiola, J. Woodhead, W. R. Dickinson, and H. Martinsson-Wallin. 2014. Stone tools from the ancient Tongan state reveal prehistoric interaction centers in the Central Pacific. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 111(29):10491–10496.
  • Conte, E., and J. Dennison. 1995. An anthropological study of the burials in Marae Te Tahata, Tepoto (Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia). Journal of the Polynesian Society 104(4):397–427.
  • Conte, E., and G. Molle. 2014. Reinvestigating a key site for Polynesian prehistory: New results from the Hane dune site, Ua Huka (Marquesas). Archaeology in Oceania 49(3):121–136.
  • Davidson, J. 1969. Archaeological excavations in two burial mounds at ‘Atele, Tongatapu, To-At-1, 2. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 6(4-6):251–286.
  • Davidson, J. 1979. Samoa and Tonga. In The Prehistory of Polynesia (J. D. Jennings, ed.):82–109. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Davidson, J. 1981. The prehistory of Western Polynesia. Journal de la Société des Océanistes 70-71:100–110.
  • Dias, G., and N. Tayles. 1997. Abscess cavity: A misnomer. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 7(5):548–554.
  • Douglas, M. T., M. Pietrusewsky, and R. M. Ikehara-Quebral. 1997. Skeletal biology of Apurguan: A precontact Chamorro site on Guam. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104(3):291–313.
  • Eveleth, P. B., and J. M. Tanner. 1990. World-Wide Variation in Human Growth, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fenner, J. N., G. Clark, A. Cressey, F. Valentin, S. H. Olesen, and R. Armstrong. 2015. Isotopic uniformity and segregation in Tongan Mounds. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2:644–653.
  • Ferdon, E. N. 1987. Early Tonga: As the Explorers Saw It, 1616-1810. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
  • Flower, W. H. 1879. Catalogue of the Specimens Illustrating the Osteology and Dentition of Vertebral Animals, Recent and Extinct in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Part I. Man: Homo sapiens. London: The Royal College of Surgeons of England.
  • Goodman, A. H. 1993. On the interpretation of health from skeletal remains. Current Anthropology 34(3):281–288.
  • Goodman, A. H., and G. J. Armelagos. 1989. Infant and childhood morbidity and mortality risks in archaeological populations. World Archaeology 21(2):225–243.
  • Goodman, A. H., D. L. Martin, G. J. Armelagos, and G. Clark. 1984. Indications of stress from bone and teeth. In Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture (M. N. Cohen, and G. J. Armelagos, eds.):13–49. Orlando: Academic Press.
  • Goodman, A. H., and J. C. Rose. 1990. Assessment of systemic physiological perturbations from dental enamel hypoplasias and associated histological structures. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 33(S11):59–110.
  • Goodman, A. H., and J. C. Rose. 1991. Dental enamel hypoplasias as indicators of nutritional status. In Advances in Dental Anthropology (M. A. Kelley, and C. S. Larsen, eds.):279–294. New York: Wiley-Liss.
  • Green, R. 1979. Lapita. In The Prehistory of Polynesia (J. Jennings, ed.):27–69. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Heathcote, G. M., T. G. Bromage, V. J. Sava, D. B. Hanson, and B. E. Anderson. 2014. Enigmatic cranial superstructures among Chamorro ancestors from the Mariana Islands: Gross anatomy and microanatomy. The Anatomical Record 297:1009–1021.
  • Hildebolt, C. F., and S. Molnar. 1991. Measurement and description of periodontal disease in anthropological studies. In Advances in Dental Anthropology (M. A. Kelley, and C. S. Larsen, eds.):225–240. New York: Wiley Liss.
  • Hillson, S. 1996. Dental Anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hillson, S. 2008. Dental pathology. In Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, 2nd ed. (M. A. Katzenberg, and S. R. Saunders, eds.):301–340. Hoboken: Wiley-Liss & Sons, Inc.
  • Houghton, P. 1989. Comment on the human skeletal material from Pea, Tonga, Site To.1. Records of the Australian Museum 41:331–32.
  • Houghton, P. 2008. The people of Namu. In Archaeology on Taumako. A Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands (F. Leach, and J. Davidson, eds.):325–352. Dunedin: New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication.
  • Houghton, P., B. F. Leach, and D. G. Sutton. 1975. The estimation of stature of prehistoric Polynesians in New Zealand. Journal of the Polynesian Society 84(3):325–336.
  • Jaríc, J. 2004. Use of Pb and Sr Isotopes in Human Teeth as an Indicator of Pacific Islander Population Dynamics. Ph.D. Dissertation. Sydney: University of Western Sydney.
  • Kadohiro Lauer, K. 2015. Health and Disease in Prehistoric Tonga. M.A. Thesis. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.
  • Kirch, P. V. 1984. The Evolution of Polynesian Chiefdoms. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kirch, P. V. 1997. The Lapita Peoples. Ancestors of the Oceanic World. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers Inc.
  • Kirch, P. V. 2000. On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
  • Krause, R. 1881. Verzeichniss der schadel und skelete. In Die ethnographisch-anthropologische Abtheilung des Museum Godeffroy in Hamburg: Ein Beitrag zur Kunde der Südsee-Völker (J. D. E. Schmeltz, and R. Krause, eds.):545–670. Hamburg: L. Friederichsen & Co.
  • Larsen, C. S. 2002. Bioarchaeology: The lives and lifestyles of past people. Journal of Archaeological Research 10(2):119–166.
  • Larsen, C. S. 2015. Bioarchaeology: Interpreting Behavior from the Human Skeleton, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Leach, F., and J. Davidson. 2008. Archaeology on Taumako. A Polynesian Outlier in the Eastern Solomon Islands. Dunedin: New Zealand Journal of Archaeology Special Publication.
  • Leach, F., C. Quinn, J. Morrison, and L. Graeme. 2001. The use of multiple isotope signatures in reconstructing prehistoric human diet from archaeological bone from the Pacific and New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Archaeology 23:31–98.
  • Lewis, M. E. 2018. Paleopathology of Children: Identification of Pathological Conditions in the Human Skeletal Remains of Non-Adults. London: Academic Press.
  • Lieverse, A. R. 1999. Diet and the aetiology of dental calculus. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 9(4):219–232.
  • Lieverse, A. R., D. W. Link, V. I. Bazaliiskly, O. I. Goriunova, and A. W. Weber. 2007. Dental health indicators of hunter-gatherer adaptation and cultural change in Siberia’s Cis-Baikal. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 134(3):323–339.
  • Lovell, N. C. 2008. Analysis and interpretation of skeletal trauma. In Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton, 2nd ed. (M. A. Katzenberg, and S. R. Saunders, eds.):341–386. Hoboken: Wiley-Liss & Sons, Inc.
  • Lukacs, J. R. 2007. Dental trauma and antemortem tooth loss in prehistoric Canary Islanders: Prevalence and contributing factors. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 17(2):157–173.
  • Merbs, C. 1989. Trauma. In Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton (M. Y. İşcan, and K. A. R. Kennedy, eds.):161–189. New York: Alan R. Liss.
  • Merbs, C. F. 1996. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: A cost of being an erect biped or a clever adaptation? Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 101(S23):201–228.
  • Miles, J. 1997. Infectious Disease: Colonizing the Pacific? Dunedin: Otago University Press.
  • Murrill, R. 1968. Cranial and Postcranial Skeletal Remains from Easter Island. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Ortner, D. J. 2003. Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains, 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Oxenham, M. F., and I. Cavill. 2010. Porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia: The erythropoietic response to iron-deficiency anaemia. Anthropological Science 118(3):199–200.
  • Petchey, F., M. Spriggs, F. Leach, M. Seed, C. Sand, M. Pietrusewsky, and K. Anderson. 2011. Testing the human factor: Radiocarbon dating the first peoples of the South Pacific. Journal of Archaeological Science 38(1):29–44.
  • Pietrusewsky, M. 1969. An osteological study of cranial and infracranial remains from Tonga. Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum 6:287–402.
  • Pietrusewsky, M. 1976. Prehistoric Human Skeletal Remains from Papua New Guinea and the Marquesas. Asian and Pacific Archaeology Series. No. 7. Honolulu: Social Sciences and Linguistic Institute, University of Hawaiʻi.
  • Pietrusewsky, M. 1990. Craniofacial variation in Australasian and Pacific populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 82(3):319–340.
  • Pietrusewsky, M. 1994. Pacific-Asian relationships: A physical anthropological perspective. Oceanic Linguistics 33(2):407–430.
  • Pietrusewsky, M. 2010a. A multivariate analysis of cranial measurements: Fijian and Polynesian relationships. In Research in Physical Anthropology: Essays in Honor of Prof. L. S. Penrose (S. D. Banik, ed.):37–66. Mérida, Yucatán: Unas Letras Industria Editorial.
  • Pietrusewsky, M. 2010b. A multivariate analysis of measurements recorded in early and more modern crania from East Asia and Southeast Asia. Quaternary International 211(1):42–54.
  • Pietrusewsky, M., and M. T. Douglas. 1994. An osteological assessment of health and disease in precontact and historic (1778) Hawaiʻi. In In the Wake of Contact: Biological Responses to Conquest (C. S. Larsen, and G. R. Milner, eds.):179–196. New York: Wiley-Liss.
  • Pietrusewsky, M., and M. T. Douglas. 2002. Ban Chiang, a Prehistoric Village Site in Northeast Thailand I. The Human Skeletal Remains. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
  • Pietrusewsky, M., and M. T. Douglas. 2012. History of paleopathology in the Pacific. In The Global History of Paleopathology: Pioneers and Prospects (J. E. Buikstra, and C. A. Roberts, eds.):594–615. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Pietrusewsky, M., and M. T. Douglas. 2016. Review of Polynesian and Pacific skeletal biology. In Skeletal Biology of the Ancient Rapanui (Easter Islanders) (V. H. Stefan, and G. W. Gill, eds.):14–38 + references. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pietrusewsky, M., M. T. Douglas, and R. M. Ikehara. 1992. Prehistoric Chamorro Remains from the Apurguan Site, Tamuning District, Guam: An Osteological Investigation and Comparison with other Micronesian Sites. Draft manuscript prepared for Hanil Development Company. International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc.
  • Pietrusewsky, M., M. T. Douglas, and R. Ikehara-Quebral. 1994. The Human Osteology of the Sigatoka Dune Burials (Site VL16/1), Viti-Levu, Fiji Islands. Unpublished report.
  • Pietrusewsky, M., M. T. Douglas, and R. M. Ikehara-Quebral. 1997. An assessment of health and disease in the prehistoric inhabitants of the Mariana Islands. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104(3):315–342.
  • Pietrusewsky, M., M. T. Douglas, R. M. Ikehara-Quebral. 2003. Archaeological Investigations in Apotguan, Guam: Agana Beach Condominium Site, Vol. 3: An Osteological Investigation and Comparison with other Micronesian Sites. Report prepared for Hanil Development Corporation, Hagatna, Guam. Honolulu: International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc.
  • Pietrusewsky, M., M. T. Douglas, and R. M. Ikehara-Quebral. 2017. Skeletal and dental health: The bioarchaeology of the human skeletons from the Sigatoka Sand Dunes site, VL 16/1, Viti Levu, Fiji. Journal of Pacific Archaeology 8(2):63–78.
  • Pietrusewsky, M., M. T. Douglas, P. Kalima, and R. M. Ikehara. 1991. Human Skeletal and Dental Remains from the Honokahua Burial Site. Land of Honokahua, Lahaina District, Island of Maui, Hawai‘i. Prepared for the Kapalua Land Company (PHRI Report #246-041091).
  • Pietrusewsky, M., M. T. Douglas, M. K. Swift, R. A. Harper, and M. A. Fleming. 2014. Health in ancient Mariana Islanders: A bioarchaeological perspective. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 9(3):319–340.
  • Pietrusewsky, M., M. T. Douglas, M. K. Swift, R. A. Harper, and M. A. Fleming. 2016. Sex and geographic differences in health of the early inhabitants of the Mariana Islands. Asian Perspectives 55(1):28–60.
  • Pollock, N. J. 1992. These Roots Remain: Food Habits in Islands of Central and Eastern Pacific Since Western Contact. Laie, HI: Institute for Polynesian Studies.
  • Poulsen, J. 1987. Early Tongan Prehistory: The Lapita Period on Tongatapu and its Relationships. Terra Australis 12. Canberra: Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.
  • Quatrefages, A., and E. T. Hamy. 1882. Crania Ethnica: Les Cranes des Races Humaines. Paris: Bailliere.
  • Resnick, D., and G. Niwayama. 1981. Osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and soft tissue infection: The mechanisms and situations. In Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders (D. Resnick, and G. Niwayama, eds.):2042–2130. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Company.
  • Rothschild, B. M., and G. M. Heathcote. 1993. Characterization of the skeletal manifestations of the treponemal disease yaws as a population phenomenon. Clinical Infectious Diseases 17(2):198–203.
  • Scholfield, C. C. 1967. The left femur (To.1:2256) from the burial at To.1. In A Contribution to the Prehistory of the Tongan Islands. Appendix VII (J. I. Poulsen):XIX–XXIX. Ph.D. Dissertation. Canberra: Australian National University.
  • Scott, R. M., and H. R. Buckley. 2014. Exploring prehistoric violence in Tonga: Understanding skeletal trauma from a biocultural perspective. Current Anthropology 55(3):335–347.
  • Smith, B. H. 1984. Patterns of molar wear in hunters-gatherers and agriculturalists. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 63(1):39–56.
  • Spengel, J. W. 1876. Ein beiträge zur kenntniss der Polynesier-schadel. Journal des Museum Godeffroy 12:116–158.
  • Spennemann, D. H. R. 1986. Archaeological Fieldwork in Tonga 1985-1986. Tongan Dark Ages Programme Report No. 7. Canberra: Australian National University.
  • Spennemann, D. H. R. 1987. Re-analysis of the human remains at To.l. In Early Tongan Prehistory: The Lapita Period on Tongatapu and its Relationships (J. I. Poulsen):289–303. Terra Australis 12. Canberra: Australian National University.
  • Spennemann, D. H. R. 1989. ‘Ata ‘A Tonga Mo ‘Ata ‘O Tonga: Early and Later Prehistory of the Tongan Islands. Ph.D. Dissertation. Canberra: Australian National University.
  • Stantis, C. 2015. Diet and Migration in Prehistoric Remote Oceania. Ph.D. Dissertation. Dunedin: University of Otago.
  • Stantis, C., R. L. Kinaston, M. P. Richards, J. M. Davidson, and H. R. Buckley. 2015. Assessing human diet and movement in the Tongan maritime chiefdom using isotopic analyses. PLOS ONE 10(3):e0123156.
  • Stantis, C., N. Tayles, R. L. Kinaston, C. Cameron, P. D. Nunn, M. P. Richards, and H. Buckley. 2016. Diet and subsistence in remote Oceania. In The Routledge Handbook of Bioarchaeology in Southeast Asia and the Pacific (M. Oxenham, and H. Buckley, eds.):569–598. New York: Routledge Handbook Series, Taylor & Francis.
  • Steckel, R. H., and J. C. Rose (eds.). 2002. The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Stodder, A. L. W. 1997. Subadult stress, morbidity, and longevity in Latte Period populations on Guam, Mariana Islands. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104(3):363–380.
  • Storey, A. A. 2001. Can Tongan Cannibalism Be Substantiated by Archaeological Evidence? A Study of Human Remains from the Ha‘apai Islands. Unpublished B.A. (Honours). Burnaby: Simon Fraser University.
  • Storey, A. A. 2008. Tools of the ancestors? Evidence for culturally modified human bone from Tongan skeletal assemblages. In Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Fiji/West-Polynesia Region (D. Addison, and C. Sand, eds.):57–70. Otago: University of Otago Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology No. 21.
  • Stuart-Macadam, P. 1985. Porotic hyperostosis: Representative of a childhood condition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 66(4):391–398.
  • Stuart-Macadam, P. 1989. Porotic hyperostosis: Relationship between orbital and vault lesions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80(2):187–193.
  • Taylor, R. M. S. 1971. Dental report on archaeological material from Tonga. Australian Dental Journal 16(3):175–181.
  • Thomas, D. H. 1986. Refiguring Anthropology: First Principles of Probability and Statistics. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.
  • Valentin, F., S. Bedford, H. R. Buckley, and M. Spriggs. 2010. Lapita burial practices: Evidence for complex body and bone treatment at the Teouma cemetery, Vanuatu, Southwest Pacific. Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 5(2):212–235.
  • Van Dijk, N. 1993. The Evolution of the Polynesian Phenotype: An Analysis of Skeletal Remains from Tongatapu, Tonga. M.A. Thesis. Auckland: University of Auckland.
  • Visser, E. P. 1994. Skeletal evidence of kava use in prehistoric Fiji. Journal of the Polynesian Society 103(3):299–317.
  • Waldron, T. 2009. Palaeopathology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Walker, P. L. 1989. Cranial injuries as evidence of violence in prehistoric southern California Indians. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 80(3):313–323.
  • Walker, P. L., R. R. Bathurst, R. Richman, T. Gierdum, and V. A. Andrushko. 2009. The causes of porotic hyperostosis and cribra orbitalia: A reappraisal of the iron-deficiency hypothesis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139(2):109–125.
  • Wood, J. W., G. R. Milner, H. C. Harpending, and K. M. Weiss. 1992. The osteological paradox: Problems of inferring prehistoric health from skeletal samples. Current Anthropology 33(4):343–370.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.