518
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Using sea urchin remains to infer the health of kelp forest ecosystems in the past: Identification, quantification, and allometric reconstructions of harvested sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus spp.) on California’s Channel Islands

ORCID Icon
Pages 246-273 | Received 18 Nov 2019, Accepted 21 Apr 2020, Published online: 14 Jul 2020

References

  • Ainis, A. F. 2012. Eight thousand years at bay point: Archaeology and historical ecology at cave of the chimneys (CA-SMI-603), San Miguel Island. MA Thesis, California State University, Los Angeles, California.
  • Ainis, A. F. 2019. Reconstructing nearshore and kelp forest habitats from trans-holocene occupations at bay point, San Miguel Island: The Archaeology and Historical Ecology of Daisy Cave and Cave of the Chimneys. PhD diss., University of Oregon.
  • Ainis, A. F., J. M. Erlandson, K. M. Gill, M. H. Graham, and R. L. Vellanoweth. 2019. The potential use of seaweeds and marine plants by native peoples of Alta and Baja California: Implications for “marginal” island ecosystems. In An archaeology of abundance: Reevaluating the marginatliy of California’s Channel Islands, eds. K. M. Gill, M. Fauvelle, and J. M. Erlandson, 135–70. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
  • Ainis, A. F., R. L. Vellanoweth, T. W. Davis, J. M. Erlandson, and T. C. Rick. 2011. Changes in marine subsistence on San Miguel Island from 8,500 to 2,400 years ago: Analysis of bulk samples from Cave of the Chimneys (CA-SMI-603). Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 31 (1):59–79.
  • Ainis, A. F., R. L. Vellanoweth, Q. G. Lapeña, and C. S. Thornber. 2014. Using non-dietary gastropods in coastal shell middens to infer kelp and seagrass harvesting and paleoenvironmental conditions. Journal of Archaeological Science 49:343–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2014.05.024
  • Baker, S. L. 1973. Growth of the red sea urchin, Strongylocentrouts franciscanus (Agassiz) in two natural habitats. MS Thesis, California State University, San Diego.
  • Ballbè, E. G. 2005. Shell middens on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua: Prehistoric patterns of mollusk collection and consumption. In Archaeomalacology: Molluscs in former environments of human behaviour, ed. D. E. Bar-Yosef Mayer, 40–53. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
  • Basch, L. V., and M. J. Tegner. 2007. Reproductive responses of purple sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) populations to environmental conditions across a coastal depth gradient. Bulletin of Marine Science 81:255–82.
  • Bender, M. L. 2019. An archaeological analysis of crab and sea urchin remains at CA-SNI-40, San Nicolas Island, California. MA Thesis, California State University, Los Angeles.
  • Biermann, C. H., B. D. Kessing, and S. R. Palumbi. 2003. Phylogeny and development of marine model species: Strongylocentrotid sea urchins. Evolution & Development 5 (4):360–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-142x.2003.03043.x
  • Birkeland, C, and P. Dayton. 2005. The importance in fishery management of leaving the big ones. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 20 (7):356–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.03.015.
  • Braje, T. J., T. C. Rick, and J. M. Erlandson. 2012. A trans-Holocene historical ecological record of shellfish harvesting on California’s Northern Channel Islands. Quaternary International 264:109–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.09.011
  • Campbell, G. 2008a. Sorry wrong phylum: A neophyte archaeomalacologist’s experiences in analyzing a European Atlantic sea urchin assemblage. Archaeofauna 17:77–90.
  • Campbell, G. 2008b. A preliminary study of methods for identifying archaeological sea urchin remains in the Pacific Northwest. Canadian Zooarchaeology 25:15–35.
  • Carney, D. 1991. A comparison of densities, size distributions, gonad and total gut indices, and the relative movement of sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, in two depth regimes. MS Thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz.
  • Cowen, R. K. 1983. The effects of sheephead (Semicossyphus pulcher) predation on red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) populations: an experimental analysis. Oecologia 58 (2):249–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00399225.
  • Daniels, P. 2014. Shellfish and resource sustainability on the central Northwest Coast of North America. In The Cultural Dynamics of Shell-Matrix Sites, eds. M. Roksandic, S. M. de Souza, S. Eggers, M. Burchell, and D. Klokler, 223–40. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
  • Davis, B., and J. A. Coffman. 2011. Developmental plasticity of sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus) larvae in response to varying diet. Bulletin of Mt. Desert Island Biological Laboratory 50:66–8.
  • Dayton, P. K. 1985. Ecology of kelp forest communities. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16 (1):215–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.001243
  • Dean, T. A., S. C. Schroeter, and J. D. Dixon. 1984. Effects of grazing on two species of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Lytechinus anamesus) on recruitment and survival of two species of kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera and Pterygophora californica). Marine Biology 78 (3):301–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00393016
  • Ebert, T. A. 1983. Recruitment in echinoderms. In Echinoderm studies, eds. M. Jangoux and J. Lawrence, vol. 1, 169–203. Rotterdam: Taylor and Francis, Balkema Publishers.
  • Ebert, T. A., J. D. Dixon, S. C. Schroeter, P. E. Kalvass, N. T. Richmond, W. A. Bradbury, and D. A. Woodby. 1999. Growth and mortality of red sea urchins across a latitudinal gradient. Marine Ecology Progress Series 190:189–209. doi:https://doi.org/10.3354/meps190189
  • Ebert, T. A., and M. P. Russell. 1988. Latitudinal variation in size structure of the west coast purple sea urchin: A correlation with headlands. Limnology and Oceanography 33 (2):286–94. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1988.33.2.0286
  • Ebert, T. A., and J. R. Southon. 2003. Red sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus) can live over 100 years: Confirmation using A-bomb 14carbon. Fisheries Bulletin 101:915–22.
  • Erlandson, J. M., M. H. Graham, B. J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J. A. Estes, and R. S. Steneck. 2007. The kelp highway hypothesis: Marine ecology, the coastal migration theory, and peopling of the Americas. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 2 (2):161–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15564890701628612
  • Erlandson, J. M., T. C. Rick, and T. J. Braje. 2009. Fishing up the food web? 12,000 years of maritime subsistence and adaptive adjustments on California’s Channel Islands. Pacific Science 63 (4):711–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.2984/049.063.0411
  • Erlandson, J. M., T. C. Rick, T. J. Braje, A. Steinberg, and R. L. Vellanoweth. 2008. Human impacts on ancient shellfish: A 10,000 year record from San Miguel Island, California. Journal of Archaeological Science 35 (8):2144–52. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2008.01.014
  • Estes, J. A., and D. O. Duggins. 1995. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecology paradigm. Ecological Monographs 65 (1):75–100. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2937159
  • Foster, M. S., and D. R. Schiel. 1988. Kelp communities and sea otters: Keystone species or just another brick in the wall?. In The community ecology of sea otters, eds. G. R. VanBlaricom and J. S. Estes, 92–115. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
  • Graham, M. H., P. K. Dayton, and J. M. Erlandson. 2003. Ice ages and ecological transition on temperate coasts. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 18 (1):33–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(02)00006-X
  • Graham, M. H., B. S. Halpern, and M. H. Carr. 2008. Diversity and dynamics of Californian subtidal kelp forests. In Food webs and the dynamics of marine reefs, eds. T. McClanahan and G. Branch, 103–34. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Gutiérrez-Zugasti, F. I. 2011. The use of echinoids and crustaceans as food during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in northern Spain: Methodological contribution and dietary assessment. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 6 (1):115–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2010.487421
  • Gutiérrez-Zugasti, F. I., Tong, E. A. García-Escárzaga, D. Cuenca-Solana, G. N. Bailey., and M. R. González-Morales. 2016. Collection and consumption of echinoderms and crustaceans at the Mesolithic shell midden site of El Mazo (northern Iberia): Opportunistic behaviour or social strategy? Quaternary International 407:118–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.11.149
  • Harrold, C, and D. C. Reed. 1985. Food availability, sea urchin grazing, and kelp forest community structure. Ecology 66 (4):1160–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1939168.
  • Hines, A. H., and J. S. Pearse. 1982. Abalones, shells, and sea otters: Dynamics of prey populations in central california. Ecology 63 (5):1547–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1938879.
  • Harrold, C., and, J. S. Pearse. 1987. The ecological role of echinoderms in kelp forests. Echinoderm Studies 2:137–234.
  • Jerardino, A. 1997. Changes in shellfish species composition and mean shell size from a late-Holocene record of the west coast of southern Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 24 (11):1031–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/jasc.1997.0182
  • Kalvass, P. E. 2000. Riding the roller coaster: Boom and decline in the California red sea urchin fishery. Journal of Shellfish Research 19:621–2.
  • Kalvass, P. E., and J. M. Hendrix. 1997. The California red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, fishery: Catch, effort and management trends. Marine Fisheries Review 59:1–17.
  • Karpov, K., M. J. Tegner, L. Rogers-Bennett, P. Kalvass, and I. Taniguchi. 2001. Interactions among red abalones and sea urchins in fished reserve sites in northern California: Implications of competition to management. Journal of Shellfish Research 20:743–53.
  • Kato, S., and S. C. Schroeter. 1985. Biology of the red sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, and its fishery in California. Marine Fisheries Review 47:1–20.
  • Kinlan, B. P., M. H. Graham, and J. M. Erlandson. 2005. Late quaternary changes in the sizes and shape of the California Channel Islands: Implications for marine subsidies to terrestrial communities. Proceedings of the California Islands Symposium, vol. 6, 119–30. Arcata, California: Institute for Wildlife Studies.
  • Kramer, D. E., and D. M. A. Nordin. 1975. Physical data from a study of size, weight and gonad quality for the red sea urchin: Strongylocentrotus franciscanus (Agassiz) over a one-year period. Vancouver Laboratory, Fisheries and Marine Service.
  • Kramer, D. E., and D. M. A. Nordin. 1979. Studies of the handling and processing of sea urchin roe. Fisheries and Marine Service. No. 870. Technical Report.Technologies Services Branch, Fisheries Management, Pacific Region, Department of Fisheries and Ocean.
  • Kumar, C. S., P. Ganesan, P. V. Suresh, and N. Bhaskar. 2008. Seaweeds as a source of nutritionally beneficial compounds: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology 45 (1):1–13.
  • Lafferty, K. D. 2004. Fishing for lobsters indirectly increases epidemics in sea urchins. Ecological Applications 14 (5):1566–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1890/03-5088
  • Lapeña, Q. G. 2015. Middle Holocene maritime adaptations: Shellfishing and human diet on San Nicolas Island California. MA Thesis, California State University, Los Angeles.
  • Lawrence, J. M. 1975. On the relationship between marine plants and sea urchins. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 13:213–86.
  • Leighton, D. L. 1971. Grazing activities of benthic invertebrates in Southern California kelp beds. Pacific Science 20:104–13.
  • Lowry, L., and J. S. Pearse. 1973. Abalones and sea urchins in an area inhabited by sea otters. Marine Biology 23 (3):213–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00389487
  • Morgan, L. E., S. R. Wing, L. W. Botsford, C. J. Lundquist, and J. M. Diehl. 2000b. Spatial variability in red sea urchin (Strongylocentorotus franciscanus) recruitment in northern California. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57 (5):980–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1139/f00-046
  • Morris, R. H., D. P. Abbott, and E. C. Haderlie. 1980. Intertidal invertebrates of California. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
  • Morrison, D. 1988. Comparing fish and urchin grazing in shallow and deeper coral reef algal communities. Ecology 69 (5):1367–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1941634
  • Mortensen, T. 1927. Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
  • Pearse, J. S., M. E. Clark, D. L. Leighton, C. T. Mitchell, and W. J. North. 1970. Marine waste disposal and sea urchin ecology. In Kelp Habitat Improvement Project, Annual Report 1969-1970, ed. W. J. North, 1–93. Pasadena: California Institute of Technology.
  • Rahman, M. A., F. M. Yusoff, and, A. Arshad. 2014. Potential and prospect for sea urchin development in Malaysia. Fishmail 2:16–8. 
  • Rick, T. C., J. A. Robbins, and K. M. Ferguson. 2006. Stable isotopes from marine shells, ancient environments, and human subsistence on Middle Holocene Santa Rosa Island, California, USA. The Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 1 (2):233–54. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15564890600935480
  • Rogers-Bennett, L. 2007. The ecology of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and Strongylocentrotus purpuratus. In Edible sea urchins: Biology and ecology, 2nd ed., ed. J. M. Lawrence, 393–426. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Rogers-Bennett, L., W. A. Bennett, H. C. Fastenau, and C. M. Dewees. 1995. Spatial variation in red sea urchin reproduction and morphology: Implications for harvest refugia. Ecological Applications 5 (4):1171–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2269364
  • Rogers-Bennett, L., and J. S. Pearse. 2001. Indirect benefits of marine protected areas for juvenile abalone. Conservation Biology 15 (3):642–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.015003642.x
  • Rogers-Bennett, L., D. W. Rogers, W. A. Bennett, and T. A. Ebert. 2003. Modeling red sea urchin growth using six growth models. Fisheries Bulletin 101:614–26.
  • Rogers-Bennett, L., H. C. Fastenau, and, C. M. Dewees. 1998. Recovery of red sea urchin beds following experimental harvest. In  Echinoderms, eds. R. Mooi San Francisco, and M. Telford, 805-809. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema. 
  • Salls, R. A. 1991. Early Holocene maritime adaptation at Eel Point, San Clemente Island. In: Hunter-gathers of early holocene coastal California, eds. J. M. Erlandson and R. Colten, 63–80. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Scheibling, R., and S. Anthony. 2001. Feeding, growth and reproduction of sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) on single and mixed diets of kelp (Laminaria spp.) and the invasive alga Codium fragile ssp tomentosoides. Marine Biology 139(1):139–46.
  • Schroeter, S. C. 1978. Experimental studies of competition as a factor affecting the distribution and abundance of purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson). PhD diss., University of California, Santa Barbara.
  • Sharp, J. T. 2000. Shellfish analysis from the Punta Arena Site, a Middle Holocene Red Abalone Midden on Santa Cruz Island, California. MA Thesis, Sonoma State University, California.
  • Simenstad, C. A., J. A. Estes, and K. W. Kenyon. 1978. Aleuts, sea otters, and alternative stable-states communities. Science 200 (4340):403–11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.200.4340.403
  • Smith, A. B. 1984. Echinoid palaeobiology. London: George Allen and Unwin.
  • Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 2012. Biometry: The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. 4th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Co.
  • Steneck, R. S. 2013. Sea urchins as drivers of shallow benthic marine community structure. In Sea urchins: Biology and ecology, ed. J. M. Lawrence, vol. 38, 3rd ed, 195–212. Developments in aquaculture and fisheries science, New York: Elsevier.
  • Steneck, R. S., M. H. Graham, B. J. Bourque, D. Corbett, J. M. Erlandson, J. A. Estes, and M. J. Tegner. 2002. Kelp forest ecosystems: Biodiversity, stability, resilience, and future. Environmental Conservation 29 (4):436–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892902000322
  • Tegner, M. J. 2001. The ecology of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus. In Edible sea urchins: Biology and ecology, ed. J. M. Lawrence, 307–31. New York: Elsevier.
  • Tegner, M. J., and P. K. Dayton. 1977. Sea urchin recruitment patterns and implications of commercial fishing. Science (New York, N.Y.) 196 (4287):324–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.847476
  • Tegner, M. J., and P. K. Dayton. 1980. Multispecies considerations of resource management in southern California kelp beds. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 954:125–43.
  • Tegner, M. J., and P. K. Dayton. 1981. Population structure, recruitment and mortality of two sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus) in a kelp forest. Marine Ecology Progress Series 5:255–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.3354/meps005255
  • Tegner, M. J., and P. K. Dayton. 1989. The feasibility of enhancing red sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, stocks in California: An analysis of the options. Marine Fisheries Review 51:1–22.
  • Tegner, M. J., and P. K. Dayton. 2000. Ecosystem effects of fishing in kelp forest communities. ICES Journal of Marine Biology and Ecology 57 (3):579–89. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(95)00053-T
  • Tegner, M. J., P. K. Dayton, P. B. Edwards, and K. L. Riser. 1995. Sea urchin cavitation of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera C. Agardh) holdfasts and its effects on kelp mortality across a large California forest. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 191 (1):83–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(95)00053-T
  • Tegner, M. J., and L. A. Levin. 1982. Do sea urchins and abalone compete in the California kelp forest communities? In Echinoderms: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tampa Bay, ed. J. M. Lawrence, 265–71. Rotterdam: AA Bakema.
  • Tegner, M. J., and L. A. Levin. 1983. Spiny lobsters and sea urchins: Analysis of a predator-prey interaction. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 73 (2):125–50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(83)90079-5
  • Vogel, G. 2000. Endangered species. Migrating otters push law to the limit. Science 289 (5483):1271–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5483.1271a
  • Watanabe, J. M., and C. Harrold. 1991. Destructive grazing by sea urchins Strongylocentrotus spp. in a central California kelp forest: Potential roles of recruitment, depth and predation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 71:125–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.3354/meps071125
  • Wing, S. R., J. L. Largier, L. W. Botsford, and J. F. Quinn. 1995. Settlement and transport of benthic invertebrates in an intermittent upwelling region. Limnology and Oceanography 40 (2):316–29. doi:https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1995.40.2.0316

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.