References
- Avenali, A., G. Catalano, M. Gregori, and G. Matteucci. 2020. Rail versus bus local public transport services: A social cost comparison methodology. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives 7:100200. doi:10.1016/j.trip.2020.100200.
- Battarraa, R., C. Gargiulob, M. R. Tremiterrab, and F. Zucaro. 2018. Smart mobility in Italian metropolitan cities: A comparative analysis through indicators and actions. Sustainable Cities and Society 41:556–67. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.06.006.
- Botas. 2022. Natural gas prices. Accessed February 15, 2022. https://www.botas.gov.tr/uploads/dosyaYoneticisi/409633-ocak_2022_tarifesi2.pdf.
- Chu, X., G. J. Fielding, and B. W. Lamar. 1992. Measuring transit performance using data envelopment analysis. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 26 (3):223–30. doi:10.1016/0965-8564(92)90033-4.
- Cook, W. D., and J. Zhu. Eds. 2014. Data envelopment analysis a handbook of modeling internal structure and network. NEW YORK, USA: Springer US.
- Cooper, W. W., L. M. Seiford, and K. Tone. 2011. Data envelopment analysis: A comprehensive text with models, applications, references and DEA-solver software. Second ed. Boston: Kluwer, Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-45283-8.
- Doomernik, J. E. 2015. Performance and efficiency of high-speed rail systems. Transportation Research Procedia 8:136–14. doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2015.06.049.
- Fathi, A., and R. Farzipoor. 2018. A novel bidirectional network data envelopment analysis model for evaluating sustainability of distributive supply chains of transport companies. Journal of Cleaner Production 184:696–708. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.02.256.
- Fitzova, H., and M. Matulova. 2020. Comparison of urban public transport systems in the Czech Republic and Slovakia: Factors underpinning efficiency. Research in Transportation Economics 81 (2020):100824. doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2020.100824.
- Geng, Y., Z. Ma, B. Xue, W. Ren, Z. Liu, and T. Fujita. 2013. Co-benefit evaluation for urban public transportation sector-a case of Shenyang. China. Journal of Cleaner Production 58:82–91. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.06.034.
- Georgiadis, G., I. Politis, and P. Papaioannou. 2020. How does operational environment influence public transport effectiveness? Evidence from European Urban Bus Operators. Sustainability 12 (12):4919. doi:10.3390/su12124919.
- Güner, S., and E. Coşkun. 2016. Determining the best performing benchmarks for transit routes with a multi-objective model: The implementation and a critique of the two-model. Public Transport 8 (2):205–24. doi:10.1007/s12469-016-0125-z.
- Gürsoy, M. 2019. Research on the investigation of light rail systems between Balıkesir city center and Çağış campus. MSc. Thesis, Balıkesir University.
- Hanauerová, E. 2019. Assessing the technical efficiency of public procurements in the bus transportation sector in the Czech Republic. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 66:105–11. doi:10.1016/j.seps.2018.07.010.
- Holden, R., B. Xu, P. Greening, M. Piecyk, and P. Dadhich. 2016. Towards a common measure of greenhouse gas related logistics activity using data envelopment analysis. Transportation Research Part A 91:105–19. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.06.001.
- Iscan, S., T. Gunes, and U. Unver. 2022. Energy management system for Istanbul urban electric transportation systems: Proposition and evaluation of performance tracking system for traction electric consumption. Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 37 (3):1–15.
- Karlaftis, M. G. 2004. A DEA approach for evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of urban transit systems. European Journal of Operational Research 152 (2):354–64. doi:10.1016/S0377-2217(03)00029-8.
- Karlaftis, M. G., and D. Tsamboulas. 2012. Efficiency measurement in public transport: Are findings specification sensitive? Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 46 (2):392–402. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2011.10.005.
- Kazanbaş, M. 2018. Rate frequency analysis for increasing income of city railway transportation system in Kocaeli. MSc diss., Kocaeli University.
- Kolos, A., and J. Taczanowski. 2016. The feasibility of introducing light rail systems in medium-sized towns in Central Europe. Journal of Transport Geography 54:400–13. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2016.02.006.
- Lao, Y., and L. Liu. 2009. Computers, Environment and urban systems performance evaluation of bus lines with data envelopment analysis and geographic information systems. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 33 (4):247–55. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2009.01.005.
- Lin, B., and Z. Du. 2017. Can urban rail transit curb automobile energy consumption? Energy Policy 105:120–27. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.02.038.
- Love, P. E. D., D. Ahiaga-dagbui, M. Welde, and J. Odeck. 2017. Light rail transit cost performance : Opportunities for future- proofing. Transportation Research Part A 100:27–39. doi:10.1016/j.tra.2017.04.002.
- Mahmoudi, R., A. Emrouznejad, S. N. Shetab-Boushehri, and S. H. Hejazi. 2020. The origins, development and future directions of data envelopment analysis approach in transportation systems. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 69:100672. doi:10.1016/j.seps.2018.11.009.
- Masoumi, M., and E. V. Öcalır-Akünal. 2018. A comparison of performances of urban rail systems in Turkey by Data Envelope Analysis. Journal of Polytechnic 21 (4):971–75. doi:10.2339/politeknik.391798.
- Mullarkey, S., B. Caulfield, S. McCormack, and B. Basu. 2015. A framework for establishing the technical efficiency of electricity distribution counties (EDCs) using data envelopment analysis. Energy Conversion and Management 94:112–23. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.01.049.
- Muñuzuri, J., and M. L. Muñoz-Díaz. 2019. Use of DEA to identify urban geographical zones with special difficulty for freight deliveries. Journal of Transport Geography 79:102490. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2019.102490.
- Naganathan, H., and W. K. Chong. 2017. Evaluation of state sustainable transportation performances (SSTP) using sustainable indicators. Sustainable Cities and Society 35:799–815. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2017.06.011.
- Odeck, J. 2006. Congestion, ownership, region of operation, and scale: Their impact on bus operator performance in Norway. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 40 (1):52–69. doi:10.1016/j.seps.2004.05.001.
- Rashidi, K., and K. Cullinane. 2019. Evaluating the sustainability of national logistics performance using Data Envelopment Analysis. Transport Policy, Elsevier 74 (C):35–46. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.11.014.
- Richard, D., R. D. Knowles, and F. Ferbrache. 2016. Evaluation of wider economic impacts of light rail investment on cities. Journal of Transport Geography 54:430–39. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2015.09.002.
- Ricke, K., L. Drouet, K. Caldeira, and M. Tavoni. 2018. Country-level social cost of carbon. Nature Climate Change 8 (10):895–900. doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0282-y.
- Sanchez, G. I. M. 2009. Technical and scale efficiency in Spanish urban transport: Estimating with data envelopment analysis. Advances in Operations Research. doi:10.1155/2009/721279.
- Şenlik, İ. 2016. Urban rail transport systems. Electrical Engineering Publication 458:37–39.
- Sueyoshi, T., Y. Yuan, and M. Goto. 2017. A literature study for DEA applied to energy and environment. Energy Econ 62:104–24. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.006.
- Sun, J., Y. Yuan, R. Yang, X. Ji, and J. Wu. 2017. Performance evaluation of Chinese port enterprises under significant environmental concerns: An extended DEA-based analysis. Transport Policy 60:75–86. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2017.09.001.
- To, W. M., P. K. C. Lee, and B. T. W. Yu. 2020. Sustainability assessment of an urban rail system The case of Hong Kong. Journal of Cleaner Production 253:119961. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.119961.
- Topal, O., and İ. Nakir. 2018. Total cost of ownership based economic analysis of diesel, CNG and electric bus concepts for the public transport in Istanbul city. Energies 11 (9):2369. doi:10.3390/en11092369.
- Van, H. T. K., T. V. Ha, T. Asada, and M. Arimura. 2022. Assessing transportation system efficiency in its relationship with urban housing: A data envelopment analysis. Asian Transport Studies 8 (2022):100065. doi:10.1016/j.eastsj.2022.100065.
- Von Hirschhausen, C., and A. Cullmann. 2010. A nonparametric efficiency analysis of German public transport companies. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review 46 (3):436–45. doi:10.1016/j.tre.2009.11.005.
- Wei, R., X. Liu, Y. Mu, L. Wang, A. Golub, and S. Farber. 2017. Evaluating public transit services for operational efficiency and access equity. Journal of Transport Geography 65:70–79. doi:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.10.010.
- Wolsing, K., H. Janko, and P. Ninh 2018. Denmark overview of available gas-driven vehicles in Denmark. NTU ApS, Denmark
- Yıldız, A., and O. Arıkan. 2019. Technical and economical efficiency analysis for DC electric railway systems. European Journal of Science and Technology 16 (August):729–39. doi:10.31590/ejosat.571167.
- Zhang, C., Z. Juan, Q. Luo, and G. Xiao. 2016. Performance evaluation of public transit systems using a combined evaluation method. Transport Policy 45:156–67. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.10.001.
- Zhang, X., Q. Zhang, T. Suna, Y. Zoua, and H. Chen. 2018. Evaluation of urban public transport priority performance based on the improved TOPSIS method: A case study of Wuhan. Sustainable Cities and Society 43:357–36. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.08.013.
- Zhu, J., and W. D. Cook. 2008. Data envelopment analysis modeling operational process and measuring productivity. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform.
- Zhu, J. 2014. Quantitative models for performance evaluation and benchmarking data envelopment analysis with spreadsheets. Springer.