Flexibility poverty: ‘locked-in’ flexibility practices and electricity use among students

References

• Andrey, C., L. Fournié, M. Gabay, H. De Sevin, and K. Sakellaris. 2016. The role and need of flexibility in 2030: Focus on energy storage. Metis studies study S07. Publications Office of the European Union. Accessed April 9, 2021. https://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/metis_study_s07_-_the_role_and_need_of_flexibility_in_2030._focus_on_storage.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Arthur, W. B. 1994. Increasing returns and path dependence in the economy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ballo, I. F. 2015. Imagining energy futures: Sociotechnical imaginaries of the future smart grid in Norway. Energy Research & Social Science 9:9–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.08.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnicoat, G., and M. Danson. 2015. The ageing population and smart metering: A field study of householders’ attitudes and behaviours towards energy use in Scotland. Energy Research & Social Science 9:107–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.08.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barstad, A., T. Løwe, and L. R. Thorsen. 2012. Studenters inntekt, økonomi og boutgifter Levekår blant studenter 2010 [Income, economic and study situation for students 2010] Statistisk sentralbyrå Rapporter 38/2012. Oslo and Kongsvinger: Statistisk sentralbyrå.
   Google Scholar
• Blue, S., E. Shove, and P. Forman. 2020. Conceptualising flexibility: Challenging representations of time and society in the energy sector. Time & Society 29:923–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X20905479.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouzarovski, S., S. Petrova, M. Kitching, and J. Baldwick. 2013. Precarious domesticities: Energy vulnerability among urban young adults. In Energy justice in a changing climate: Social equity and low-carbon energy, ed. K. Bickerstaff, G. Walker, and H. Bulkeley, 30–45. London and New York: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Bredvold, T. L. 2020. “Where no one is poor, and energy is abundant” A study of energy poverty in Norwegian households’. Master’s thesis, University of Oslo.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, T. H., F. Friis, S. Bettin, W. Throndsen, M. Ornetzeder, T. M. Skjølsvold, and M. Ryghaug. 2020. The role of competences, engagement, and devices in configuring the impact of prices in energy demand response: Findings from three smart energy pilots with households. Energy Policy, 137 (111142): 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111142
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, T. H., and E. Rommes. 2019. Don’t blame the youth: The social-institutional and material embeddedness of young people’s energy-intensive use of information and communication technology. Energy Research & Social Science 49:82–90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.10.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, T. H., R. Mourik, S. Breukers, T. Mathijsen, and H. Heuvel. 2014. Young people, ICT and energy – Status and trends in young people’s use and understanding of ICT and energy consumption. D2.1 Technical report on the organisation and outcomes of focus groups and the mapping exercise. Intelligent Energy Europe, Aalborg University, Denmark. Accessed March 29, 2021. http://vbn.aau.dk/files/201886616/UseITsmartly_WP2_report_D2.1_FINAL.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Cotton, D. R. E., J. Zhai, W. Miller, L. Dalla Valle, and J. Winter. 2020. Reducing energy demand in China and the United Kingdom: The importance of energy literacy. Journal of Cleaner Production 278:Article 123876. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123876.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doukas, H., and V. Marinakis. 2020. Energy poverty alleviation: Effective policies, best practices and innovative schemes. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 15 (2):45–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2020.1756689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Druckman, J. N., and C. D. Kam. 2011. Students as experimental participants. In Cambridge handbook of experimental political science, ed. J. N. Druckman, D. P. Green, J. H. Kuklinski, and A. Lupia, 41–57. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dulleck, U., R. Russell-Bennett, K. Letheren, S. Whyte, and M. Brumpton. 2019. Hug, nudge, shove or smack? Testing approaches to reducing peak energy consumption by consumers – Final report. Australia: Queensland University of Technology. Accessed March 29, 2021. https://research.qut.edu.au/best/publications/hug-nudge-shove-or-smack-testing-approaches-to-reducing-peak-energy-consumption-by-consumers-final-report/.
   Google Scholar
• EEA. 2021. Climate change is one of the biggest challenges of our times. European Environment Agency. Accessed April 8, 2021. https://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/climate/climate-change-is-one-of.
   Google Scholar
• Energifaktanorge. 2019. Energy use by sector. Accessed April 8, 2021. https://energifaktanorge.no/en/norsk-energibruk/energibruken-i-ulike-sektorer/.
   Google Scholar
• ENOVA. 2020. Årsrapport 2019. Accessed March 29, 2021. https://www.enova.no/om-enova/kampanjer/arsrapporten-2019/.
   Google Scholar
• Fjellså, I. F., A. Silvast and T. M. Skjølsvold. 2021. Justice aspects of flexible household electricity consumption in future smart energy systems. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions 38:98–109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2020.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geels, F. W., B. K. Sovacool, T. Schwanen, and S. Sorrell. 2017. Sociotechnical transitions for deep decarbonization. Science 357 (6357):1242–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao3760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilli, P. V., N. Nakicenovic, and R. Kurz 1996. First- and second-law efficiencies of the global and regional energy systems. IIASA Research Report RR-96-2. Accessed April 8, 2021. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33895933.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gram-Hanssen, K. 2011. Understanding change and continuity in residential energy consumption. Journal of Consumer Culture 11 (1):61–78. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540510391725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubler, A., C. Wilson, N. Bento, B. Boza-Kiss, V. Krey, D. L. McCollum, N. D. Rao, K. Riahi, J. Rogelj, S. De Stercke, et al. 2018. A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies. Nature Energy 3:515–27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, A. R. 2018. Sticky’ energy practices: The impact of childhood and early adulthood experience on later energy consumption practices. Energy Research & Social Science 46:125–39. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2018.06.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargreaves, T., M. Nye, and J. Burgess. 2013. Keeping energy visible? Exploring how householders interact with feedback from smart energy monitors in the longer term. Energy Policy 52:126–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higginson, S. L. 2014. The rhythm of life is a powerful beat: Demand response opportunities for time-shifting domestic electricity practices. PhD thesis, Loughborough University.
   Google Scholar
• Ingeborgrud, L., S. Heidenreich, M. Ryghaug, T. M. Skjølsvold, C. Foulds, R. Robison, K. Buchmann, and R. Mourik. 2020. Expanding the scope and implications of energy research: A guide to key themes and concepts from the social sciences and humanities. Energy Research & Social Science 63:101398. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101398.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins, K., D. McCauley, R. Heffron, H. Stephan, and R. Rehner. 2016. Energy justice: A conceptual review. Energy Research & Social Science 11:174–82. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.10.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaygusuz, K. 2010. Climate change and biomass energy for sustainability. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 5 (2):133–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15567240701764537.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keute, A.-L. 2017. For mye betalt arbeid går på bekostning av studietiden [Too much paid work affects study time]. Accessed October 20, 2020. https://www.ssb.no/utdanning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/for-mye-betalt-arbeid-gar-pa-bekostning-av-studietiden.
   Google Scholar
• Keute, A.-L. 2018a. Hjemme bra, men borte best? Studentenes bosituasjon [Good to be home, but away is better? Students’ living situation]. Accessed October 20, 2020. https://www.ssb.no/utdanning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/hjemme-bra-men-borte-best.
   Google Scholar
• Keute, A.-L. 2018b. Studielån og deltidsjobb langt vanligere i Norden enn i resten av Europa [Student loan and part-time jobs are more common in the North than elsewhere in Europe]. Accessed October 20, 2020. https://www.ssb.no/utdanning/artikler-og-publikasjoner/studielan-og-deltidsjobb-langt-vanligere-i-norden-enn-i-resten-av-europa.
   Google Scholar
• Kousis, I., M. Laskari, V. Ntouros, M.-N. Assimakopoulos, and J. Romanowicz. 2020. An analysis of the determining factors of fuel poverty among students living in the private-rented sector in Europe and its impact on their well-being. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 15 (2):113–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2020.1773579.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishnamurthy, C., and B. Kriström. 2015. How large is the owner-renter divide in energy efficient technology? Evidence from an OECD cross-section. The Energy Journal 36 (4):85–104. doi:https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.36.4.ckri.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lien, S. K., M. Ahang, K. B. Lindberg, and Ø. Fjellheim. 2020. ZEN case study: End user flexibility potential in the service sector. ZEN report 27, NTNU/SINTEF. Accessed March 29, 2021. https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/2684264.
   Google Scholar
• Morris, J., and A. Genovese. 2018. An empirical investigation into students’ experience of fuel poverty. Energy Policy 120:228–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Normann, T. M. 2016. Dårligere boforhold for leiere enn for eiere [Worse living conditions for tenants than for homeowners]. Accessed October 30, 2020. https://www.ssb.no/bygg-bolig-og-eiendom/artikler-og-publikasjoner/darligere-boforhold-for-leiere-enn-for-eiere.
   Google Scholar
• OECD. 2016. OECD economic surveys: Norway 2016. Accessed March 29, 2021. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-nor-2016-en.
   Google Scholar
• Öhrlund, I., Å. Linné, and C. Bartusch. 2019. Convenience before coins: Household responses to dual dynamic price signals and energy feedback in Sweden. Energy Research & Social Science 52:236–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.02.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Öhrlund, I. 2020. Demand side response: Exploring how and why users respond to signals aimed at incentivizing a shift of electricity use in time. Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University.
   Google Scholar
• Powells, G., and M. J. Fell. 2019. Flexibility capital and flexibility justice in smart energy systems. Energy Research & Social Science 54:56–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.03.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revold, M. K. 2019. Færre unge kjøper bolig [Fewer young people buy housing]. SSB analyse 2019/23: Unge på boligmarkedet. Accessed October 20, 2020. https://www.ssb.no/bygg-bolig-og-eiendom/artikler-og-publikasjoner/faerre-unge-kjoper-bolig.
   Google Scholar
• Robison, R., T. M. Skjølsvold, J. Lehne, E. Judson, V. Pechancová, C. Foulds, L. Bilous, C. Büscher, G. Carrus, S. Darby et al. 2020. 100 social sciences and humanities priority research questions for smart consumption in Horizon Europe. Cambridge: Energy-SHIFTS.
   Google Scholar
• Rotger-Griful, S., R. H. Jacobsen, R. S. Brewer, and M. K. Rasmussen. 2017. Green lift: Exploring the demand response potential of elevators in Danish buildings. Energy Research & Social Science 32:55–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.04.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royston, S., J. Selby, and E. Shove. 2018. Invisible energy policies: A new agenda for energy demand reduction. Energy Policy 123:127–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.08.052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryghaug, M., and T. M. Skjølsvold. 2019. Nurturing a regime shift toward electro-mobility in Norway. In The governance of smart transportation systems: Towards new organizational structures for the development of shared, automated, electric and integrated mobility, ed. M. Finger and M. Audouin, 147–65. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Sæle, H., and O. S. Grande. 2011. Demand response from household customers: Experiences from a pilot study in Norway. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 2 (1):102–09. doi:https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2010.2104165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schick, L., and C. Gad. 2015. Flexible and inflexible energy engagements—A study of the Danish smart grid strategy. Energy Research & Social Science 9:51–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.08.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarzinger, S., D. N. Bird, and T. M. Skjølsvold. 2019. Identifying consumer lifestyles through their energy impacts: Transforming social science data into policy-relevant group-level knowledge. Sustainability 11 (21):6162. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11216162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirani, F., C. Groves, K. Henwood, N. Pidgeon, and E. Roberts. 2020. ‘I’m the smart meter’: Perceptions of smart technology amongst vulnerable consumers. Energy Policy 144 (Article):111637. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111637.
   Google Scholar
• Shove, E. 2003. Comfort, cleanliness and convenience: The social organization of normality. Oxford: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Shove, E. 2009. Everyday practices and the production and consumption of time. In Time, consumption and everyday life: Practice, materiality and culture, ed. E. Shove, F. Trentmann, and R. Wilk, 17-33. Oxford and New York: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Silvast, A., W. Robin, S. Hyysalo, K. Rommetveit, and C. Raab. 2018. Who ‘uses’ smart grids? The evolving nature of user representations in layered infrastructures. Sustainability 10 (10):Article3738. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skjølsvold, T. M., M. Ryghaug and T Berker. 2015. A traveler’s guide to smart grids and the social sciences, Energy Research & Social Science, 9: 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2015.08.017.
   Google Scholar
• Skjølsvold, T. M., S. Jørgensen and M. Ryghaug. 2017. Users, design and the role of feedback technologies in the Norwegian energy transition: an empirical study and some radical challenges. Energy Research & Social Science 25:1-8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.11.005
   Google Scholar
• Skjølsvold, T. M., M. Ryghaug, and J. Dugstad. 2013. Building on Norway’s energy goldmine: Policies for expertise, export, and market efficiencies. In Renewable Energy Governance: Complexities and challenges, ed. E. Michalena and J. M. Hills, 337–49. London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Smale, R., B. Van Vliet, and G. Spaargaren. 2017. When social practices meet smart grids: Flexibility, grid management, and domestic consumption in the Netherlands. Energy Research & Social Science 34:132–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2017.06.037.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokołowski, J., P. Lewandowski, A. Kiełczewska, and S. Bouzarovski. 2020. A multidimensional index to measure energy poverty: The Polish case. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy 15 (2):92–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2020.1742817.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sovacool, B., D. J. Hess, S. Amir, F. W. Geels, R. Hirsh, L. Rodriguez Medina, C. Miller, C. Alvial Palavicino, R. Phadke, M. Ryghaug, et al. 2020. Sociotechnical agendas: Reviewing future directions for energy and climate research. Energy Research & Social Science 70 (Article):101617.
   Google Scholar
• SSB. 2012. Husholdninger med utvalgte varige forbruksvarer (prosent), etter varegruppe, husholdningstype, statistikkvariabel og år [Households with selected durable consumer goods, by various types of household (per cent)]. Statistisk Sentralbyrå. Accessed October 30, 2020. https://www.ssb.no/statbank/sq/10042556.
   Google Scholar
• SSB. 2021a. Studenter i høyere utdanning [Students in higher education]. Statistisk Sentralbyrå. Accessed April 8, 2021. https://www.ssb.no/utdanning/statistikker/utuvh.
   Google Scholar
• SSB. 2021b. Boforhold, registerbasert [Housing conditions, register-based]. Statistisk Sentralbyrå. Accessed April 8, 2021. https://www.ssb.no/en/bygg-bolig-og-eiendom/statistikker/boforhold.
   Google Scholar
• Steffensen, K., R. Ekren, and G. Nygård. 2015. Studenters økonomi og studiesituasjon: Norske resultater fra Eurostudent V i et europeisk perspektiv [Economic and study situation for students: Norwegian results from Eurostudent V in a European prespective]. Statistisk sentralbyrå Rapporter 2015/50, Statistisk sentralbyrå, Oslo and Kongsvinger.
   Google Scholar
• Strengers, Y. 2013. Smart energy technologies in everyday life: Smart utopia? London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Strengers, Y. 2014. Smart energy in everyday life: Are you designing for resource man? Interactions 21 (4):24–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1145/2621931.
   Google Scholar
• Throndsen, W. 2017. What do experts talk about when they talk about users? Expectations and imagined users in the smart grid. Energy Efficiency 10 (2):283–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12053-016-9456-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjørring, L., C. L. Jensen, L. G. Hansen, and L. M. Andersen. 2018. Increasing the flexibility of electricity consumption in private households: Does gender matter? Energy Policy 118:9–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torriti, J. 2012. Price-based demand side management: Assessing the impacts of time-of-use tariffs on residential electricity demand and peak shifting in Northern Italy. Energy 44 (1):576–83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2012.05.043.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UN. 2020. Climate action: Why it matters. 13. Climate action. Sustainable development goals. Accessed April 8, 2021. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/13_Why-It-Matters-2020.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Unruh, G. C. 2000. Understanding carbon lock-in. Energy Policy 28 (12):817–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(00)00070-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wadud, Z., S. Royston, and J. Selby. 2019. Modelling energy demand from higher education institutions: A case study of the UK. Applied Energy 233 (23):816–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.203.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, G. 2014. The dynamics of energy demand: Change, rhythm and synchronicity. Energy Research & Social Science 1:49–55. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2014.03.012.
   Google Scholar
• With, M. L., and L. R. Thorsen. 2018. Materielle og sosiale mangler i den norske befolkningen [Material and social deprivation in Norway]. Rapporter 2018/7, Statistisk Sentralbyrå, Oslo and Kongsvinger.
   Google Scholar