Rail Commuting to Workplaces in Belgium: A Multilevel Approach

REFERENCES

• Banister D . 2008 . The sustainable mobility paradigm . Transport Policy 15 : 73 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat CR , Sardesai R . 2006 . The impact of stop-making and travel time reliability on commute mode choice . Transportation Research Part B 40 : 709 – 730 .
   Google Scholar
• Blauwens G , De Baere P , Van de Voorde E . 2008 . Transport Economics . Antwerp : De Boeck .
   Google Scholar
• Boschmann EE , Kwan M-P . 2008 . Toward socially sustainable urban transportation: Progress and potentials . International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 2 : 138 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boussauw K , Witlox F . 2009 . Introducing a commute-energy performance index for Flanders . Transportation Research Part A 43 : 580 – 591 .
   Google Scholar
• Boussauw K , Neutens T , Witlox F . Forthcoming. The relationship between spatial proximity and travel-to-work distance: The effect of the compact city. Regional Studies. Forthcoming .
   Google Scholar
• Bresson G , Dargay J , Madre JL , Pirotte A . 2003 . The main determinants of the demand for public transport: a comparative analysis of England and France using shrinkage estimators . Transportation Research Part A 37 : 605 – 627 .
   Google Scholar
• Brewer AM . 1998 . Work design, flexible work arrangements and travel behaviour: Policy implications . Transport Policy 5 : 93 – 101 .
   Google Scholar
• Brons M , Givoni M , Rietveld P . 2009 . Access to railway stations and its potential in increasing rail use . Transportation Research Part A 43 : 136 – 149 .
   Google Scholar
• Browne WJ , Subramanian SV , Jones K , Goldstein H . 2005 . Variance partitioning in multilevel logistic models that exhibit overdispersion . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A 168 : 599 – 613 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burger M , van Oort F , Linders G-J . 2009 . On the specification of the gravity model of trade: Zeros, excess zeros and zero-inflated estimation . Spatial Economic Analysis 4 : 167 – 190 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns S , Sloman L , Newson C , Anable J , Kirkbride A , Goodwin P . 2008 . Smarter choices: Assessing the potential to achieve traffic reduction using ‘soft measures’ . Transport Reviews 28 : 593 – 618 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C , Gong H , Paaswell R . 2008 . Role of the built environment on mode choice decisions: Additional evidence on the impact of density . Transportation 35 : 285 – 299 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeHart-Davis L , Guensler R . 2005 . Employers as mediating institutions for public policy: The case of commute options programs . Policy Studies Journal 33 : 675 – 697 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Witte A , Macharis C , Mairesse O . 2008 . How persuasive is ‘free’ public transport? . A survey among commuters in the Brussels Capital Region. Transport Policy 15 : 216 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Dujardin C , Peeters D , Thomas I . 2009 . Neighbourhood effects and endogeneity issues . In: Bavaud F , Mager C (eds.), Handbook of Theoretical and Quantitative Geography . Lausanne : University of Lausanne , pp. 29 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan C , Jones K , Moon G . 1996 . Health-related behaviour in context: A multilevel modelling approach . Social Science & Medicine 42 : 817 – 830 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FOD Mobiliteit en Vervoer, 2007. Diagnostiek Woon-Werkverkeer van 30 juni 2005–Eindverslag, Federale Overheidsdienst Mobiliteit en Vervoer, Brussels .
   Google Scholar
• Giuliano G , Hwang K , Wachs M . 1993 . Employee trip reduction in Southern California: First year results . Transportation Research Part A 27 : 125 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Givoni M , Rietveld P . 2007 . The access journey to the railway station and its role in passengers' satisfaction with rail travel . Transport Policy 14 : 357 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein H . 1995 . Multilevel Statistical Models . London : Arnold .
   Google Scholar
• Groenewegen PP , Leufkens HG , Spreeuwenberg P , Worm W . 1999 . Neighbourhood characteristics and use of benzodiazepines in The Netherlands . Social Science & Medicine 48 : 1701 – 1711 .
   Google Scholar
• Hensher DA . 2008 . Assessing systematic sources of variation in public transport elasticities: Some comparative warnings . Transportation Research Part A 42 : 1031 – 1042 .
   Google Scholar
• Hox JJ . 2002 . Multilevel Analysis: Techniques and Applications . Mahwah , NJ : Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Hung R . 1996. Using compressed workweeks to reduce work commuting. Transportation Research Part A 30:11–19.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang K , Giuliano G . 1990 . The Determinants of Ridesharing: Literature Review. UCTC Working Paper no 38. Berkeley, California .
   Google Scholar
• Iseki H , Taylor BD . 2009 . Not all transfers are created equal: Towards a framework relating transfer connectivity to travel behaviour . Transport Reviews 29 : 777 – 800 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langford IH , Bentham G , McDonald A-L . 1998 . Multi-level modelling of geographically aggregated health data: a case study on malignant melanoma mortality and UV exposure in the European Community . Statistics in Medicine 17 : 41 – 57 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limtanakool N , Dijst M , Schwanen T . 2006 . The influence of socioeconomic characteristics, land use and travel time considerations on mode choice for medium- and longer-distance trips . Journal of Transport Geography 14 : 327 – 341 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons G , Chatterjee K . 2008 . A human perspective on the daily commute: Costs, benefits and trade-offs . Transport Reviews 28 : 181 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons G , Urry J . 2005 . Travel time use in the information age . Transportation Research Part A 39 : 257 – 276 .
   Google Scholar
• Maat K , Timmermans HJP . 2009 . Influence of the residential and work environment on car use in dual-earner households . Transportation Research Part A 43 : 654 – 664 .
   Google Scholar
• Manley D , Flowerdew R , Steel D . 2006 . Scales, levels and processes: Studying spatial patterns of British census variables . Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 30 : 143 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall S , Banister D . 2000 . Travel reduction strategies: Intentions and outcomes . Transportation Research Part A 34 : 321 – 338 .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer MD . 1999 . Demand management as an element of transportation policy: Using carrots and sticks to influence travel behavior . Transportation Research Part A 33 : 575 – 599 .
   Google Scholar
• Möser G , Bamberg S . 2008 . The effectiveness of soft transport policy measures: A critical assessment and meta-analysis of empirical evidence . Journal of Environmental Psychology 28 : 10 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Fallon C , Sullivan C , Hensher DA . 2004 . Constraints affecting mode choices by morning car commuters . Transport Policy 11 : 17 – 29 .
   Google Scholar
• Paulley N , Balcombe R , Mackett R , Titheridge H , Preston J , Wardman M , Shires J , White P . 2006 . The demand for public transport: The effects of fares, quality of service, income and car ownership . Transport Policy 13 : 295 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter S , Enoch M , Rye T , Black C , Ubbels B . 2006 . Tax treatment of employer commuting support: An international review . Transport Reviews 26 : 221 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasbash J , Steele F , Browne W , Prosser B . 2005 . A User's Guide to MLwiN Version 2.0 . Bristol : Centre for Multilevel Modelling University of Bristol .
   Google Scholar
• Rasbash J , Steele F , Browne W , Goldstein H . 2009 . A User's Guide to MLwiN Version 2.10 . Bristol : Centre for Multilevel Modelling University of Bristol .
   Google Scholar
• Rietveld P . 2000 . The accessibility of railway stations: The role of the bicycle in The Netherlands . Transportation Research Part D 5 : 71 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riguelle F , Thomas I , Verhetsel A . 2007 . Measuring urban polycentrism: A European case study and its implications . Journal of Economic Geography 7 : 193 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robèrt M . 2009 . A model for climate target-oriented planning and monitoring of corporate travel . International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 3 : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roby H . 2010 . Workplace travel plans: Past, present and future . Journal of Transport Geography 18 : 23 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rye T . 1999a . Employer attitudes to employer transport plans: A comparison of UK and Dutch experience . Transport Policy 6 : 183 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Rye T . 1999b . Employer transport plans: A case for regulation? Transport Reviews 19 : 13 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rye T . 2002 . Travel plans: Do they work? Transport Policy 9 : 287 – 298 .
   Google Scholar
• Schwanen T , Dieleman FM , Dijst M . 2004. The impact of metropolitan structure on commute behavior in the Netherlands: A multilevel approach. Growth and Change 35:304–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stead D . 2008 . Effectiveness and acceptability of urban transport policies in Europe . International Journal of Sustainable Transportation 2 : 3 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramanian SV , Duncan C , Jones K . 2001 . Multilevel perspectives on modeling census data . Environment and Planning A 33 : 399 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor BD , Miller D , Iseki H , Fink C . 2009 . Nature and/or nurture? Analyzing the determinants of transit ridership across US urbanized areas . Transportation Research Part A 43 : 60 – 77 .
   Google Scholar
• Tranmer M , Steel DG . 2001 . Ignoring a level in a multilevel model: Evidence from UK census data . Environment and Planning A 33 : 941 – 948 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Exel NJA , Rietveld P . 2009 . Could you also have made this trip by another mode? An investigation of perceived travel possibilities of car and train travellers on the main travel corridors to the city of Amsterdam, The Netherlands . Transportation Research Part A 43 : 374 – 385 .
   Google Scholar
• van Ommeren J , Rietveld P , Nijkamp P . 1999 . Job moving, residential moving, and commuting: A search perspective . Journal of Urban Economics 46 : 230 – 253 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenbulcke G , Steenberghen T , Thomas I . 2007 . Accessibility Indicators to Places and Transports: Final Report . Brussels : Belgian Science Policy and FPS Mobility and Transports .
   Google Scholar
• Vandenbulcke G , Steenberghen T , Thomas I . 2009 . Mapping accessibility in Belgium: A tool for land-use and transport planning? Journal of Transport Geography 17 : 39 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Malderen L , Jourquin B , Thomas I , Vanoutrive T , Verhetsel A , Witlox F . 2009 . Mobility policies of the companies located in Belgium: Are there succes stories? In: Macharis C , Turcksin L . (eds.), Proceedings of the BIVEC-GIBET Transport Research Day 2009 . Brussels : VUB Press , pp. 335 – 349 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Malderen L , Jourquin B , Thomas I , Van De Vijver E , Vanoutrive T , Verhetsel A , Witlox F . 2010 . The Employer Mobility Plans: Benefits, Acceptability and Effectiveness. Paper presented at the 12th World Conference on Transport Research (WCTR). July 11–15, 2010–Lisbon, Portugal .
   Google Scholar
• Vanoutrive T , Van Malderen L , Jourquin B , Thomas I , Verhetsel A , Witlox F . 2009 . ‘Let the business cycle!’ A spatial multilevel analysis of cycling to work . Belgeo 2009 ( 2 ): 217 – 232 .
   Google Scholar
• Vanoutrive T , Van Malderen L , Jourquin B , Thomas I , Verhetsel A , Witlox F . 2010 . Mobility management measures by employers: Overview and exploratory analysis for Belgium . European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research 10 : 121 – 141 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vansteenwegen P , Van Oudheusden D . 2007 . Decreasing the passenger waiting time for an intercity rail network . Transportation Research Part B 41 : 478 – 492 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Wee B . 2009 . Self-Selection: A key to a better understanding of location choices, travel behaviour and transport externalities? Transport Reviews 29 : 279 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wee B , Rietveld P , Meurs H . 2006 . Is average daily travel time expenditure constant? In search of explanations for an increase in average travel time . Journal of Transport Geography 14 : 109 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhetsel A , Vanelslander T . 2010 . What location policy can bring to sustainable commuting: An empirical study in Brussels and Flanders, Belgium . Journal of Transport Geography 18 : 691 – 701 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhetsel A , Van Hecke E , Thomas I , Beelen M , Halleux J-M , Lambotte J-M , Rixhon G , Mérenne-Schoumaker B . 2009 . Pendel in België. FOD Economie, KMO, Middenstand en Energie, Brussels .
   Google Scholar
• Wardman M , Tyler J . 2000 . Rail network accessibility and the demand for inter-urban rail travel . Transport Reviews 20 : 3 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar