References
- Adams, M., Frank, L., Schipperijn, J., Smith, G., Chapman, J., Christiansen, L., …Sallis, J. (2014). International variation in neighborhood walkability, transit, and recreation environments using geographic information systems: The IPEN adult study. International Journal of Health Geographics, 13, 43. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-13-43
- Adams, M., Todd, M., Kurka, J., Conway, T., Cain, K., Frank, L., & Sallis, J. (2015). Patterns of walkability, transit, and recreation environment for physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49(6), 878–887. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.024
- Adu-Brimpong, J., Coffey, N., Ayers, C., Berrigan, D., Yingling, L., Thomas, S., …Powell-Wiley, T. (2017). Optimizing scoring and sampling methods for assessing built neighborhood environment quality in residential areas. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(3), 273. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14030273
- An, D., Tong, X., Liu, K., & Chan, E. (2019). Understanding the impact of built environment on metro ridership using open source in Shanghai. Cities, 93, 177–187. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.013
- Arellana, J., Saltarín, M., Larrañaga, A., Alvarez, V., & Henao, C. (2020). Urban walkability considering pedestrians’ perceptions of the built environment: A 10-year review and a case study in a medium-sized city in Latin America. Transport Reviews, 40(2), 183–203. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2019.1703842
- Awuor, L., & Melles, S. (2019). The influence of environmental and health indicators on premature mortality: An empirical analysis of the city of Toronto's 140 neighborhoods. Health and Place, 58, 102155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102155
- Berke, E., Koepsell, T., Moudon, A., Hoskins, R., & Larson, E. (2007). Association of the built environment with physical activity and obesity in older persons. American Journal of Public Health, 97(3), 486–492. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2006.085837
- Bhadra, S., Sazid, A., & Zannat, M. (2015). An objective assessment of walkability in Khulna City: A GIS based approach [paper presentation]. International Conference on Green Energy and Technology, ICGET 2015, Dhaka, Bangladesh. September, 11-12). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1109/ICGET.2015.7315092
- Bödeker, M. (2018). Walking and walkability in pre-set and self-defined neighborhoods: a mental mapping study in older adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 1363. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071363
- Boulange, C., Pettit, C., Gunn, L., Giles-Corti, B., & Badland, H. (2018). Improving planning analysis and decision making: The development and application of a Walkability Planning Support System. Journal of Transport Geography, 69, 129–137. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.04.017
- Bracy, N., Millstein, R., Carlson, J., Conway, T., Sallis, J., Saelens, B., & King, A. (2014). Is the relationship between the built environment and physical activity moderated by perceptions of crime and safety? International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11, 24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-24
- Braun, L., Rodriguez, D., Song, Y., Meyer, K., Lewis, C., Reis, J., & Gordon-Larsen, P. (2016). Changes in walking, body mass index, and cardiometabolic risk factors following residential relocation: Longitudinal results from the CARDIA study. Journal of Transport and Health, 3, 426–439. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2016.08.006
- Buck, C., Tkaczick, T., Pitsiladis, Y., De Bourdehaudhuij, I., Reisch, L., Ahrens, W., & Pigeot, I. (2015). Objective measures of the built environment and physical activity in children: from walkability to moveability. Journal of Urban Health, 92(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9915-2
- Cambra, P., & Moura, F. (2020). How does walkability change relate to walking behavior change? Effects of a street improvement in pedestrian volumes and walking experience. Journal of Transport and Health, 16, 100797. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100797
- Carlson, J., Frank, L., Ulmer, J., Conway, T., Saelens, B., Cain, K., & Sallis, J. (2018). Work and home neighborhood design and physical activity. American Journal of Health Promotion, 32(8), 1723–1729. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0890117118768767
- Cerin, E., Leslie, E., Owen, N., & Bauman, A. (2007). Applying GIS in physical activity research: Community ‘walkability’ and walking behaviors. In Lai, P. and Mak, A. (Eds), GIS for Health and the Environment. (pp. 72–89). Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71318-0_6
- Cervero, R., Sarmiento, O., Jacoby, E., Gomez, L., & Neiman, A. (2009). Influences of built environments on walking and cycling: Lessons from Bogotá. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 3(4), 203–226. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15568310802178314
- Chandrabose, M., Cerin, E., Mavoa, S., Dunstan, D., Carver, A., Turrell, G., …Sugiyama, T. (2019). Neighborhood walkability and 12-year changes in cardio-metabolic risk: the mediating role of physical activity. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16, 86. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0849-7
- Chen, B., Hsueh, M., Rutherford, R., Park, J., & Liao, Y. (2019). The associations between neighborhood walkability attributes and objectively measured physical activity in older adults. PLoS ONE, 14(9), e0222268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222268
- Christiansen, L., Madsen, T., Schipperijn, J., Ersbøll, A., & Troelsen, J. (2014). Variations in active transport behavior among different neighborhoods and across adult life stages. Journal of Transport & Health, 1, 316–325. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2014.10.002
- Clark, A., Scott, D., & Yiannakoulias, N. (2014). Examining the relationship between active travel, weather, and the built environment: a multilevel approach using a GPS-enhanced dataset. Transportation, 41, 325–338. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-013-9476-3
- Colley, R., Christidis, T., Michaud, I., Tjepkema, M., & Ross, N. (2019). An examination of the associations between walkable neighbourhoods and obesity and self-rated health in Canadians. Health Reports, 30(9), 14–24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25318/82-003-x201900900002-eng
- Cook, J., Bose, M., Marshall, W., & Main, D. (2013). How does design quality add to our understanding of walkable communities? Landscape Journal, 32(2), 151–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3368/lj.32.2.151
- Creatore, M., Glazier, R., Moineddin, R., Fazli, G., Johns, A., Gozdyra, P., …Booth, G. (2016). Association of neighborhood walkability with change in overweight, obesity, and diabetes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 315(20), 2211–2220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.5898
- Cruise, S., Hunter, R., Kee, F., Donnelly, M., Ellis, G., & Tully, M. (2017). A comparison of road- and footpath-based walkability indices and their associations with active travel. Journal of Transport & Health, 6, 119–127. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.05.364
- De Sa, E., & Ardern, C. (2014). Neighbourhood walkability, leisure-time and transport-related physical activity in a mixed urban-rural area. PeerJ., 2, e440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.440
- Deng, C., Dong, X., Wang, H., Lin, W., Wen, H., Frazier, J., …Holmes, L. (2020). A data-driven framework for walkability measurement with open data: A case study of triple cities, New York. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 9, 36. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi9010036
- Dias, A., Gaya, A., Santos, M., Brand, C., Pizarro, A., Fochesatto, C., …Gaya, A. (2020). Neighborhood environmental factors associated with leisure walking in adolescents. Revista de Saúde Pública, 54, 1–12. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054002222
- Dygryn, J., Mitas, J., & Stelzer, J. (2010). The influence of built environment on walkability using geographic information system. Journal of Human Kinetics, 24, 93–99. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0025-2
- Edwards, N., & Dulai, J. (2018). Examining the relationships between walkability and physical activity among older persons: What about stairs? BMC Public Health, 18, 1025. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5945-0
- Ellis, G., Hunter, R., Tully, M., Donnelly, M., Kelleher, L., & Kee, F. (2016). Connectivity and physical activity: using footpath networks to measure the walkability of built environments. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 42, 1–22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0265813515610672
- Esteban-Cornejo, I., Carlson, J., Conway, T., Cain, K., Saelens, B., Frank, L., …Sallis, J. (2016). Parental and adolescent perceptions of neighborhood safety related to adolescents' physical activity in their neighborhood. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 87(2), 191–199. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2016.1153779
- Fan, P., Wan, G., Xu, L., Park, H., Xie, Y., Liu, Y., …Chen, J. (2018). Walkability in urban landscapes: a comparative study of four large cities in China. Landscape Ecology, 33, 323–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-017-0602-z
- Foster, S., Hooper, P., Burton, N., Brown, W., Giles-Corti, B., Rachele, J., & Turrell, G. (2021). Safe habitats: Does the association between neighborhood crime and walking differ by neighborhood disadvantage? Environment and Behavior, 53(1), 3–39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916519853300
- Frank, L., Sallis, J., Saelens, B., Leary, L., Cain, L., Conway, T., & Hess, P. (2010). The development of a walkability index: Application to the neighborhood quality of life study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 4, 924–933. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.058701
- Frank, L., Schmid, T., Sallis, J., Chapman, J., & Saelens, B. (2005). Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form: Findings from SMARTRAQ. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28, 117–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.001
- Gebel, K., Bauman, A., & Owen, N. (2009). Correlates of non-concordance between perceived and objective measures of walkability. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37, 228–238. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9098-3
- Giles-Corti, B., Macaulay, G., Middleton, N., Boruff, B., Bull, F., Butterworth, I., … Christian, H. (2014). Developing a research and practice tool to measure walkability: A demonstration project. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 25, 160–166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1071/HE14050
- Glazier, R., Creatore, M., Weyman, J., Fazli, G., Matheson, F., Gozdyra, P., … Booth, G. (2014). Density, destinations or both? A comparison of measures of walkability in relation to transportation behaviors, obesity and diabetes in Toronto, Canada. PLoS One, 9(1), e85295. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085295
- Golan, Y., Henderson, J., Lee, N., & Weverka, A. (2019). Gendered walkability: Building a daytime walkability index for women. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 12(1), 501–526. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2019.1472
- Grasser, G., Van Dyck, D., Titze, S., & Stronegger, W. (2017). A European perspective on GIS-based walkability and active modes of transport. European Journal of Public Health, 27(1), 145–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw118
- Habibian, M., & Hosseinzadeh, A. (2018). Walkability index across trip purposes. Sustainable Cities and Society, 42, 216–225. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.07.005
- Hall, C., & Ram, Y. (2018). Walk score® and its potential contribution to the study of active transport and walkability: A critical and systematic review. Transportation Research Part D, 61, 310–324. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.018
- Hanibuchi, T., Kondo, K., Nakaya, T., Shirai, K., Hirai, H., & Kawachi, I. (2012). Does walkable mean sociable? Neighborhood determinants of social capital among older adults in Japan. Health and Place, 18, 229–239. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.09.015
- Hankey, S., Marshall, J., & Brauer, M. (2012). Health impacts of the built environment: within-urban variability in physical inactivity, air pollution, and ischemic heart disease mortality. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(2), 247–253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103806
- Herrmann, T., Boisjoly, G., Ross, N., & El-Geneidy, A. (2017). The missing middle filling the gap between walkability and observed walking behaviour. Transportation Research Record, 2661, 103–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3141/2661-12
- Hill, J., Chau, C., Luebbering, C., Kolivras, K., & Zoellner, J. (2012). Does availability of physical activity and food outlets differ by race and income? Findings from an enumeration study in a health disparate region. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-105
- Hollenstein, D., & Bleisch, S. (2016). Walkability for different urban granularities [Paper presentation].XXIII ISPRS Congress, Prague, Czech Republic. July, 12-19). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B2-703-2016
- Howell, N., Tu, A., Moineddin, R., Chen, H., Chu, A., Hystad, P., & Booth, G. (2019). The probability of diabetes and hypertension by levels of neighborhood walkability and traffic-related air pollution across 15 municipalities in Southern Ontario, Canada: A dataset derived from 2,496,458 community dwelling-adults. Data in Brief, 27, 104439. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.104439
- Huang, R., Moudon, A., Zhou, C., & Saelens, B. (2019). Higher residential and employment densities are associated with more objectively measured walking in the home neighbourhood. Journal of Transport & Health, 12, 142–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.12.002
- Jacobs, J., Backholer, K., Strugnell, C., Allender, S., & Nichols, M. (2021). Socio-economic and regional differences in walkability and greenspace around primary schools: a census of Australian primary school neighbourhoods. Journal of Community Health, 46(1), 98–107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-020-00851-7
- James, P., Hart, J., Banay, R., Laden, F., & Signorello, L. (2017). Built environment and depression in low-income African Americans and Whites. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.022
- James, P., Hart, J., & Laden, F. (2015). Neighborhood walkability and particulate air pollution in a nationwide cohort of women. Environmental Research, 142, 703–711. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2015.09.005
- Kaczynski, A. (2010). Neighborhood walkability perceptions: associations with amount of neighborhood-based physical activity by intensity and purpose. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 7, 3–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.7.1.3
- Kartschmit, N., Sutcliffe, R., Sheldon, M., Moebus, S., Greiser, K., Hartwig, S., …Rudge, G. (2020). Walkability and its association with prevalent and incident diabetes among adults in different regions of Germany: Results of pooled data from five German cohorts. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 20(1), 7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-019-0485-x
- Kenyon, A., & Pearce, J. (2019). The socio-spatial distribution of walkable environments in urban Scotland: A case study from Glasgow and Edinburgh. SSM - Population Health, 9, 100461. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100461
- Kerr, J., Norman, G., Millstein, R., Adams, M., Morgan, C., Langer, R., & Allison, M. (2014). Neighborhood environment and physical activity among older women: Findings from the San Diego cohort of the women's health initiative. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11, 1070–1077. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0159
- Kerr, J., Sallis, J., Owen, N., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Cerin, E., Sugiyama, T., …Bracy, N. (2013). Advancing science and policy through a coordinated international study of physical activity and built environments: IPEN adult methods. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 10, 581–601. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.10.4.581
- Khanal, A., & Babiano, I. (2016). What kind of built environment favours walking? A systematic review of the walkability indices [Paper presentation].Australasian Transport Research Forum 2016, Melbourne, Australia. November, 16-18.
- King, D. (2008). Neighborhood and individual factors in activity in older adults: Results from the neighborhood and senior health study. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 16(2), 144–170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.16.2.144
- King, K., & Clarke, P. (2015). A disadvantaged advantage in walkability: Findings from socioeconomic and geographical analysis of national built environment data in the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology, 181, 17–25. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwu310
- Koohsari, M., Badland, H., Sugiyama, T., Mavoa, S., Christian, H., & Giles-Corti, B. (2015). Mismatch between perceived and objectively measured land use mix and street connectivity: associations with neighborhood walking. Journal of Urban Health, 92(2), 242–252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-014-9928-x
- Koohsari, M., Nakaya, T., Hanibuchi, T., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., Sugiyama, T., …Oka, K. (2020). Local-area walkability and socioeconomic disparities of cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan. Journal of the American Heart Association, 9(12), e016152. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.119.016152
- Koohsari, M., Oka, K., Shibata, A., Liao, Y., Hanibuchi, T., Owen, N., & Sugiyama, T. (2018). Associations of neighbourhood walkability indices with weight gain. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 15, 33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-018-0668-2
- Koohsari, M., Owen, N., Cerin, E., Giles-Corti, B., & Sugiyama, T. (2016). Walkability and walking for transport: Characterizing the built environment using space syntax. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13, 121. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0448-9
- Kozo, J., Sallis, J., Conway, T., Kerr, J., Cain, K., Saelens, B., …Owen, N. (2012). Sedentary behaviors of adults in relation to neighborhood walkability and income. Health Psychology, 31(6), 704–713. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/a0027874
- Laatikainen, T., Hasanzadeh, K., & Kyttä, M. (2018). Capturing exposure in environmental health research: Challenges and opportunities of different activity space models. International Journal of Health Geographics, 17, 29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-018-0149-5
- Lamíquiz, P., & Domínguez, J. (2015). Effects of built environment on walking at the neighbourhood scale. A new role for street networks by modelling their configurational accessibility? Transportation Research Part A, 74, 148–163. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2015.02.003
- Larranaga, A., Arellana, J., Rizzi, L., Strambi, O., & Cybis, H. (2019). Using best–worst scaling to identify barriers to walkability: a study of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Transportation, 46(6), 2347–2379. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-018-9944-x
- Learnihan, V., Van Niel, K., Giles-Corti, B., & Knuiman, M. (2011). Effect of scale on the links between walking and urban design. Geographical Research, 49(2), 183–191. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-5871.2011.00689.x
- Lee, S., Lee, C., Nam, J., Abbey-Lambertz, M., & Mendoza, J. (2020). School walkability index: Application of environmental audit tool and GIS. Journal of Transport and Health, 18, 100880. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100880
- Lefebvre-Ropars, G., Morency, C., Singleton, P., & Clifton, K. (2017). Spatial transferability assessment of a composite walkability index: The Pedestrian Index of the Environment (PIE). Transportation Research Part D, 57, 378–391. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.08.018
- Leslie, E., Saelens, B., Frank, L., Owen, N., Bauman, A., Coffee, N., & Hugo, G. (2005). Residents' perceptions of walkability attributes in objectively different neighbourhoods: A pilot study. Health & Place, 11, 227–236. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.05.005
- Li, Y., Yatsuya, H., Hanibuchi, T., Hirakawa, Y., Ota, A., Uemura, M., …Aoyama, A. (2018). The association between objective measures of residence and worksite neighborhood environment, and self-reported leisure-time physical activities: The Aichi Workers’ Cohort Study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 11, 282–289. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.07.007
- Liao, B., van den Berg, P., van Wesemael, P., & Arentze, T. (2020). Empirical analysis of walkability using data from the Netherlands. Transportation Research Part D, 85, 102390. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102390.
- Lovasi, G., Jacobson, J., Quinn, J., Neckerman, K., Ashby-Thompson, M., & Rundle, A. (2011). Is the environment near home and school associated with physical activity and adiposity of urban preschool children? Journal of Urban Health, 88(6), 1143–1157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-011-9604-3
- Macdonald, L., McCrorie, P., Nicholls, N., & Ellaway, A. (2016). Walkability around primary schools and area deprivation across Scotland. BMC Public Health, 16, 328. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2994-0
- Marshall, J., Brauer, M., & Frank, L. (2009). Healthy neighborhoods: walkability and air pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 1752–1759. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0900595
- Mayne, D., Morgan, G., Jalaludin, B., & Bauman, A. (2017). The contribution of area-level walkability to geographic variation in physical activity: A spatial analysis of 95,837 participants from the 45 and up study living in Sydney, Australia. Population Health Metrics, 15, 38. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12963-017-0149-x
- Mayne, D., Morgan, G., Jalaludin, B., & Bauman, A. (2019). Area-level walkability and the geographic distribution of high body mass in Sydney, Australia: A spatial analysis using the 45 and up study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 664. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16040664
- Mayne, D., Morgan, G., Willmore, A., Rose, N., Jalaludin, B., Bambrick, H., & Bauman, A. (2013). An objective index of walkability for research and planning in the Sydney Metropolitan Region of New South Wales, Australia: An ecological study. International Journal of Health Geographics, 12(61), 1–10. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072x-12-61
- McCormack, G., Koohsari, J., Turley, L., Nakaya, T., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., …Oka, K. (2021). Evidence for urban design and public health policy and practice: Space syntax metrics and neighborhood walking. Health & Place, 67, 102277. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102277
- McDonald, K., Hearst, M., Farbakhsh, K., Patnode, C., Forsyth, A., Sirard, J., & Lytle, L. (2012). Adolescent physical activity and the built environment: A latent class analysis approach. Health & Place, 18, 191–198. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.09.004
- Moayedi, F., Zakaria, R., Bigah, Y., Mustafar, M., Puan, O., Zin, I., & Klufallah, M. (2013). Conceptualising the indicators of walkability for sustainable transportation. Jurnal Teknologi, 65(3), 85–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11113/jt.v65.2151
- Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(10), 1006–1012. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.005
- Mooney, S., Hurvitz, P., Moudon, A., Zhou, C., Dalmat, R., & Saelens, B. (2020). Residential neighborhood features associated with objectively measured walking near home: Revisiting walkability using the Automatic Context Measurement Tool (ACMT). Health and Place, 63, 102332. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102332
- Moran, M., Eizenberg, E., & Plaut, P. (2017). Getting to know a place: built environment walkability and children’s spatial representation of their home-school (h–s) route. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, 607. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060607
- Moran, M., Rodríguez, D., & Corburn, J. (2018). Examining the role of trip destination and neighborhood attributes in shaping environmental influences on children's route choice. Transportation Research Part D, 65, 63–81. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.08.001
- Moura, F., Cambra, P., & Gonçalves, A. (2017). Measuring walkability for distinct pedestrian groups with a participatory assessment method: A case study in Lisbon. Landscape and Urban Planning, 157, 282–296. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.07.002
- Nichani, V., Turley, L., Vena, J., & McCormack, G. (2020). Associations between the neighbourhood characteristics and body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio: Findings from Alberta's Tomorrow Project. Health and Place, 64, 102357. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102357
- Nichani, V., Vena, J., Friedenreichc, C., Christie, C., & McCormack, G. (2019). A population-based study of the associations between neighbourhood walkability and different types of physical activity in Canadian men and women. Preventive Medicine, 129, 105864. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105864
- Oliver, M., Witten, K., Blakely, T., Parker, K., Badland, H., Schofield, G., …Kearns, R. (2015). Neighbourhood built environment associations with body size in adults: Mediating effects of activity and sedentariness in a cross-sectional study of New Zealand adults. BMC Public Health, 15, 956. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2292-2
- Oluyomi, A., Whitehead, L., Burau, K., Symanski, E., Kohl, H., & Bondy, M. (2014). Physical activity guideline in Mexican-Americans: Does the built environment play a role? Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health, 16, 244–255. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10903-012-9724-1
- Orstad, S., McDonough, M., James, P., Klenosky, D., Laden, F., Mattson, M., & Troped, P. (2018). Neighborhood walkability and physical activity among older women: Tests of mediation by environmental perceptions and moderation by depressive symptoms. Preventive Medicine, 116, 60–67. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.008
- Oyeyemi, A., Conway, T., Adedoyin, R., Akinroye, K., Aryeetey, R., Assah, F., & Sallis, J. (2017). Construct validity of the neighborhood environment walkability scale for Africa. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(3), 482–491. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001131
- Oyeyemi, A., Kolo, S., Rufai, A., Oyeyemi, A., Omotara, B., & Sallis, J. (2019). Associations of neighborhood walkability with sedentary time in Nigerian older adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1879. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111879
- Pelclová, J., Frömel, K., & Cuberek, R. (2013). Gender-Specific associations between perceived neighbourhood walkability and meeting walking recommendations when walking for transport and recreation for Czech inhabitants over 50 years of age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11, 527–536. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110100527
- Pereira, M., Almendra, R., Vale, D., & Santana, P. (2020). The relationship between built environment and health in the Lisbon Metropolitan area, can walkability explain diabetes’ hospital admissions? Journal of Transport and Health, 18, 100893. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100893
- Pouliou, T., Elliott, S., Paez, A., & Newbold, B. (2014). Building obesity in Canada: understanding the individual- and neighbourhood-level determinants using a multi-level approach. Geospatial Health, 9(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4081/gh.2014.5
- Qureshi, S., & Ho, C. (2014). From digital earth to digital neighbourhood: A study of subjective measures of walkability attributes in objectively assessed digital neighbourhood. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 18(1), 012160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/18/1/012160
- Ramezani, S., Laatikainen, T., Hasanzadeh, K., & Kyttä, M. (2021). Shopping trip mode choice of older adults: An application of activity space and hybrid choice models in understanding the effects of built environment and personal goals. Transportation, 48, 505–536. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-019-10065-z
- Reisi, M., Nadoushan, M., & Aye, L. (2019). Local walkability index: Assessing built environment influence on walking. Bulletin of Geography Socio-Economic Series, 46, 7–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2478/bog-2019-0031
- Reyer, M., Fina, S., Siedentop, S., & Schlicht, W. (2014). Walkability is only part of the story: Walking for transportation in Stuttgart, Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(6), 5849–5865. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110605849
- Ribeiro, A., & Hoffimann, E. (2018). Development of a neighbourhood walkability index for Porto Metropolitan Area. How strongly is walkability associated with walking for transport? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 2767. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15122767
- Riggs, W., & Sethi, S. (2020). Multimodal travel behaviour, walkability indices, and social mobility: How neighbourhood walkability, income and household characteristics guide walking, biking & transit decisions. Local Environment, 25, 57–68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1698529
- Roberts, J., Ray, R., Biles, A., Knight, B., & Saelens, B. (2015). Built environment and active play among Washington DC metropolitan children: A protocol for a cross-sectional study. Archives of Public Health, 73, 22. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s13690-015-0070-3
- Robinson, O., Tamayo, I., Castro, M., Valentin, A., Giorgis-Allemand, L., Krog, N., …Basagaña, X. (2018). The urban exposome during pregnancy and its socioeconomic determinants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 126(7), 077005-1–077005-15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP2862
- Rubín, L., Mitáš, J., Dygrýn, J., Šmída, J., Gábor, L., & Pátek, A. (2015). Active commuting of the inhabitants of Liberec city in low and high walkability areas. Acta Gymnica, 45(4), 195–202. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5507/ag.2015.023
- Rundle, A., Chen, Y., Quinn, J., Rahai, N., Bartley, K., Mooney, S., …Neckerman, K. (2019). Development of a neighborhood walkability index for studying neighborhood physical activity contexts in communities across the U.S. over the past three decades. Journal of Urban Health, 96, 583–590. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00370-4
- Scanlin, K., Haardoerfer, R., Kegler, M., & Glanz, K. (2014). Development of a pedestrian audit tool to assess rural neighborhood walkability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 11, 1085–1096. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2012-0224
- Seagle, H., Moore, J., & DuBose, K. (2008). An assessment of the walkability of two school neighborhoods in Greenville, North Carolina. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 14(3), E1–E8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PHH.0000316494.93529.e0
- Sehatzadeh, B., Noland, R., & Weiner, M. (2011). Walking frequency, cars, dogs, and the built environment. Transportation Research Part A, 45, 741–754. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.06.001
- Shammas, T., & Escobar, F. (2019). Comfort and time-based walkability index design: A GIS-based proposal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 2850. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162850
- Shashank, A., & Schuurman, N. (2019). Unpacking walkability indices and their inherent assumptions. Health & Place, 55, 145–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.12.005
- Stockton, J., Duke-Williams, O., Stamatakis, E., Mindell, J., Brunner, E., & Shelton, N. (2016). Development of a novel walkability index for London, United Kingdom: Cross-sectional application to the Whitehall II Study. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 416. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3012-2
- Sugiyama, T., Cole, R., Koohsari, M., Kynn, M., Sallis, J., & Owen, N. (2019). Associations of local-area walkability with disparities in residents' walking and car use. Preventive Medicine, 120, 126–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.01.017
- Suglia, S., Shelton, R., Hsiao, A., Wang, Y., Rundle, A., & Link, B. (2016). Why the neighborhood social environment is critical in obesity prevention. Journal of Urban Health, 93, 206–212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-015-0017-6
- Taleai, M., & Amiri, E. (2017). Spatial multi-criteria and multi-scale evaluation of walkability potential at street segment level: A case study of Tehran. Sustainable Cities and Society, 31, 37–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.02.011
- Taleai, M., & Yameqani, A. (2018). Integration of GIS, remote sensing and Multi-Criteria Evaluation tools in the search for healthy walking paths. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 22(1), 279–291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-2538-x
- Talen, E., & Koschinsky, J. (2014). The neighborhood quality of subsidized housing. Journal of the American Planning Association, 80(1), 67–82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01944363.2014.935232
- Tamura, K., Wilson, J., Goldfeld, K., Puett, R., Klenosky, D., Harper, W., & Troped, P. (2019). Accelerometer and GPS data to analyze built environments and physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 90(3), 395–402. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2019.1609649
- Todd, M., Adams, M., Kurka, J., Conway, T., Cain, K., Buman, M., …King, A. (2016). GIS-measured walkability, transit, and recreation environments in relation to older Adults' physical activity: A latent profile analysis. Preventive Medicine, 93, 57–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.09.019
- Tribby, C., Miller, H., Brown, B., Werner, C., & Smith, K. (2016). Assessing built environment walkability using activity-space summary measures. Journal of Transport and Land Use, 9, 187–207. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.2015.625
- Tsiompras, A., & Photis, Y. (2017). What matters when it comes to "walk and the city"? Defining a weighted GIS-based walkability index. Transportation Research Procedia, 24, 523–530. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2017.06.001
- Van Dyck, D., Cerin, E., Conway, T., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Owen, N., Kerr, J., …Sallis, J. (2012). Perceived neighborhood environmental attributes associated with adults' transport-related walking and cycling: Findings from the USA, Australia and Belgium. Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, 70. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-70
- Vargo, J., Stone, B., & Glanz, K. (2012). Google walkability: A new tool for local planning and public health research? Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 9, 689–697. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.9.5.689
- Wang, Y., Chau, C., Ng, W., & Leung, T. (2016). A review on the effects of physical built environment attributes on enhancing walking and cycling activity levels within residential neighborhoods. Cities, 50, 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2015.08.004
- Wang, X., Conway, T., Cain, K., Frank, L., Saelens, B., Geremia, C., …Sallis, J. (2017). Interactions of psychosocial factors with built environments in explaining adolescents’ active transportation. Preventive Medicine, 100, 76–83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.04.008
- Wang, H., & Yang, Y. (2019). Neighbourhood walkability: A review and bibliometric analysis. Cities, 93, 43–61. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.04.015
- Watson, K., Whitfield, G., Thomas, J., Berrigan, D., Fulton, J., & Carlson, S. (2020). Associations between the national walkability index and walking among US adults, national health interview survey, 2015. Preventive Medicine, 137, 106122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106122
- Williams, G., Borghese, M., & Janssen, I. (2018). Neighborhood walkability and objectively measured active transportation among 10–13 year olds. Journal of Transport & Health, 8, 202–209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.12.006
- Wong, B., Faulkner, G., & Buliung, R. (2011). GIS measured environmental correlates of active school transport: A systematic review of 14 studies. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 8, 39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-8-39
- Yamagata, Y., Murakami, D., Wu, Y., Yang, P., Yoshida, T., & Binder, R. (2019). Big-data analysis for carbon emission reduction from cars: towards walkable green smart community. Energy Procedia, 158, 4292–4297. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2019.01.795
- Yang, S., Chen, X., Wang, L., Wu, T., Fei, T., Xiao, Q., …Jia, P. (2021). Walkability indices and childhood obesity: A review of epidemiologic evidence. Obesity Reviews, 22(S1), e13096. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13096
- Ye, Y. (2020). City for all ages: elderly residents' perceptions of walkability attributes in residential areas. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 495(1), 012058. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/495/1/012058
- Ye, Y., Fei, T., & Mei, H. (2017). Residents' perceptions of walkability attributes in mainland China: reliability and validity. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 104, 012016. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/104/1/012016
- Yin, L. (2017). Street level urban design qualities for walkability: Combining 2D and 3D GIS measures. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 64, 288–296. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2017.04.001
- Zhou, Y., Buck, C., Maier, W., von Lengerke, T., Walter, U., & Dreier, M. (2020). Built environment and childhood weight status: A multi-level study using population-based data in the city of Hannover, Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(8), 2694. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082694