Build environment, race, and walking behavior: A multiscale analysis

References

• Adkins, A., Barillas-Longoria, G., Martínez, D. N., & Ingram, M. (2019). Differences in social and physical dimensions of perceived walkability in Mexican American and non-hispanic white walking environments in Tucson, Arizona. Journal of Transport & Health, 14, 100585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2019.100585
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arave, L., & Boren, R. (2012). Walking Salt Lake City: 34 tours of the crossroads of the west, spotlighting urban paths, historic architecture, forgotten places, and religious and cultural icons. Wilderness Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bantham, A., Taverno Ross, S. E., Sebastião, E., & Hall, G. (2021). Overcoming barriers to physical activity in underserved populations. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 64, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bereitschaft, B. (2017). Equity in neighbourhood walkability? A comparative analysis of three large US cities. Local Environment, 22(7), 859–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2017.1297390
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bereitschaft, B. (2023). The changing ethno-racial profile of 'very walkable’urban neighbourhoods in the US (2010–2020): Are minorities under-represented? Urban Studies, 60(4), 638–654. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980221110829
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, B. B., Smith, K. R., Hanson, H., Fan, J. X., Kowaleski-Jones, L., & Zick, C. D. (2013). Neighborhood design for walking and biking: Physical activity and body mass index. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(3), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.10.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, T. W., & Grineski, S. E. (2019). Environmental injustice and religion: Outdoor air pollution disparities in metropolitan Salt Lake City, Utah. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 109(5), 1597–1617. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2018.1546568
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conderino, S. E., Feldman, J. M., Spoer, B., Gourevitch, M. N., & Thorpe, L. E. (2021). Social and economic differences in neighborhood walkability across 500 US cities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 61(3), 394–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2021.03.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutts, B. B., Darby, K. J., Boone, C. G., & Brewis, A. (2009). City structure, obesity, and environmental justice: An integrated analysis of physical and social barriers to walkable streets and park access. Social Science & Medicine, 69(9), 1314–1322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vos, J., Lättman, K., Van der Vlugt, A. L., Welsch, J., & Otsuka, N. (2023). Determinants and effects of perceived walkability: A literature review, conceptual model and research agenda. Transport Reviews, 43(2), 303–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2022.2101072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, R., & Cervero, R. (2010). Travel and the built environment: A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Planning Association, 76(3), 265–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944361003766766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, L. D., Appleyard, B. S., Ulmer, J. M., Chapman, J. E., & Fox, E. H. (2021). Comparing walkability methods: Creation of street smart walk score and efficacy of a code-based 3D walkability index. Journal of Transport & Health, 21, 101005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.101005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, L. D., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Chapman, J. E., Saelens, B. E., & Bachman, W. (2006). Many pathways from land-use to health: Associations between neighborhood walkability and active transportation, body mass index, and air quality. Journal of the American Planning Association, 72(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/01944360608976725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, L. D., Sallis, J. F., Saelens, B. E., Leary, L., Cain, K., Conway, T. L., & Hess, P. M. (2010). The development of a walkability index: Application to the Neighborhood Quality of Life Study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(13), 924–933. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2009.058701
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, L. D., Schmid, T. L., Sallis, J. F., Chapman, J., & Saelens, B. E. (2005). Linking objectively measured physical activity with objectively measured urban form. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(Suppl. 2), 117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallo, L. C., Savin, K. L., Jankowska, M. M., Roesch, S. C., Sallis, J. F., Sotres-Alvarez, D., Talavera, G. A., Perreira, K. M., Isasi, C. R., Penedo, F. J., Llabre, M. M., Estrella, M. L., Chambers, E. C., Daviglus, M. L., Brown, S. C., & Carlson, J. A. (2022). Neighborhood environment and metabolic risk in Hispanics/Latinos from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 63(2), 195–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2022.01.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebel, K., Bauman, A., & Owen, N. (2009). Correlates of non-concordance between perceived and objective measures of walkability. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 228–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-009-9098-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, M. R., & Renne, J. (2005). Where does walkability matter the most? An environmental justice interpretation of New Jersey data. Journal of Urban Health, 82(1), 90–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grove, M., Ogden, L., Pickett, S., Boone, C., Buckley, G., Locke, D. H., Lord, C., & Hall, B. (2018). The legacy effect: Understanding how segregation and environmental injustice unfold over time in Baltimore. Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 108(2), 524–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2017.1365585
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M., & Ram, Y. (2018). Walk score® and its potential contribution to the study of active transport and walkability: A critical and systematic review. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 61, 310–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2017.12.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallal, P. C.,Andersen, L. B.,Bull, F. C.,Guthold, R.,Haskell, W., &Ekelund, U. (2012). Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. The Lancet, 380(9838), 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60646-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heredia, N. I., Xu, T., Lee, M., McNeill, L. H., & Reininger, B. M. (2022). The neighborhood environment and Hispanic/Latino health. American Journal of Health Promotion, 36(1), 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/08901171211022677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Humpel, N., Owen, N., & Leslie, E. (2002). Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity: A review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 22(3), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(01)00426-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Immergluck, D., & Balan, T. (2018). Sustainable for whom? Green urban development, environmental gentrification, and the Atlanta Beltline. Urban Geography, 39(4), 546–562. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2017.1360041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James, P., Hart, J. E., Banay, R. F., Laden, F., & Signorello, L. B. (2017). Built environment and depression in low-income African Americans and Whites. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(1), 74–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, Y. A., & Wo, J. C. (2023). The time-varying effects of physical environment for walkability on neighborhood crime. Cities, 142, 104530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104530
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, A. C., Sallis, J. F., Frank, L. D., Saelens, B. E., Cain, K., Conway, T. L., Chapman, J. E., Ahn, D. K., & Kerr, J. (2011). Aging in neighborhoods differing in walkability and income: Associations with physical activity and obesity in older adults. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 73(10), 1525–1533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koohsari, M. J., Sugiyama, T., Hanibuchi, T., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., Liao, Y., & Oka, K. (2018). Validity of Walk Score® as a measure of neighborhood walkability in Japan. Preventive Medicine Reports, 9, 114–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.01.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee, N., & Contreras, C. (2021). Neighborhood walkability and crime: Does the relationship vary by crime type? Environment and Behavior, 53(7), 753–786. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916520921843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, R. E., Booth, K. M., Reese-Smith, J. Y., Regan, G., & Howard, H. H. (2005). The physical activity Resource Assessment (PARA) instrument: Evaluating features, amenities and incivilities of physical activity resources in urban neighborhoods. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-2-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leslie, E., Coffee, N., Frank, L., Owen, N., Bauman, A., & Hugo, G. (2007). Walkability of local communities: Using geographic information systems to objectively assess relevant environmental attributes. Health & Place, 13(1), 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, H., Wei, Y. D., Yu, Z., & Tian, G. (2016). Amenity, accessibility and housing values in metropolitan USA: A study of Salt Lake County, Utah. Cities, 59, 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquet, O., Bedoya, V. R., & Miralles-Guasch, C. (2017). Local accessibility inequalities and willingness to walk in Latin-American cities: Findings from Medellín, Colombia. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 11(3), 186–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2016.1230804
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, N. C. (2008a). The effect of objectively measured crime on walking in minority adults. American Journal of Health Promotion, 22(6), 433–435. https://doi.org/10.4278/ajhp.22.6.433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald, N. C. (2008b). Critical factors for active transportation to school among low-income and minority students: Evidence from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(4), 341–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondal, A., Bhat, C. R., Costey, M. C., Bhat, A. C., Webb, T., Magassy, T. B., Pendyala, R. M., & Lam, W. H. K. (2021). How do people feel while walking? A multivariate analysis of emotional well-being for utilitarian and recreational walking episodes. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 15(6), 419–434. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2020.1754535
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, N., Cerin, E., Leslie, E., duToit, L., Coffee, N., Frank, L. D., Bauman, A. E., Hugo, G., Saelens, B. E., & Sallis, J. F. (2007). Neighborhood walkability and the walking behavior of Australian adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33(5), 387–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2007.07.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Payán, D. D., Sloane, D. C., Illum, J., & Lewis, L. B. (2019). Intrapersonal and environmental barriers to physical activity among Blacks and Latinos. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 51(4), 478–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2018.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rastogi, D., Khan, U. I., Isasi, C. R., & Coupey, S. M. (2012). Associations of obesity and asthma with functional exercise capacity in urban minority adolescents. Pediatric Pulmonology, 47(11), 1061–1069. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.22547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs, W. (2016). Inclusively walkable: Exploring the equity of walkable housing in the San Francisco Bay Area. Local Environment, 21(5), 527–554. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2014.982080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riggs, W., & Sethi, S. A. (2020). Multimodal travel behaviour, walkability indices, and social mobility: How neighbourhood walkability, income and household characteristics guide walking, biking & transit decisions. Local Environment, 25(1), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1698529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigolon, A. (2017). Parks and young people: An environmental justice study of park proximity, acreage, and quality in Denver, Colorado. Landscape and Urban Planning, 165, 73–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigolon, A., Toker, Z., & Gasparian, N. (2018). Who has more walkable routes to parks? An environmental justice study of Safe Routes to Parks in neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Journal of Urban Affairs, 40(4), 576–591. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352166.2017.1360740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, J. (2006). Ordinary cities: Between modernity and development. Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scheer, B. C. (2022). The plat of zion and urban development in Salt Lake City. Utah Historical Quarterly, 90(3), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.5406/26428652.90.3.03
   Google Scholar
• Sehatzadeh, B., Noland, R. B., & Weiner, M. D. (2011). Walking frequency, cars, dogs, and the built environment. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 45(8), 741–754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano, N., Perez, L. G., Carlson, J., Patrick, K., Kerr, J., Holub, C., & Arredondo, E. M. (2018). Sub-population differences in the relationship between the neighborhood environment and Latinas’ daily walking and vehicle time. Journal of Transport & Health, 8, 210–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2018.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shigematsu, R., Sallis, J. F., Conway, T. L., Saelens, B. E., Frank, L. D., Cain, K. L., Chapman, J. E., & King, A. C. (2009). Age differences in the relation of perceived neighborhood environment to walking. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(2), 314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinmetz-Wood, M., & Kestens, Y. (2015). Does the effect of walkable built environments vary by neighborhood socioeconomic status? Preventive Medicine, 81, 262–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.09.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, W. C., Floyd, M. F., Whitt-Glover, M. C., & Brooks, J. (2007). Environmental justice: A framework for collaboration between the public health and parks and recreation fields to study disparities in physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 4 (Suppl. 1), S50–S63. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.4.s1.s50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tian, G., Ewing, R., & Greene, W. (2015). Desire for smart growth: A survey of residential preferences in the Salt Lake region of Utah. Housing Policy Debate, 25(3), 446–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2014.971333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trichês Lucchesi, S., de Abreu e Silva, J., Larranaga, A. M., & Cybis, H. B. B. (2023). Walkability premium: Evidence for low-income communities. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 17(7), 727–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2022.2090036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utah Department of Health and Human Service. (2023). Twenty years of health data for Hispanic/Latino communities in Utah. ttps://healthequity.utah.gov/wp-content/uploads/Twenty_Years_Hispanic_Latino.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Utah Transit Authority. (2013). Sustainability report. https://www.rideuta.com/uploads/2013SustainbilityReport.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C. H., Chen, N., & Tian, G. (2021). Do accessibility and clustering affect active travel behavior in Salt Lake City? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 90, 102655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2020.102655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasatch Front Regional Council. (2010). Wasatch Choices 2040. http://wfrc.org/image_library/SupMaterial/WFRC/WC2040.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wei, Y. D.,Wu, Y.,Xiao, W.,Garcia, I., &Wen, M. (2023). Urban form, air pollution, and walking behavior: A study of Salt Lake County, Utah. Journal of Transport & Health, 33, 101686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2023.101686
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, Y. D.,Weiye, X., &Yangyi, Wu. (2024). Centring or suburbanization? Changing locations of producer services in Shanghai. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 0308518X241245322.
   Google Scholar
• Wei, Y. D., Xiao, W., & Garcia, I. (2021a). Neighborhood environment, active commute, and healthy BMI in adolescents. Sustainability, 13(15), 8286. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13158286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, Y. D., Xiao, W., Medina, R., & Tian, G. (2021b). Effects of neighborhood environment, safety, and urban amenities on origins and destinations of walking behavior. Urban Geography, 42(2), 120–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2019.1699731
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, Y. D., Xiao, W., Wen, M., & Wei, R. (2016). Walkability, land use and physical activity. Sustainability, 8(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8010065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolch, J. R., Byrne, J., & Newell, J. P. (2014). Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities’ just green enough. Landscape and Urban Planning, 125, 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, R., Ellis, M., Holloway, S. R., & Wong, S. (2014). Patterns of racial diversity and segregation in the United States: 1990–2010. The Professional Geographer, 66(2), 173–182. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2012.735924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., Wei, Y. D., & Li, H. (2020). Firm suburbanization in the context of urban sprawl: Neighborhood effect and sectoral difference. The Professional Geographer, 72(4), 598–617. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2020.1750437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Y., Wei, Y. D., Liu, M., & García, I. (2023). Green infrastructure inequality in the context of COVID-19: Taking parks and trails as examples. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 86, 128027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2023.128027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, W.,Li, Han.,Yuan, F., &Chen, Wen. (2024). The 2-month lockdown and commuting behavior transformation in Shanghai: A phone signal data-based analysis. Transport Policy, 150, 149–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2024.03.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, W., & Wei, Y. D. (2023). Assess the non-linear relationship between built environment and active travel around light-rail transit stations. Applied Geography, 151, 102862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2022.102862
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, W., Wei, Y. D., & Wu, Y. (2022). Neighborhood, built environment and resilience in transportation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 110, 103428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2022.103428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiong, N., Wei, Y. D., & Wu, Y. (2023). Tech firm births and agglomeration economies: (Un) related variety, specialization, and spatial externalities. Cities, 138, 104349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen, M.,Li, L., &Su, D. (2014). Physical activity and mortality among middle-aged and older adults in the United States. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 11(2), 303–312. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2011-0281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zick, C. D., Smith, K. R., Brown, B. B., Fan, J. X., & Kowaleski-Jones, L. (2007). Physical activity during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 4(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.4.2.125
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zinia, F. A., Bhandari, P., Tuffour, J. P., & Hong, A. (2023). Evaluating social equity of transit accessibility: A case of Salt Lake County, US. Transportation Research Record, 2677(12), 806–814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar