References
- Agag B. (2004). Mycotoxins in foods and feeds: 1-aflatoxins. Ass Univ Bull Environ Res 7:173–205
- Al-Hammadi S, Marzouqi F, Al-Mansouri A, et al. (2014). The cytotoxicity of aflatoxin b1 in human lymphocytes. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 14:e65
- Bouhet S, Oswald IP. (2005). The effects of mycotoxins, fungal food contaminants, on the intestinal epithelial cell-derived innate immune response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 108:199–209
- Caux C, Ait-Yahia S, Chemin K, et al. (2000). Dendritic cell biology and regulation of dendritic cell trafficking by chemokinesed. Springer Seminars Immunopathol. 22:345–69
- Chen K, Peng X, Fang J, et al. (2014). Effects of dietary selenium on histopathological changes and T cells of spleen in broilers exposed to aflatoxin B1. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11:1904–13
- Cheng YH, Shen TF, Pang VF, Chen BJ. (2002). Effect of aflatoxin B-1 on the function of peritoneal macrophage from mule duck. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 15:438–44
- Chung CW, Giles AL, Carson TR. (1970). Induction of delayed hypersensitivity in guinea pigs by aflatoxins, other coumarins and furazolium. J Investig Dermatol 55:396–403
- Coulombe RA. (1993). Biological action of mycotoxins. J Dairy Sci 76:880–91
- Cusumano V, Rossano F, Merendino R, et al. (1996). Immunobiological activities of mould products: functional impairment of human monocytes exposed to aflatoxin B1. Res Microbiol 147:385–91
- Dale DC, Boxer L, Liles WC. (2008). The phagocytes: neutrophils and monocytes. Blood 112:935–45
- Delves PJ, Roitt I. (2000). The immune system. First of two parts. N Engl J Med 343:37–49
- Dietert R, Qureshi MA, Nanna U, Bloom S. (1985). Embryonic exposure to aflatoxin-B1: mutagenicity and influence on development and immunity. Environ Mutagenesis 7:715–25
- Dugyala RR, Sharma RP. (1996). The effect of aflatoxin B1 on cytokine mRNA and corresponding protein levels in peritoneal macrophages and splenic lymphocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol 18:599–608
- Dunkelberger JR, Song WC. (2010). Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses. Cell Res 20:34–50
- Fleming S, Youngman L, Ames B. (1994). Intestinal cell proliferation is influenced by intakes of protein and energy, aflatoxin, and whole body radiation Nutr Cance 22:11–30
- Ghosh R, Chauhan H, Jha G. (1991). Suppression of cell-mediated immunity by purified aflatoxin B1 in broiler chicks. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 28:165–72
- Greenberg S, Grinstein S. (2002). Phagocytosis and innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 14:136–45
- Hatori Y, Sharma RP, Warren RP. (1991). Resistance of C57Bl/6 mice to immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxin B1 and relationship with neuroendocrine mechanisms. Immunopharmacology 22:127–36
- Hinton DM, Myers MJ, Raybourne RA, et al. (2003). Immunotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats: effects on lymphocytes and the inflammatory response in a chronic intermittent dosing study. Toxicol Sci 73:362–77
- Hussein HS, Brasel JM. (2001). Toxicity, metabolism, and impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Toxicology 167:101–34
- Jakab GJ, Hmieleski RR, Zarba A, et al. (1994). Respiratory aflatoxicosis: suppression of pulmonary and systemic host defenses in rats and mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 125:198–205
- Jiang M, Peng X, Fang J, et al. (2015). Effects of aflatoxin B1 on T-cell subsets and mRNA expression of cytokines in the intestine of broilers. Int J Mol Sci 16:6945–59
- Jiang Y, Jolly PE, Ellis WO, et al. (2005). Aflatoxin B1 albumin adduct levels and cellular immune status in Ghanaians. Int Immunol 17:807–14
- Joffe A, Ungar H. (1969). Cutaneous lesions produced by topical application of aflatoxin to rabbit skin. J Invest Dermatol 52:504–7
- Jolly PE, Jiang Y, Ellis WO, et al. (2008). Modulation of the human immune system by aflatoxin. Mycotoxins 41–52
- Kadian S, Monga D, Goel M. (1988). Effect of aflatoxin B1 on the delayed type hypersensitivity and phagocytic activity of reticuloendothelial system in chickens. Mycopathologia 104:33–6
- Lee WL, Harrison RE, Grinstein S. (2003). Phagocytosis by neutrophils. Microbes Infect 5:1299–306
- Liu BH, Yu FY, Chan MH, Yang YL. (2002). The effects of mycotoxins, fumonisin B1 and aflatoxin B1, on primary swine alveolar macrophages. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 180:197–204
- Luongo D, Russo R, Balestrieri A, et al. (2014). In vitro study of AFB1 and AFM1 effects on human lymphoblastoid Jurkat T-cell model. J Immunotoxicol 11:353–8
- Mayer G. 2010. Immunology: innate (non-specific) immunity. In: Microbiology and immunology on-line. Chapter 1. South Carolina, USA: University of South Carolina
- Medzhitov R. (2007). Recognition of microorganisms and activation of the immune response. Nature 449:819–26
- Meissonnier GM, Pinton P, Laffitte J, et al. (2008). Immunotoxicity of aflatoxin B1: impairment of the cell-mediated response to vaccine antigen and modulation of cytokine expression. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 231:142–9
- Methenitou G, Maravelias C, Athanaselis S, et al. (2001). Immunomodulative effects of aflatoxins and selenium on human natural killer cells. Vet Hum Toxicol 43:232–4
- Methenitou G, Maravelias C, Koutsogeorgopoulou L, et al. (1996). Immunomodulative effects of aflatoxins and selenium on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Vet Hum Toxicol 38:274–7
- Mohammadi A, Mehrzad J, Mahmoudi M, Schneider M. (2014). Environmentally relevant level of aflatoxin B1 dysregulates human dendritic cells through signaling on key toll-like receptors. Int J Toxicol 33:175–86
- Moon EY, Rhee DK, Pyo S. (1999a). In vitro suppressive effect of aflatoxin B1 on murine peritoneal macrophage functions. Toxicology 133:171–9
- Moon E, Rhee D, Pyo S. (1999b). Inhibition of various functions in murine peritoneal macrophages by aflatoxin B1 exposure in vivo. Int J Immunopharmacol 21:47–58
- Moon EY. (1998). Aflatoxin B1-induced suppression of nitric oxide production in murine peritoneal macrophages. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 55:517–30
- Müller C, Autenrieth I, Peschel A. (2005). Innate defenses of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Cell Mol Life Sci 62:1297–307
- Muller R, Carlson C, Semeniuk G, Harshfield G. (1970). The response of chicks, ducklings, goslings, pheasants and poults to graded levels of aflatoxins. Poultry Sci 49:1346–50
- Neldon-Ortiz D, Qureshi M. (1992). The effects of direct and microsomal activated aflatoxin B1 on chicken peritoneal macrophages in vitro. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 31:61–76
- Ottinger C, Kaattari S. (1998). Sensitivity of rainbow trout leucocytes to aflatoxin B1. Fish Shellfish Immunol 8:515–30
- Parkin J, Cohen B. (2001). An overview of the immune system. Lancet 357:1777–89
- Qian G, Tang L, Guo X, et al. (2014). Aflatoxin B1 modulates the expression of phenotypic markers and cytokines by splenic lymphocytes of male F344 rats. J Appl Toxicol 34:241–9
- Raisuddin S, Singh K, Zaidi S, et al. (1993). Immunosuppressive effects of aflatoxin in growing rats. Mycopathologia 124:189–94
- Raney VM, Harris TM, Stone MP. (1993). DNA conformation mediates aflatoxin B1-DNA binding and the formation of guanine N7 adducts by aflatoxin B1 8,9-exo-epoxide. Chem Res Toxicol 6:64–8
- Rastogi S, Dogra R, Khanna SK, Das M. (2006). Skin tumorigenic potential of aflatoxin B1 in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 44:670–7
- Reddy R, Sharma R. (1989). Effects of aflatoxin B1 on murine lymphocytic functions. Toxicology 54:31–44
- Reddy R, Taylor M, Sharma R. (1987). Studies of immune function of CD-1 mice exposed to aflatoxin B1. Toxicology 43:123–32
- Richard J, Thurston J, Lillehoj E, et al. (1978). Complement activity, serum protein, and hepatic changes in guinea pigs given sterigmatocystin or aflatoxin, alone or in combination. Am J Vet Res 39:163–6
- Riley R, Kemppainen B, Norred W. (1988). Quantitative tritium exchange of [3 H] aflatoxin B1 during penetration through isolated human skin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 153:395–401
- Riley RT, Kemppainen BW, Norred WP. (1985). Penetration of aflatoxins through isolated human epidermis. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 15:769–77
- Rogers AE, Newberne PM. (1975). Dietary effects on chemical carcinogenesis in animal models for colon and liver tumors. Cancer Res 35:3427–31
- Rossano F, De Luna LO, Buommino E, et al. (1999). Secondary metabolites of Aspergillus exert immunobiological effects on human monocytes. Res Microbiol 150:13–19
- Sharma RP. (1993). Immunotoxicity of mycotoxins. J Dairy Sci 76:892–7
- Silvotti L, Petterino C, Bonomi A, Cabassi E. (1997). Immunotoxicological effects on piglets of feeding sows diets containing aflatoxins. Vet Record 141:469–72
- Singh K, Zaidi S, Saxena A, Ray P. (1990). Effects of aflatoxin on lymphoid cells of weanling rat. J Appl Toxicol 10:245–50
- Thurston JR, Richard JL, Cysewski SJ, et al. (1972). Effect of aflatoxin on complement activity in guinea pigs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 139:300–3
- Tomková I, Ševčíková Z, Levkut M, et al. (2002). Effect of aflatoxin B1 on CD3 T cells and alkaline phosphatase in the intestine of mice. Mycopathologia 154:15–19
- Valtchev I, Koynarski T, Sotirov L, et al. (2015). Effect of aflatoxin B1 on Moulard Duck's natural immunity. Pakistan Vet J 35:67–70
- Vivier E, Raulet DH, Moretta A, et al. (2011). Innate or adaptive immunity? The example of natural killer cells. Science 331:44–9
- Watzl B, Neudecker C, Hänsch G, et al. (1999). Short-term moderate aflatoxin B1 exposure has only minor effects on the gut-associated lymphoid tissue of Brown Norway rats. Toxicology 138:93–102
- Wild CP, Montesano R. (2009). A model of interaction: aflatoxins and hepatitis viruses in liver cancer aetiology and prevention. Cancer Lett 286:22–8
- Williams J, Aggarwal D, Jolly P, et al. (2005). Connecting the dots: logical and statistical connections between aflatoxin exposure and HIV/AIDS. Peanut Collaborative Research Support Program. Athens (GA): University of Georgia
- Yunus AW, Razzazi-Fazeli E, Bohm J. (2011). Aflatoxin B(1) in affecting broiler's performance, immunity, and gastrointestinal tract: a review of history and contemporary issues. Toxins 3:566–90
- Zimmermann C, Machado A, Cadoná F, et al. (2014). In-vitro cytotoxicity of aflatoxin B1 to broiler lymphocytes of broiler chickens. Revista Brasileira Ciência Avícola 16:307–12