Heavy metals in milk: global prevalence and health risk assessment

References

• Abdulkhaliq, A., et al., 2012. Levels of metals (Cd, Pb, Cu and Fe) in cow’s milk, dairy products and hen’s eggs from the West Bank, Palestine. International food research journal, 19, 1089–1094.
   Google Scholar
• Aftab, T., et al., 2011. Physicochemical properties, contamination and suitability of canal water for irrigation, Lahore branch Pakistan. Pakistan journal of analytical & environmental chemistry, 12, 88–94.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, M.K., et al., 2016. A comprehensive assessment of arsenic in commonly consumed foodstuffs to evaluate the potential health risk in Bangladesh. The science of the total environment, 544, 125–133.
   Google Scholar
• Anetor, J.L., 2012. Rising environmental cadmium levels in developing countries: threat to genome stability and health. Nigerian journal of physiological sciences, 27, 103–115.
   Google Scholar
• Anetta, L., et al., 2012. Concentration of selected elements in raw and ultra heat treated cow milk. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences, 2, 795–802.
   Google Scholar
• Arianejad, M., et al., 2015. Levels of some heavy metals in raw cow's milk from selected milk production sites in iran: is there any health concern? Health promotion perspectives, 5, 176–182.
   Google Scholar
• Ashraf, W., and Mian, A.A., 2008. Levels of selected heavy metals in black tea varieties consumed in Saudi Arabia. B. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 8, 101–104.
   Google Scholar
• Aslam, B., et al., 2011. Uptake of heavy metal residues from sewerage sludge in the milk of goat and cattle during summer season. Pakistan veterinary journal, 31, 75–77.
   Google Scholar
• Awuah, K.T., Finkelstein, S.H., and Finkelstein, F.O., 2013. Quality of life of chronic kidney disease patients in developing countries. Kidney international supplements, 3, 227–229.
   Google Scholar
• Ayar, A., Sert, D., and Akın, N., 2009. The trace metal levels in milk and dairy products consumed in middle Anatolia-Turkey. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 152, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Bagal-Kestwal, D., et al., 2008. Invertase inhibition based electrochemical sensor for the detection of heavy metal ions in aqueous system: application of ultra-microelectrode to enhance sucrose biosensor's sensitivity. Biosensors & bioelectronics, 24, 657–664.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey, S.E., et al., 1999. A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals. Water research, 33, 2469–2479.
   Google Scholar
• Barałkiewicz, D., and Siepak, J., 1999. Chromium, nickel and cobalt in environmental samples and existing legal norms. Polish journal of environmental studies, 8, 201–208.
   Google Scholar
• Barn, P., et al., 2014. Investigating elevated copper and lead levels in school drinking water. Environmental health review, 56, 96–102.
   Google Scholar
• Belete, T., Hussen, A., and Rao, V.M., 2014. Determination of concentrations of selected heavy metals in cow’s milk: Borena Zone, Ethiopia. Journal of health science, 4, 105–112.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya, P., et al., 2007. Arsenic in the environment: biology and chemistry. The science of the total environment, 379, 109–120.
   Google Scholar
• Bilandžić, N., et al., 2011. Trace element levels in raw milk from northern and southern regions of Croatia. Food chemistry, 127, 63–66.
   Google Scholar
• Bluthgen, A.H., 2000. Contamination of milk from feed. Bulletin of the international dairy federation, 356, 43–47.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, O., et al., 2009. Food chain transfer of cadmium and lead to cattle in a lead-zinc smelter in Guizhou, China. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 157, 3078–3082.
   Google Scholar
• Cempel, M., and Nikel, G., 2006. Nickel: a review of its sources and environmental toxicology. Polish journal of environmental studies, 15, 375–382.
   Google Scholar
• Codex Alimentarius Commission. 1999. Discussion paper on maximum level for Pb in milk and secondary milk products. Joint FAO/WHO food standards programme, twenty-third session. The Rome, The Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Codex Alimentarius Commission. 2011. Report of the 50th session of the Codex committee on food additives and contaminants. Hague: Codex Alimentarius Commission.
   Google Scholar
• European Union. 2006. Commission regulation (EC) no. 1881/2006 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs. Official journal of European union, 364, 5–24.
   Google Scholar
• Dabeka, R., et al., 2011. Lead, cadmium and aluminum in Canadian infant formulae, oral electrolytes and glucose solutions. Food additives & contaminants. Part A, chemistry, analysis, control, exposure & risk assessment, 28, 744–753.
   Google Scholar
• Das, K.K., Das, S.N., and Dhundasi, S.A., 2008. Nickel, its adverse health effects & oxidative stress. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 128, 412–425.
   Google Scholar
• Demirel, S., et al., 2008. Evaluation of various digestion procedures for trace element contents of some food materials. Journal of hazardous materials, 152, 1020–1026.
   Google Scholar
• Doreswamy, K., et al., 2004. Nickel-induced oxidative stress in testis of mice: evidence of DNA damage and genotoxic effects. Journal of andrology, 25, 996–1003.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, M., Triantafyllidou, S., and Best, D., 2009. Elevated blood lead in young children due to lead-contaminated drinking water: Washington, DC 2001-2004. Environmental science & technology, 43, 1618–1623.
   Google Scholar
• Egyptian Standard 1993. Maximum levels of heavy metal contaminats in food. Egyptian Organization for Standardization and Quality Control. E. S., No. 2360.
   Google Scholar
• El-Ansary, M., and El-Leboudy, A., 2015. Levels of Cadmium and Lead in raw cow and buffalo's milk samples collected from local markets of El-Behera Governorate. Alexandria journal of veterinary sciences, 47, 129–133.
   Google Scholar
• Enb, A., et al., 2009. Chemical composition of raw milk and heavy metals behavior during processing of milk products. Global veterinary leadership, 3, 268–275.
   Google Scholar
• Er, C., Senkal, B.F., and Yaman, M., 2013. Determination of lead in milk and yoghurt samples by solid phase extraction using a novel aminothioazole-polymeric resin. Food chemistry, 137, 55–61.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. 2015. Food and agricultural organization. Available from: http://www.fao.org/agriculture/dairy-gateway/milk-and-milk-products/en/#.VXCwWs9Viko (Accessed 6/4/2015).
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO). 1998. Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives. Distribution of the report of the twenty-second session of the CODEX COMMITTEE on methods of analysis and sampling. Budapest, Hungary, 23–27.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Nutrition Board 2001. Dietary reference intakes (DRIs) recommended intakes for individual elements. Available from: http://iom.edu/Activities/Nutrition/SummaryDRIs/∼/media/Files/Activity%20Files/Nutrition/DRIs/New%20Material/5DRI%20Values%20SummaryTables%2014.pdf (Accessed 12/19/2012).
   Google Scholar
• Food law of Ministry of Health Malaysia 2010. Food Safety Standards. In Major export markets: A readymade guide for agro exporters p. 28.
   Google Scholar
• Fu, F., and Wang, Q., 2011. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. Journal of environmental management, 92, 407–418.
   Google Scholar
• Gebrelibanos, A., Kebede, T., and Belay, K., 2015. Quantitative determination of the level of selected heavy metals in the cows' milk from the dairy farm of the Haramaya University, Eastern Ethiopia. International journal of chemical and natural science, 3, 240–248.
   Google Scholar
• González-Montaña, J.R., et al., 2012. Cadmium and lead in bovine milk in the mining area of the Caudal River (Spain). Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184, 4029–4034.
   Google Scholar
• Grund, S. C., Hanusch, K., and Wolf, H. U., 2005. Arsenic and arsenic compounds. In: Ullmann's encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
   Google Scholar
• Gumpu, M.B., et al., 2015. A review on detection of heavy metal ions in water – an electrochemical approach. Sensors and actuators B: chemical, 213, 515–533.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, Z., et al., 2010. Comparative study for the determination of metals in milk samples using flame-AAS and EDTA complexometric titration. Journal of scientific research, 2, 9–14.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. 1990. IARC monograph on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. France: Lyans, 49:318–411.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. 1991. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Monograph Series 52, 263–472.
   Google Scholar
• IDF Standard. 1979. Metal contamination in milk and milk products. Int Dairy Fed Bull, Document no. 105.
   Google Scholar
• Iftikhar, B., et al., 2014. Assessment of toxic metals in dairy milk and animal feed in Peshawar, Pakistan. British biotechnology journal, 4, 883–893.
   Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 2006. Inorganic and organic lead compounds. IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol. 87. Geneva: WHO Press.
   Google Scholar
• Iqbal, A., Khan, B. B., Kausar, A., et al., 2011. Buffalo-milk production potential and its comparative milk qualities. Special Issue 1201 of IDF International Symposium on sheep, Goat and other non-Cow Milk, Athens, Greece.
   Google Scholar
• Isamov, N.N., et al., 2011. Content of biogenic and toxic elements in goat feed and milk. Russian agricultural sciences, 37, 413–415.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail, A., et al., 2014. Heavy metals in vegetables and respective soils irrigated by canal, municipal waste and tube well waters. Food additives & contaminants, Part B, surveillance, 7, 213–219.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail, A., et al., 2015. Estimated daily intake and health risk of heavy metals by consumption of milk. Food additives & contaminants. Part B, surveillance, 8, 260–265.
   Google Scholar
• Kanumakala, S., Boneh, A., and Zacharin, M., 2002. Pamidronate treatment improves bone mineral density in children with Menkes disease. Journal of inherited metabolic disease, 25, 391–398.
   Google Scholar
• Kapaj, S., et al., 2006. Human health effects from chronic arsenic poisoning: a review. Journal of environmental science and health, part A, 42, 2399–2428.
   Google Scholar
• Kazi, T.G., et al., 2009. Assessment of toxic metals in raw and processed milk samples using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British industrial biological research association, 47, 2163–2169.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M.A., Rao, R.A.K., Ajmal, M. 2008. Heavy metal pollution and its control through non conventional adsorbents (1998-2007): a review. Journal of international environmental application & science, 3, 101–141.
   Google Scholar
• Khan, N., et al., 2014. Analysis of minor and trace elements in milk and yogurts by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Food chemistry, 147, 220–224.
   Google Scholar
• Konuspayeva, G., et al., 2011. Contamination of camel milk (Heavy Metals, Organic Pollutants and Radionuclides) in Kazakhstan. Journal of environmental protection, 2, 90–96.
   Google Scholar
• Kosanovic, M., et al., 2002. Maternal and fetal cadmium and selenium status in normotensive and hypertensive pregnancy. Biological trace element research, 89, 97–103.
   Google Scholar
• Kurniawan, T.A., et al., 2006. Physico–chemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals. Chemical engineering journal, 118, 83–98.
   Google Scholar
• Licata, P., et al., 2012. Determination of trace elements in goat and ovine milk from Calabria (Italy) by ICP-AES. Food additives & contaminants. Part B, surveillance, 5, 268–271.
   Google Scholar
• Licata, P., et al., 2004. Levels of toxic and essential metals in samples of bovine milk from various dairy farms in Calabria, Italy. Environment international, 30, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Lison, D., 1996. Human toxicity of cobalt-containing dust and experimental studies on the mechanism of interstitial lung disease (hard metal disease)). Critical reviews in toxicology, 26, 585–616.
   Google Scholar
• Lutfullah, G., et al., 2014. Comparative study of heavy metals in dried and fluid milk in peshawar by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The scientific world journal, 2014, 15845. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/715845
   Google Scholar
• Malbe, M., et al., 2010. Content of selected micro and macro elements in dairy cows’ milk in Estonia. Agronomy research, 8, 323–326.
   Google Scholar
• Malhat, F., et al., 2012. Contamination of cows milk by heavy metal in Egypt. Bulletin of Environmental contamination and toxicology, 88, 611–613.
   Google Scholar
• Maprani, A.C., et al., 2005. Determination of mercury evasion in a contaminated headwater stream. Environmental science & technology, 39, 1679–1687.
   Google Scholar
• Mertz, W. E. D., 1986. Trace elements in human and animal nutrition, vol. IandII, 5th ed., New York: Academic Press, 110–118
   Google Scholar
• Meshref, A.M.S., Moselhy, W.A., and Hassan, N.E.Y., 2014. Heavy metals and trace elements levels in milk and milk products. Journal of food measurement and characterization, 8, 381–388.
   Google Scholar
• Miedico, O., et al., 2016. Trace elements in sheep and goat milk samples from Apulia and Basilicata regions (Italy): valuation by multivariate data analysis. Small ruminant research, 135, 60–65.
   Google Scholar
• Mishra, K.P., 2009. Lead exposure and its impact on immune system: a review. Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with Bibra, 23, 969–972.
   Google Scholar
• Muhib, M.F., et al., 2016. Investigation of heavy metal contents in cow milk samples from area of Dhaka, Bangladesh. International journal of food contamination, 3, 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Nag, S. K., 2010. Contaminants in milk: routes of contamination, analytical techniques and methods of control. In: Improving the safety and quality of milk. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 146–178.
   Google Scholar
• Najarnezhad, V., and Akbarabadi, M., 2013. Heavy metals in raw cow and ewe milk from north-east Iran. Food additives & contaminants. part B, surveillance, 6, 158–162.
   Google Scholar
• Najarnezhad, V., et al., 2015. Lead and cadmium in raw buffalo, cow and ewe milk from west Azerbaijan, Iran. Food additives & contaminants part B, surveilance, 8, 123–127.
   Google Scholar
• Noël, L., et al., 2012. Li, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo levels in food stuffs from the Second French TDS. Food chemistry, 132, 1502–1513.
   Google Scholar
• Nordberg, G. F., Fowler, B. A., Nordberg, M., et al., 2007. In Hand book on the toxicology of metals 3rd ed. New York: Academic Press Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Ogabiela, E.E., et al., 2011. Assessment of metal levels in fresh milk from cows grazed around Challawa industrial estate of Kano, Nigeria. Journal of basic and applied scientific research, 1, 533–538.
   Google Scholar
• Pacyna, E.G., et al., 2006. Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000. Atmospheric environment, 40, 40–48.
   Google Scholar
• Patra, R.C., et al., 2008. Milk trace elements in lactating cows environmentally exposed to higher level of lead and cadmium around different industrial units. The science of the total environment, 404, 36–43.
   Google Scholar
• Pilarczyk, R., et al., 2013. Concentrations of toxic heavy metals and trace elements in raw milk of Simmental and Holstein-Friesian cows from organic farm. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 185, 8383–8392.
   Google Scholar
• Porova, N., et al., 2014. Effect of ultrasonic treatment on heavy metal decontamination in milk. Ultrasonics sonochemistry, 21, 2107–2111.
   Google Scholar
• Póti, P., et al., 2012. Accumulation of some heavy metals (Pd, Cd and Cr) in milk of grazing sheep in North-East Hungary. Journal of microbiology, biotechnology and food sciences, 2, 389–394.
   Google Scholar
• Puls, R., 1994. In Mineral levels in animal health: diagnostic data. 2nd ed. Clearbrook, BC: Sherpa International.
   Google Scholar
• Qin, L.Q., et al., 2009. The minerals and heavy metals in cow’s milk from China and Japan. Journal of Health Science, 55, 300–305. doi:10.1248/jhs.55.300
   Google Scholar
• Raikwar, M.K., et al., 2008. Toxic effect of heavy metals in live stock health. Veterinary world, 1, 28–30.
   Google Scholar
• Ratcliffe, H.E., Swanson, G.M., and Fischer, L.J., 1996. Human exposure to mercury: a critical assessment of the evidence of adverse health effects. Journal of toxicology and environmental health, 49, 221–270.
   Google Scholar
• Rey-Crespo, F., Miranda, M., and López-Alonso, M., 2013. Essential trace and toxic element concentrations in organic and conventional milk in NW Spain. Food and chemical toxicology: an international journal published for the British industrial biological research association, 55, 513–518.
   Google Scholar
• Rezaei, M., et al., 2014. Assessment of dairy products consumed on the Arakmarket as determined by heavy metal residues. Health, 6, 323–327.
   Google Scholar
• Sansalone, J., and Buchberger, S., 1997. Partitioning and first flush of metals in urban roadway storm water. Journal of environmental engineering, 123, 134–143.
   Google Scholar
• Santos, E.E., Lauria, D.C., and Silveira, C.L.P., 2004. Assessment of daily intake of trace elements due to consumption of foodstuffs by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city. Science of the total environment, 327, 69–79.
   Google Scholar
• Shahbazi, Y., Ahmadi, F., and Fakhari, F., 2016. Voltammetric determination of Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu and Se in milk and dairy products collected from Iran: An emphasis on permissible limits and risk assessment of exposure to heavy metals. Food chemistry, 192, 1060–1067.
   Google Scholar
• Shaheen, N., et al., 2016. Health risk assessment of trace elements via dietary intake of ‘non-piscine protein source’ foodstuffs (meat, milk and egg) in Bangladesh. Environmental science and pollution research, 23, 7794–7806.
   Google Scholar
• Simsek, O., et al., 2000. The effect of environmental pollution on the heavy metal content of raw milk. Die nahrung, 44, 360–363.
   Google Scholar
• Sola-Larrañaga, C., and Navarro-Blasco, I., 2009. Chemometric analysis of minerals and trace elements in raw cow milk from the community of Navarra, Spain. Food chemistry, 112, 189–196.
   Google Scholar
• Solidum, J.N., et al., 2012. Quantitative Analysis on cadmium and chromium contamination in powdered children’s milk available in Metro Manila, Philippines. 2nd international conference on bio science and biotechnology, 44, 26–28. DOI: 10.7763/IPCBEE
   Google Scholar
• Solis, C., et al., 2009. Determination of trace metals in cow's milk from waste water irrigated areas in Central Mexico by chemical treatment coupled to PIXE. Microchemical journal, 91, 9–12.
   Google Scholar
• Storelli, M., et al., 2007. Metals and organochlorine compounds in eel (Anguilla anguilla) from the Lesina lagoon, Adriatic Sea (Italy). Food chemistry, 100, 1337–1341.
   Google Scholar
• Suarez-Luque, S., et al., 2007. Determination of major metal cation in milk by capillary zone electrophoresis. International dairy journal, 17, 896–901.
   Google Scholar
• Suturovic´, Z., et al., 2014. Determination of heavy metals in milk and fermented milk products by potentiometric stripping analysis with constant inverse current in the analytical step. Food chemistry, 155, 120–125.
   Google Scholar
• Swarup, D., et al., 2005. Blood lead levels in lactating cows reared around polluted localities; transfer of lead into milk. The science of the total environment, 347, 106–110.
   Google Scholar
• Tekaya, N., et al., 2013. Ultra-sensitive conductometric detection of heavy metals based on inhibition of alkaline phosphatase activity from Arthrospiraplatensis. Bioelectrochemistry, 90, 24–29.
   Google Scholar
• Temiz, H., and Soylu, A., 2012. Heavy metal concentrations in raw milk collected from different regions of Samsun, Turkey. International journal of dairy technology, 65, 516–522.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, D., 2006. Meat and dairy minerals. Food magazine, 72, 10–15.
   Google Scholar
• Tong, S., Schirnding, Y.E., and Prapamontol, T., 2000. Environmental lead exposure: a public health problem of global dimensions. Bulletin of the world health organization, 78, 1068–1077.
   Google Scholar
• Tripathi, R.M., et al., 1999. Daily intake of heavy metals by infants through milk and milk products. The science of the total environment, 227, 229–235.
   Google Scholar
• Turnlund, J.R., et al., 2004. Long-term high copper intake: effects on indexes of copper status, antioxidant status, and immune function in young men. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 79, 1037–1044.
   Google Scholar
• Valko, M., Morris, H., and Cronin, M.T.D., 2005. Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Current medicinal chemistry, 12, 1161–1208.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., et al., 2009. Adverse health effects of lead exposure on children and exploration to internal lead indicator. The science of the total environment, 407, 5986–5992.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). 1995. Inorganic Lead. WHO Environmental Health Criteria Series, 165. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, pp. 1–300.
   Google Scholar
• Yaman, M., 2017. Comprehensive comparison of trace metal concentrations in cancerous and non-cancerous human tissues. Current medicinal chemistry, 13, 2513–2525.
   Google Scholar
• Zahir, F., et al., 2005. Low dose mercury toxicity and human health. Environmental toxicology and pharmacology, 20, 351–360.
   Google Scholar
• Zaidan, H.K., et al., 2013. Detection some trace elements in human milk and effect of some factors on its concentrations. Journal of biology and medical science, 1, 6–12.
   Google Scholar
• Zain, S.M., et al., 2016. Milk authentication and discrimination via metal content clustering: a case of comparing milk from Malaysia and selected countries of the world. Food Control, 66, 306–314.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., et al., 2016. Analysis of 22 elements in milk, feed, and water of dairy cow, goat, and buffalo from different regions of china. Biological trace element research, 176, 120–129.
   Google Scholar