26
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

HERisk and statistical clustering integrated for health risk modelling of PTEs in natural water resources for drinking and sanitary uses

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, & show all
Received 25 Oct 2022, Accepted 15 Jun 2024, Published online: 02 Jul 2024

References

  • Abdessamed, D., et al., 2023. Groundwater quality assessment for sustainable human consumption in arid areas based on GIS and water quality index in the watershed of Ain Sefra (SW of Algeria). Environmental earth sciences, 82 (21), 510.
  • Abongwa, P.T., Den, W., and Teague, A., 2022. Dual Isotopic (O & N) Approach in the Assessment of NO3− Pollution in an Urban River. Water, air, & soil pollution, 233 (7), 280.
  • Adelodun, B., et al., 2021. Assessment of socioeconomic inequality based on virus-contaminated water usage in developing countries: a review. Environmental research, 192, 110309.
  • Adenegan-Alakinde, T.A., and Ojo, F.M., 2022. Assessment of macro and micro elements present in three commonly eaten vegetables in Nigeria. International journal of biological and chemical sciences, 16 (1), 430–439.
  • Adimalla, N., 2019. Heavy metals pollution assessment and its associated human health risk evaluation of urban soils from Indian cities: a review. Environmental geochemistry and health, 42 (1), 173–190.
  • Adnan, M., et al., 2022. Heavy metal, waste, COVID-19, and rapid industrialization in this modern era—fit for sustainable future. Sustainability, 14 (8), 4746.
  • Agarwal, M., Singh, M., and Hussain, J., 2019. Assessment of groundwater quality with special emphasis on nitrate contamination in parts of Gautam Budh Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh, India. Acta geochimica, 38 (5), 703–717.
  • Agbasi, J.C., and Egbueri, J.C., 2022. Assessment of PTEs in water resources by integrating HHRISK code, water quality indices, multivariate statistics, and ANNs. Geocarto international, 37 (25), 10407–10433.
  • Ahrari, F., et al., 2017. Effectiveness of sodium bicarbonate combined with hydrogen peroxide and CPP-ACPF in whitening and microhardness of enamel. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry, 9 (3), e344–e350.
  • Akpoborie, I.A., et al., 2011. Aspects of the geology and groundwater conditions of Asaba, Nigeria. Archives of applied science research, 3 (2), 537–550.
  • Alemayehu, T., et al., 2019. Assessment of the impact of landfill leachate on groundwater and surrounding surface water: a case study of Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia. Sustainable water resources management, 5 (4), 1641–1649.
  • Ali, H., and Khan, E., 2018. Bioaccumulation of non-essential hazardous heavy metals and metalloids in freshwater fish. Risk to human health. Environmental chemistry letters, 16 (3), 903–917.
  • APHA. 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 21st ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.
  • Aradpour, S., et al., 2021. Alarming carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk of heavy metals in Sabalan dam reservoir, Northwest of Iran. Environmental pollutants and bioavailability, 33 (1), 278–291.
  • Arif, T., Pitoyo, J., and Sudjarwo, E., 2022. The Effect of Aloe Vera Extract on Blood Glucose Levels in Streptozotocin-Induced Rats. Jurnal ners dan kebidanan (journal of ners and midwifery), 9 (2), 178–185.
  • Arua, I., 1986. Paleoenvironment of Eocene deposits in the Afikpo syncline, southern Nigeria. Journal of african earth sciences (1983), 5 (3), 279–284.
  • Aryadoust, V., and Goh, C.C.M., 2014. Predicting listening item difficulty with language complexity measures: A comparative data mining study. CaMLA working papers.
  • Astuti, R.D.P., et al., 2022. Health risks from multiroute exposure of potentially toxic elements in a coastal community: a probabilistic risk approach in Pangkep Regency, Indonesia. Geomatics, natural hazards and risk, 13 (1), 705–735.
  • Ayejoto, D.A., et al., 2024. Assessment of oral and dermal health risk exposures associated with contaminated water resources: an update in Ojoto area, southeast Nigeria. International journal of environmental analytical chemistry, 104 (3), 641–661.
  • Bagheri, S., Gholamhosseini, A., and Banaee, M., 2023. Investigation of different nutritional effects of dietary chromium in fish: a literature review. Biological trace element research, 201 (5), 2546–2554.
  • Bothe, G., Coh, A., and Auinger, A., 2017. Efficacy and safety of a natural mineral water rich in magnesium and sulphate for bowel function: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. European journal of nutrition, 56 (2), 491–499.
  • Boutheina, D., et al., 2022. Agricultural water management practices in mena region facing climatic challenges and water scarcity. Water conservation & management, 6 (1), 39–44.
  • Brender, J. D., et al., 2020. Human health effects of exposure to nitrate, nitrite, and nitrogen dioxide. In: M.A. Sutton, ed. Just enough nitrogen. Cham: Springer.
  • Buxton, S., et al., 2019. Concise review of nickel human health toxicology and ecotoxicology. Inorganics, 7 (7), 89.
  • Cáceres-Saez, I., and Guevara, S. R., 2022. Heavy metal impacts: an evaluation of toxicological concern in stranded odontocetes in southern south america. In: M.L. Larramendy, and G. Liwszyc, eds. Marsupial and placental mammal species in environmental risk assessment strategies. United Kingdom: The Royal Society of Chemistry. 170.
  • Chen, J., et al., 2021. Hydrogeochemical evidence for fluoride behavior in groundwater and the associated risk to human health for a large irrigation plain in the Yellow River Basin. The science of the total environment, 800, 149428.
  • Chen, Q. Y., et al., 2017. Mechanisms of nickel carcinogenesis. In: A. Mudipalli, and J. Zelikoff, eds. Essential and non-essential metals. Molecular and integrative toxicology. Cham: Humana Press.
  • Chorol, L., and Gupta, S.K., 2023. Evaluation of groundwater heavy metal pollution index through analytical hierarchy process and its health risk assessment via Monte Carlo simulation. Process safety and environmental protection, 170, 855–864.
  • Chowdhary, P., et al., 2020. Role of industries in water scarcity and its adverse effects on environment and human health. In: V. Shukla, and N. Kumar, eds. Environmental concerns and sustainable development. Singapore: Springer.
  • Coffman, V.R., et al., 2021. Prenatal exposure to nitrate from drinking water and markers of fetal growth restriction: a population-based study of nearly one million Danish-born children. Environmental health perspectives, 129 (2), 27002.
  • Costantino, M., et al., 2020. Sulphate mineral waters: A medical resource in several disorders. Journal of traditional and complementary medicine, 10 (4), 320–326.
  • Cummings, J.E., and Kovacic, J.P., 2009. The ubiquitous role of zinc in health and disease. Journal of veterinary emergency and critical care (San Antonio, Tex.: 2001), 19 (3), 215–240.
  • da Silva Peixoto, F., Cavalcante, I.N., and Gomes, D.F., 2020. Influence of land use and sanitation issues on water quality of an urban aquifer. Water resources management, 34 (2), 653–674.
  • Dash, S., Borah, S.S., and Kalamdhad, A., 2018. Monitoring and assessment of Deepor Beel water quality using multivariate statistical tools. Water practice and technology, 13 (4), 893–908.
  • Deshpande, J.D., Joshi, M.M., and Giri, P.A., 2013. Zinc: The trace element of major importance in human nutrition and health. International journal of medical science and public health, 2 (1), 1–6.
  • Dessie, B.K., et al., 2022. Physicochemical characterization and heavy metals analysis from industrial discharges in Upper Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Toxicology reports, 9, 1297–1307.
  • Dibaba, W.T., and Ebsa, D.G., 2022. Identifying erosion hot spot areas and evaluation of best management practices in the Toba Watershed, Ethiopia. Water conservation & management, 6 (1), 30–38.
  • Dinaki, F.K., et al., 2023. Sediment-connected Potentially Toxic Element Contamination and Phytoremediation Potential of Native Aquatic Macrophytes along the Jajrood River, Tehran Province, Iran. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 111 (5), 65.
  • Ding, A.L., et al., 2021. Pregnancy complications effect on the nickel content in maternal blood, placenta blood and umbilical cord blood during pregnancy. World journal of clinical cases, 9 (28), 8340–8348.
  • Dong, D., et al., 2018. Effects of lead, cadmium, chromium, and arsenic on the sorption of lindane and norfloxacin by river biofilms, particles, and sediments. Environmental science and pollution research international, 25 (5), 4632–4642.
  • Dong, Z., et al., 2015. Uncertainties inhuman health risk assessment of environmental contaminants: a review and perspective. Environment international, 85, 120–132.
  • Duan, B., et al., 2017. Comparison of health risk assessments of heavy metals and as in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for adults and children in the urban district of Taiyuan, China. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14 (10), 1194.
  • Egbueri, J.C., 2018. Assessment of the quality of groundwaters proximal to dumpsites in Awka and Nnewi metropolises: A comparative approach. International journal of energy and water resources, 2 (1-4), 33–48.
  • Egbueri, J.C., 2020. Groundwater quality assessment using pollution index of groundwater (PIG), ecological risk index (ERI) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA): a case study. Groundwater for sustainable development, 10, 100292.
  • Egbueri, J.C., 2021. Prediction modeling of potentially toxic elements’ hydrogeopollution using an integrated Q–mode HCs and ANNs machine learning approach in SE Nigeria. Environmental science and pollution research international, 28 (30), 40938–40956.
  • Egbueri, J.C., 2022. Predicting and analysing the quality of water resources for industrial purposes using integrated data-intelligent algorithms. Groundwater for sustainable development, 18, 100794.
  • Egbueri, J.C., and Agbasi, J.C., 2022a. Data-driven soft computing modeling of groundwater quality parameters in southeast Nigeria: comparing the performances of different algorithms. Environmental science and pollution research international, 29 (25), 38346–38373.
  • Egbueri, J.C., and Agbasi, J.C., 2022b. Combining data-intelligent algorithms for the assessment and predictive modeling of groundwater resources quality in parts of southeastern Nigeria. Environmental science and pollution research international, 29 (38), 57147–57171.
  • Egbueri, J.C., and Igwe, O., 2020. The impact of hydrogeomorphological characteristics on gullying processes in erosion-prone geological units in parts of southeast Nigeria. Geology, ecology, and landscapes, 5 (3), 227–240.
  • Egbueri, J.C., and Mgbenu, C.N., 2020. Chemometric analysis for pollution source identification and human health risk assessment of water resources in Ojoto Province, southeast Nigeria. Applied water science, 10 (4), 1–18.
  • Egbueri, J.C., Ayejoto, D.A., and. Agbasi, J.C., 2022a. Pollution assessment and estimation of the percentages of toxic elements to be removed to make polluted drinking water safe: a case from Nigeria. Toxin reviews, 42 (1), 146–160.
  • Egbueri, J.C., Enyigwe, M.T., and Ayejoto, D.A., 2022b. Modeling the impact of potentially harmful elements on the groun-dwater quality of a mining area (Nigeria) by integrating NSFWQI, HERisk code and HCs. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 194 (3), 150.
  • Egbueri, J.C., et al., 2023. A multi-criteria water quality evaluation for human consumption, irrigation and industrial purposes in Umunya area, southeastern Nigeria. International journal of environmental analytical chemistry, 103 (14), 3351–3375.
  • Egbueri, J.C., Mgbenu, C.N., and Chukwu, C.N., 2019. Investigating the hydrogeochemical processes and quality of water resources in Ojoto and environs using integrated classical methods. Modeling earth systems and environment, 5 (4), 1443–1461.
  • Enyigwe, M.T., Onwuka, O.S., and Egbueri, J.C., 2022. Geochemical distribution, statistical and health risk assessment of toxic elements in groundwater from a typical mining district in Nigeria. Environmental forensics, 23 (5-6), 469–481.
  • Eyankware, M.O., and Ephraim, B.E., 2021. A comprehensive review of water quality monitoring and assessment in Delta State, Southern Part of Nigeria. Journal of environmental & earth sciences, 3 (1), 16–28.
  • Frith, D., et al., 2005. Lead poisoning–a differential diagnosis for abdominal pain. The lancet, 366 (9503), 2146.
  • Fu, Z., and Xi, S., 2020. The effects of heavy metals on human metabolism. Toxicology mechanisms and methods, 30 (3), 167–176.
  • Fytianos, K., and Christophoridis, C., 2004. Nitrate, arsenic and chloride pollution of drinking water in Northern Greece. Elaboration by applying GIS. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 93 (1-3), 55–67. 10.1023/b:emas.0000016791.73493.aa
  • Gajda-Wyrębek, J., Jarecka, J., and Dmitruk, M., 2021. Monitoring survey of nitrate content in beetroot, radish and cabbage in Poland. Roczniki panstwowego zakladu higieny, 72 (3), 267–271.
  • Gao, Y., et al., 2022. Cumulative health risk assessment of multiple chemicals in groundwater based on deterministic and Monte Carlo models in a large semiarid basin. Journal of cleaner production, 352, 131567.
  • Genchi, G., et al., 2020. Nickel: Human health and environmental toxicology. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17 (3), 679.
  • Ghosh, G.C., et al., 2020. Human health risk assessment of elevated and variable iron and manganese intake with arsenic-safe groundwater in Jashore, Bangladesh. Scientific reports, 10 (1), 5206.
  • Ginta, D., 2019. Should You Be Going Sulfate-Free? Healthline. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/beauty-skin-care/sulfates [Accessed 13 October 2022].
  • Grant, A., et al., 2020. Estimating consumers at risk from drinking elevated lead concentrations: An Iowa case study. Environmental science & technology letters, 7 (12), 948–953.
  • Gray, M., 2003. Does oral zinc supplementation promote healing of chronic wounds? Journal of wound, ostomy, and continence nursing: official publication of the wound, ostomy and continence nurses society, 30 (6), 295–299.
  • Guin, M., et al., 2022. Heterocyclic surfactants and their applications in cosmetics. ChemistrySelect, 7 (8), e202103989.
  • Guo, Y., et al., 2022. Groundwater quality in and around a landfill in Northwest China: Characteristic pollutant identification, health risk assessment, and controlling factor analysis. Exposure and health, 14 (4), 885–901.
  • Habesoglu, S., and Atici, A.A., 2022. Assessment of pollution indices and human health risk related to 13 heavy metal contents in surface water of Sihke Pond (Van), Turkey. Spectroscopy letters, 55 (7), 464–477.
  • Harichandan, A., et al., 2022. Study of surface water quality for domestic use near a municipal solid waste dumping site in Bhuasuni, Odisha, India. International journal of energy and water resources. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42108-022-00205-0
  • He, X., et al., 2021. Nanoscale covalent organic frameworks: from controlled synthesis to cancer therapy. Chemical communications (Cambridge, England), 57 (93), 12417–12435.
  • Hossain, M.B., et al., 2022. Heavy metal accumulation and phytoremediation potentiality of some selected mangrove species from the world’s largest mangrove forest. Biology, 11 (8), 1144.
  • Hosseini, N.S., et al., 2020. Heavy metal concentrations in roadside plants (Achillea wilhelmsii and Cardaria draba) and soils along some highways in Hamedan, west of Iran. Environmental science and pollution research international, 27 (12), 13301–13314.
  • Hu, X., et al., 2011. Bioaccessibility and health risk of arsenic, mercury and other metals in urban street dusts from a mega-city, Nanjing, China. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 159 (5), 1215–1221.
  • Huang, R., et al., 2023. 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT versus 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/MRI for the detection of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in oncology, 13, 1216894.
  • Hussain, R.T., Ebraheem, M.K., and Moker, H.M., 2012. Assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Pb and Zn) contents in livers of chicken available in the local markets of Basrah city, Iraq. Basrah journal of veterinary research, 11 (1), 43–51.
  • Hwang, B.F., Jaakkola, J.J., and Guo, H.R., 2008. Water disinfection by-products and the risk of specific birth defects: a population-based cross-sectional study in Taiwan. Environmental health: a global access science source, 7 (1), 23.
  • IARC. 1990. Chromium, nickel and welding, IARC monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. In World health organization international agency for research on cancer, vol. 49, Lyon: France, 49–256.
  • Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH). 2010. Iron I drinking water. Available from: http://www.idph.state.il.us/envhealth/factsheets/ironFS.htm [Accessed 21 September 2022].
  • Jaishankar, M., et al., 2014. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 7 (2), 60–72.
  • Jamshaid, M., et al., 2018. Heavy metal in drinking water its effect on human health and its treatment techniques-a review. International journal of biosciences, 12 (4), 223–240.
  • Kabir, M.H., et al., 2020. Evaluation of spatio-temporal variations in water quality and suitability of an ecologically critical urban river employing water quality index and multivariate statistical approaches: a study on Shitalakhya river, Bangladesh. Human and ecological risk assessment: an international journal, 27 (5), 1388–1415.
  • Keesari, T., et al., 2016. Understanding the hydrochemical behavior of groundwater and its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes in Pondicherry area, South India–a step towards sustainable development. Groundwater for sustainable development, 2-3, 143–153.
  • Kessler, T., and Hesse, A., 2000. Cross-over study of the influence of bicarbonate-rich mineral water on urinary composition in comparison with sodium potassium citrate in healthy male subjects. The british journal of nutrition, 84 (6), 865–871.
  • Khan, A.U., et al., 2021. Complex linkage between watershed attributes and surface water quality: gaining insight via path analysis. Civil engineering journal, 7 (4), 701–712.
  • Khan, M.A., et al., 2023. Potential health risk assessment, spatio-temporal hydrochemistry and groundwater quality of Yamuna river basin, Northern India. Chemosphere, 311 (Pt 1), 136880.
  • Khan, N., et al., 2013. Physicochemical investigation of the drinking water sources from Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. International journal of physical sciences, 8 (33), 1661–1671.
  • Khillar, S., 2020. Data Mining Supervised and Unsupervised. Difference Between. Available from: http://www.differencebetween.net/technology/difference-between-data-mining-supervised-and-unsupervised/ [Accessed 24September 2022].
  • Kogbe, C. A., 1976. Paleogeographic history of Nigeria from Albian times. C.A. Kogbe, ed. Lagos: Geology of Nigeria. Elizabeth Publishers, 237–252.
  • Kumar, V., et al., 2017. Studies on high iron content in water resources of Moradabad district (UP), India. Water science, 31 (1), 44–51.
  • Lan, T., et al., 2022. Floods and diarrheal morbidity: Evidence on the relationship, effect modifiers, and attributable risk from Sichuan Province, China. Journal of global health, 12, 11007.
  • Lawton, G., Carew, J. M., and Burns, E., 2022. Predictive modeling. SearchEnterpriseAI. Available from: https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/definition/predictive-modeling [Accessed 22 September 2022].
  • Lee, N.R., et al., 2016. Acidic water bathing could be a safe and effective therapeutic modality for severe and refractory atopic dermatitis. Annals of dermatology, 28 (1), 126–129.
  • Lewin, P., 2022. Chloride in Drinking Water (& The Best Way to Remove It!). Home Water Research. Available from: https://homewaterresearch.com/chloride-in-drinking-water/ [Accessed 13October 2022]
  • Li, Z., et al., 2014. A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China: pollution and health risk assessment. Science of the total environment, 468-469, 843–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.090
  • Liu, J., and Han, G., 2021. Tracing riverine sulfate source in an agricultural watershed: Constraints from stable isotopes. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 288, 117740.
  • Liu, K., et al., 2022. Near-infrared-absorbing B–N lewis pair-functionalized anthracenes: electronic structure tuning, conformational isomerism, and applications in photothermal cancer therapy. Journal of the american chemical society, 144 (41), 18908–18917.
  • Loha, S., et al., 2022. The effect of alkalinization of oral cavity by sodium bicarbonate mouth wash to decrease ventilator-associated pneumonia in traumatic brain injury patients: A prospective randomized controlled study. Trends in anaesthesia and critical care, 46, 2–7.
  • Long’s EcoWater Systems. 2020. Chlorine in drinking water: what are the effects? [online]. Longs Ecowater. Available from: https://longsecowater.com/blog/chlorine-in-drinking-water-what-are-the-effects/amp [Accessed 13 October 2022].
  • Lotfi, S., Chakit, M., and Belghyti, D., 2020. Groundwater quality and pollution index for heavy metals in Saïs plain, Morocco. Journal of health & pollution, 10 (26), 200603.
  • Lü, X., et al., 2009. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity of nickel ions based on gene expression profiles. Biomaterials, 30 (2), 141–148.
  • Lusi, E.A., et al., 2015. High prevalence of nickel allergy in an overweight female population: a pilot observational analysis. PloS one, 10 (3), e0123265.
  • Majumder, A.K., et al., 2021. Critical review of lead pollution in Bangladesh. Journal of health & pollution, 11 (31), 210902.
  • Mallongi, A., et al., 2022. Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements in Maros karst groundwater: a Monte Carlo simulation approach. Geomatics, natural hazards and risk, 13 (1), 338–363.
  • Masindi, K., and Abiye, T., 2018. Assessment of natural and anthropogenic influences on regional groundwater chemistry in a highly industrialized and urbanized region: a case study of the Vaal River Basin, South Africa. Environmental earth sciences, 77 (20), 722.
  • Masuda, H., 2018. Arsenic cycling in the Earth’s crust and hydrosphere: interaction between naturally occurring arsenic and human activities. Progress in earth and planetary science, 5 (1), 68.
  • McGrane, M.K S., 2020. Acidic Water: Risks, Benefits, and More [online]. Healthline. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/acidic-water [Accessed 11 October 2022]
  • Medeiros, R.F., et al., 2012. Determination of inorganic trace elements in edible marine fish from Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Food control., 23 (2), 535–541.
  • Mgbenu, C.N., and Egbueri, J.C., 2019. The hydrogeochemical signatures, quality indices and health risk assessment of water resources in Umunya district, southeast Nigeria. Applied water science, 9 (1), 22.
  • Michalski, G., Böhlke, J.K., and Thiemens, M., 2004. Long term atmospheric deposition as the source of nitrate and other salts in the Atacama Desert, Chile: New evidence from mass-independent oxygen isotopic compositions. Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 68 (20), 4023–4038.
  • Moondra, N., Jariwala, N., and Christian, R.A., 2020. Microalgal-bacterial consortia: An alluring and novel approach for domestic wastewater treatment. Water conservation and management, 4 (1), 51–56.
  • Motadi, S.A., et al., 2015. Prevalence of iron and zinc deficiencies among preschool children ages 3 to 5 y in Vhembe district, Limpopo province, South Africa. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.), 31 (3), 452–458.
  • Motas, M., et al., 2021. Heavy metals and trace elements in human breast milk from industrial/mining and agricultural zones of southeastern Spain. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18 (17), 9289.
  • Muhammad, I., et al., 2013. Determination of some heavy metals in wastewater and sediment of artisanal gold local mining site of Abare area in Nigeria. Journal of environmental treatment techniques, 1 (3), 174–182.
  • Muhammad, I.M., Abdulkarim, A.Y., and Adamu, S. 2019. Characterization of doum palm seed kernel as natural sorbent for metal ions removal from gombe ternary wastewater. Path of science, 5 (7), 2001–2008.
  • Mukherjee, I., Singh, U.K., and Patra, P.K., 2019. Exploring a multi-exposure-pathway approach to assess human health risk associated with groundwater fluoride exposure in the semi-arid region of east India. Chemosphere, 233, 164–173.
  • Mukherjee, S., et al., 2022. Environmental toxicants and allergic disorder. Letters in Applied NanoBioScience,12 (2), 36.
  • Napacho, Z.A., and Manyele, S.V., 2010. Quality assessment of drinking water in Temeke District (part II): Characterization of chemical parameters. African journal of environmental science and technology, 4 (11), 775–789.
  • Naschenweng, C., 2020. Health impact of nickel migration caused by wearing piercing jewelry. Thesis (PhD). University of Applied Sciences.
  • Nasreen, S., and Ashraf, M.A., 2020. Inadequate supply of water in agriculture sector of pakistan due to depleting water reservoirs and redundant irrigation system. Water conservation & management, 5 (1), 13–19.
  • Nassir, I.M., Al-Sharify, A.N., and Baiee, H.A., 2018. Determination of nickel concentration in the breast milk of lactating mothers living in Hilla City, Babylon, Iraq. Journal of university of Babylon for pure and applied sciences, 26 (8), 84–91.
  • Negm, A. M., et al., 2020. Introduction to “Water Resources in Algeria: Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Resources”. In: A.M. Negm, A. Bouderbala, H. Chenchouni, D. Barceló, eds. Water resources in Algeria - Part I. The handbook of environmental chemistry, vol. 97. Cham: Springer.
  • Neris, J.B., et al., 2021. HERisk: an improved spatio-temporal human health risks assessment software. The science of the total environment, 772, 145044.
  • Nfor, B.N., Olobaniyi, S.B., and Ogala, J.E., 2007. Extent and distribution of groundwater resources in parts of Anambra State, Southeastern Nigeria. Journal of applied science and environmental management, 11 (2), 215–221.
  • Nganje, T.N., et al., 2020. The concentration, distribution and health risk from potentially toxic elements in the soil-plant-water system developed on black shales in SE Nigeria. Journal of african earth sciences, 165, 103806.
  • Noulas, C., Tziouvalekas, M., and Karyotis, T., 2018. Zinc in soils, water and food crops. Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology: organ of the society for minerals and trace elements (GMS), 49, 252–260.
  • Nwachukwu, S.O., 1972. The tectonic evolution of the the southern portion of the Benue Trough, Nigeria. Geological magazine, 109 (5), 411–419.
  • Nwajide, C. S., 2013. Geology of Nigeria’s sedimentary basins. Lagos: CSS Bookshop Limited.
  • Obasi, P.N., Eyankware, M.O., and Edene, E.N., 2022. Contamination of potable water supply sources in the lead–zinc mining communities of Mkpuma Akpatakpa, Southeastern Nigeria. International journal of energy and water resources, 8 (2), 225–239.
  • Ogbuewu, I.P., and Mbajiorgu, C.A., 2023. Potentials of dietary zinc supplementation in improving growth performance, health status, and meat quality of broiler chickens. Biological trace element research, 201 (3), 1418–1431.
  • Okoro, E.I., Egboka, B.C.E., and Onwuemesi, A.G., 2010. Evaluation of the aquifer characteristic of Nanka Sands using hydrogeological method in combination with Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES). Journal of applied sciences and environmental management, 14 (2), 5–9.
  • Omeka, M.E., and Egbueri, J.C., 2023. Hydrogeochemical assessment and health-related risks due to toxic element ingestion and dermal contact within the Nnewi-Awka urban areas, Nigeria. Environmental geochemistry and health, 45 (5), 2183–2211.
  • Onuorah, S., Ndumdi, D., and Okoye P., 2020. Effects of Seasonal Variation on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Iyifeyi Stream in Ugwobi Abbi, Enugu State Nigeria. Environment and Ecology Research, 8 (3), 76–84. https://doi.org/10.13189/eer.2020.08033
  • Onyemesili, O.O., Egbueri, J.C., and Ezugwu, C.K., 2022. Assessing the pollution status, ecological and health risks of surf-ace waters in Nnewi urban, Nigeria: implications of poor waste disposal. Environmental forensics, 23 (3-4), 346–360.
  • Panaskar, D. B., et al., 2016. Evaluating groundwater suitability for the domestic, irrigation, and industrial purposes in Nanded Tehsil, Maharashtra, India, using GIS and statistics. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9, 615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2641-1
  • Papazotos, P., et al., 2023. A novel hydrogeochemical approach to delineate the origin of potentially toxic elements in groundwater: Sophisticated molar ratios as environmental tracers. Environmental science and pollution research international, 30 (30), 74771–74790.
  • Papazotos, P., Vasileiou, E., and Perraki, M., 2019. The synergistic role of agricultural activities in groundwater quality in ultramafic environments: The case of the Psachna basin, central Euboea, Greece. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 191 (5), 317.
  • Parvizishad, M., et al., 2017. A review of adverse effects and benefits of nitrate and nitrite in drinking water and food on human health. Health scope, In Press (In Press), e14164.
  • Peng, C., et al., 2018. Identification of nitrate pollution sources through various isotopic methods: A case study of the Huixian Wetland. Huan Jing ke Xue = Huanjing Kexue, 39 (12), 5410–5417.
  • Prasad, R., Sharma, D., and Yadav, K.D., 2020. Preliminary study on effect of detention time on nutrient removal from greywater using water hyacinth. Water conservation & management, 5 (1), 20–25.
  • Psarraki, D., Papazotos, P., and Vasileiou E., 2022. Evaluation of Groundwater Vulnerability Using Drastic Method: A Case Study of the Elassona Basin, Thessaly, Central Greece. 12th International Hydrogeological Conference of Greece and Cyprus/Nicosia.
  • Rahimi, M.R., Mohammadi, S.D., and Beydokhti, A.T., 2022. Correlation between the mineral composition and dissolution rate constant of sulfate rocks at different pressures and water flow velocities. Bulletin of engineering geology and the environment, 81 (9), 371.
  • Rambabu, K., et al., 2020. Biological remediation of acid mine drainage: Review of past trends and current outlook. Environmental science and ecotechnology, 2, 100024.
  • Rauf, A.U., et al., 2021. Potentially toxic element levels in atmospheric particulates and health risk estimation around industrial areas of Maros, Indonesia. Toxics, 9 (12), 328.
  • Raychaudhuri, S. S., et al., 2021. Polyamines, metallothioneins, and phytochelatins—Natural defense of plants to mitigate heavy metals. In: Rahman, A., ed. Studies in natural products chemistry. Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier. 60, 227–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819487-4.00006-9.
  • Rengel, Z., 1999. Heavy Metals as Essential Nutrients. In: M.N.V. Prasad, and J. Hagemeyer, eds. Eavy metal stress in plants: from molecules to ecosystems. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 231–251.
  • Reyment, R. A., 1965. Aspects of the geology of Nigeria: the stratigraphy of the cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits. Ibadan: Ibadan University Press.
  • Robillard, P. D., Sharpe, W. E., and Wistock, B. R., 2003. Nitrates in drinking water. Pennsylvania State University, Agricultural and Biological Engineering. University Park, PA, USA.
  • Saghaleini, S.H., et al., 2018. Pressure ulcer and nutrition. Indian journal of critical care medicine: peer-reviewed, official publication of indian society of critical care medicine, 22 (4), 283–289.
  • Saito, M., et al., 2016. Molecular mechanisms of nickel allergy. International journal of molecular sciences, 17 (2), 202.
  • Sall, M.L., et al., 2020. Toxic heavy metals: impact on the environment and human health, and treatment with conducting organic polymers, a review. Environmental science and pollution research international, 27 (24), 29927–29942.
  • Samuel, O., Dominic, N., and Patrick, O., 2020. Effects of Seasonal Variation on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Iyifeyi Stream in Ugwobi Abbi, Enugu State Nigeria. Environment and ecology research, 8 (3), 76–84.
  • Sasakova, N., et al., 2018. Pollution of surface and ground water by sources related to agricultural activities. Frontiers in sustainable food systems, 2, 42.
  • Sathya, R., and Abraham, A., 2013. Comparison of supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms for pattern classification. International journal of advanced research in artificial intelligence, 2 (2), 34–38.
  • Segun, A.A., and Mo, R., 2021. Investigating source identification and quality of drinking water in piwoyi community of federal Capital Territory, Abuja Nigeria. Research square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-736140/v1
  • Shrestha, J., 2018. Study of low dose nitrite stress on human mononuclear cells: An in-vitro case-control study on osteoarthritis. Dissertations and Theses @ UNI. 533. Available from: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/533
  • Siener, R., 2016. Can the manipulation of urinary pH by beverages assist with the prevention of stone recurrence? Urolithiasis, 44 (1), 51–56.
  • Singh, M. R., and Gupta, A., 2016. Water pollution-sources, effects and control. Centre for biodiversity. Department of Botany, Nagaland, IN: Nagaland University, 1–16.
  • Singh, S., et al., 2022. Nitrates in the environment: A critical review of their distribution, sensing techniques, ecological effects and remediation. Chemosphere, 287 (Pt 1), 131996.
  • Sobhanardakani, S., 2017. Potential health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of caviar of Persian sturgeon. Marine pollution bulletin, 123 (1-2), 34–38.
  • Sood, A., Midha, V., and Sood, N., 2002. Pain in abdomen–do not forget lead poisoning. Indian Journal of gastroenterology: official journal of the indian society of gastroenterology, 21 (6), 225–226.
  • Srivastava, S., Bhargava, A., et al., 2022. Heavy Metal Remediation: The Microbial Approach. In: G. Molina, eds. Microbes in agri-forestry biotechnology. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 197–220.
  • Stec, M., et al., 2020. Influence of high chloride concentration on pH control in hydroxide precipitation of heavy metals. Journal of sustainable metallurgy, 6 (2), 239–249.
  • Tao, H., et al., 2024. Hybridized artificial intelligence models with nature-inspired algorithms for river flow modeling: A comprehensive review, assessment, and possible future research directions. Engineering applications of artificial intelligence, 129, 107559.
  • Tenebe, I.T., et al., 2022. Assessing the state of rainwater for consumption in a community in dire need of clean water: Human and health risk using HERisk. Water practice and technology, 17 (10), 2005–2022.
  • Thakare, M., et al., 2021. Understanding the holistic approach to plant-microbe remediation technologies for removing heavy metals and radionuclides from soil. Current research in biotechnology, 3, 84–98.
  • Tramontana, M., et al., 2020. Nickel allergy: epidemiology, pathomechanism, clinical patterns, treatment and prevention programs. Endocrine, metabolic & immune disorders drug targets, 20 (7), 992–1002.
  • Tsai, M.T., Huang, S.Y., and Cheng, S.Y., 2017. Lead poisoning can be easily misdiagnosed as acute porphyria and nonspecific abdominal pain. Case reports in emergency medicine, 2017, 9050713–9050714.
  • Ucun Ozel, H., et al., 2020. Application of artificial neural networks to predict the heavy metal contamination in the Bartin River. Environmental science and pollution research international, 27 (34), 42495–42512.
  • Ukah, B.U., et al., 2020. Impact of effluent-derived heavy metals on the groundwater quality in Ajao industrial area, Nigeria: an assessment using entropy water quality index (EWQI). International journal of energy and water resources, 4 (3), 231–244.
  • Unigwe, C.O., Egbueri, J.C., and Omeka, M.E., 2022. Geospatial and statistical approaches to nitrate health risk and groundwater quality assessment of an alluvial aquifer in SE Nigeria for drinking and irrigation purposes. Journal of the indian chemical society, 99 (6), 100479.
  • US-EPA. 1989. Risk assessment guidance for superfund. Vol I: human health evaluation manual (part A): Vol. I. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  • US-EPA. 2011. Exposure Factors Handbook (Issue 600/R/090/052F). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
  • US-EPA. 2022. Basic information about lead in drinking water [online]. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/basic-information-about-lead-drinking-water [Accessed 18 October 2022].
  • Usman, J., et al., 2024. Design and machine learning prediction of in situ grown PDA-stabilized MOF (UiO-66-NH2) membrane for low-pressure separation of emulsified oily wastewater. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 16 (13), 16271–16289.
  • Varol, M., 2020. Use of water quality index and multivariate statistical methods for the evaluation of water quality of a stream affected by multiple stressors: A case study. Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987), 266 (Pt 3), 115417.
  • Varol, M., and Tokatlı, C., 2023. Evaluation of the water quality of a highly polluted stream with water quality indices and health risk assessment methods. Chemosphere, 311 (Pt 2), 137096.
  • Varol, M., et al., 2011. Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources of Tigris River (Turkey) using multivariate statistical techniques—a case study. River research and applications, 28 (9), 1428–1438.
  • Varol, M., Karakaya, G., and Sünbül, M.R., 2021. Spatiotemporal variations, health risks, pollution status and possible sources of dissolved trace metal(loid)s in the Karasu River, Turkey. Environmental research, 202, 111733.
  • Vaughn, K.M., 2022 Supervised vs unsupervised machine learning: what’s the difference? RapidMiner [online]. Available from: https://rapidminer.com/blog/supervised-vs-unsupervised-machine-learning/# [Accessed 24 September 2022].
  • Vega, M., et al., 1998. Assessment of seasonal and polluting effects on the quality of river water by exploratory data analysis. Water research, 32 (12), 3581–3592.
  • Vig, N., Ravindra, K., and Mor, S., 2023. Evaluation of groundwater for drinking and irrigation applications concerning physicochemical and ionic parameters through multiple indexing approach: a case study around the industrial zone, Punjab, India. Environmental geochemistry and health, 45 (5), 2077–2097.
  • Vukojević Medvidović, N., et al., 2018. Evaluation of natural zeolite as a material for permeable reactive barrier for remediation of zinc-contaminated groundwater based on column study. Water, air, & soil pollution, 229 (11), 367.
  • Wang, D., et al., 2020. Finding high-quality groundwater resources to reduce the hydatidosis incidence in the Shiqu County of Sichuan Province, China: analysis, assessment, and management. Exposure and health, 12 (2), 307–322.
  • Wang, H., et al., 2021. Chemical compositions evolution of groundwater and its pollution characterization due to agricultural activities in Yinchuan Plain, northwest China. Environmental research, 200, 111449.
  • Wang, X., et al., 2024. Heterogeneity-induced NGF-NGFR communication inefficiency promotes mitotic spindle disorganization in exhausted T cells through PREX1 suppression to impair the anti-tumor immunotherapy with PD-1 mAb in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer medicine, 13 (3), e6736.
  • Ward, J.H., Jr, 1963. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the american statistical association, 58 (301), 236–244.
  • Ward, M.H., et al., 2018. Drinking water nitrate and human health: an updated review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15 (7), 1557.
  • Warshaw, E.M., et al., 2014. Body piercing and metal allergic contact sensitivity: North American contact dermatitis group data from 2007 to 2010. Dermatitis: contact, atopic, occupational, drug, 25 (5), 255–264.
  • Watanabe, M., et al., 2018. Overweight and obese patients with nickel allergy have a worse metabolic profile compared to weight matched non-allergic individuals. PloS one, 13 (8), e0202683.
  • Water Science School. 2019. pH and Water [online]. Available from: https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/ph-and-water?qt-science_center_objects=0 [Accessed 11 October 2022].
  • WHO and UNICEF. 2015. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking Water: 2015 Update and MDG 1209 Assessment.
  • WHO. 1993. Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. –2nded, 2, 281–283.
  • WHO. 2017. Guidelines for drinking water quality, 3rd edn. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Wilbur, S.B., et al., 2012. Toxicological profile for chromium. US Department of Health and Human Services. Public health service, agency for toxic substances and disease registry, Atlanta, Georgia. 1–419. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK158853/
  • Wilson, P.B., 2019. I think I’m gonna hurl’: A narrative review of the causes of nausea and vomiting in sport. Sports (Basel, Switzerland), 7 (7), 162.
  • Wise, J.P., Jr., et al., 2022. Current understanding of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] neurotoxicity and new perspectives. Environment international, 158, 106877.
  • Yan, Z., et al., 2022. Effects of dietary superoxide dismutase on growth performance, antioxidant capacity and digestive enzyme activity of yellow-feather broilers during the early breeding period (1–28d). Journal of animal and feed sciences, 31 (3), 232–240.
  • Ye, M., et al., 2017. Production of lead concentrate from bioleached residue tailings by brine leaching followed by sulfide precipitation. Separation and purification technology, 183, 366–372.
  • Yesmeen, R., et al., 2018. Heavy metal and major ionic contamination level in effluents, surface and groundwater of an urban industrialised city: A case study of Rangpur city, Bangladesh. Asian journal of chemical sciences, 5 (1), 1–16.
  • Yidana, S.M., 2010. Groundwater classification using multivariate statistical methods: Birimian Basin, Ghana. Journal of environmental engineering, 136 (12), 1379–1388.
  • Zhang, L., et al., 2023. Spatial variability, source identification and risks assessment of antibiotics in multimedia of North China’s largest freshwater lake using positive matrix factorization and Monte Carlo simulation. Journal of hazardous materials, 457, 131751.
  • Zhang, Q., et al., 2021. Effect of hydrogeological conditions on groundwater nitrate pollution and human health risk assessment of nitrate in Jiaokou Irrigation District. Journal of cleaner production, 298, 126783.
  • Zhitkovich, A., 2005. Importance of chromium − DNA adducts in mutagenicity and toxicity of chromium (VI). Chemical research in toxicology, 18 (1), 3–11.
  • Zhitkovich, A., 2011. Chromium in drinking water: sources, metabolism, and cancer risks. Chemical research in toxicology, 24 (10), 1617–1629.
  • Zhou, M., et al., 2019. Effects of thyroid diseases on pregnancy outcomes. Experimental and therapeutic medicine, 18 (3), 1807–1815.
  • Zhou, Q., et al., 2020. Total concentrations and sources of heavy metal pollution in global river and lake water bodies from 1972 to 2017. Global ecology and conservation, 22, e00925.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.