The Secularization of Western Universities in International Perspective: Toward a Historicist Account

References

• Anderson, R. D. 2004. European Universities from the Enlightenment to 1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arum, Richard, and Josipa Roksa. 2010. Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Asad, Talal. 2003. Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bebbington, David. 1992. “The Secularization of British Universities Since the Mid-Nineteenth Century.” In The Secularization of the Academy, edited by George M. Marsden, and Bradley J. Longfield, 259–277. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, Peter. 1967. The Sacred Canopy. Garden City, NY: Anchor, Doubleday.
   Google Scholar
• Berger, Peter. 1999. “The Desecularization of the World: A Global Overview.” In The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics, edited by Peter L. Berger, 1–18. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
   Google Scholar
• Brockliss, Laurence. 1996. “Curricula.” In Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), A History of the University in Europe. edited by Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, Vol. 2, 565–620. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brockliss, L. W. B. 1997. “The European University in the Age of Revolution, 1789–1850.” In Nineteenth-Century Oxford, Part I, The History of the University of Oxford. edited by M.G. Brock and M.C. Curthoys, Vol. 6, 77–133. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brooke, Christopher N.L. 1993. 1870–1990. Vol. 4 of A History of the University of Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Callum G. 1992. “A Revisionist Approach to Religious Change.” In Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis, edited by Steve Bruce, 31–58. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, Callum G. 2001. The Death of Christian Britain: Understanding Secularisation 1800–2000. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bruce, Steve. 2011. Secularization: In Defence of an Unfashionable Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burtchaell, James Tunstead. 1998. The Dying of the Light: The Disengagement of Christian Colleges and Universities from their Christian Churches. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.
   Google Scholar
• Casanova, José. 1994. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Casanova, José. 2006. “Rethinking Secularization: A Global Comparative Perspective.” The Hedgehog Review 8 (1-2): 7–22.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, Randall. 1979. The Credential Society: An Historical Sociology of Education and Stratification. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, Jeffrey. 2003. “Master Narratives of Long-Term Religious Change.” In The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1750–2000, edited by Hugh McLeod, and Werner Ustdorf, 201–217. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde. 1996. “Management and Resources.” In Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), A History of the University in Europe. edited by Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, Vol. 2, 155–209. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbelaere, Karel. 2002. Secularization: An Analysis at Three Levels. Brussels: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Eberstadt, Mary. 2013. How the West Really Lost God: A New Theory of Secularization. West Conshohocken, PA: Templeton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Eisenstadt, S. N. 2000. “Multiple Modernities.” Daedalus 129 (1 (Winter)): 1–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eisenstadt, S. N. 2006. “Multiple Modernities in the Framework of a Comparative Evolutionary Perspective.” In Understanding Change: Models, Methodologies, and Metaphors, edited by Andreas Wimmer, and Reinhart Kössler, 199–218. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Finke, Roger, and Rodney Stark. 2005. The Churching of America, 1776–2005: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy. 2nd ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerbod, Paul. 2004. “Relations with Authority.” In Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), A History of the University in Europe. edited by Walter Rüegg, Vol. 3, 83–100. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gieysztor, Aleksander. 1992. “Management and Resources.” In Universities in the Middle Ages, A History of the University in Europe. edited by Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, Vol. 1, 108–143. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gorski, Philip S. 2000. “Historicizing the Secularization Debate: Church, State, and Society in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe, ca. 1300 to 1700.” American Sociological Review 65 (1): 138–167. doi: 10.2307/2657295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorski, Philip S., and Ateş Altınordu. 2008. “After Secularization?” Annual Review of Sociology 34 (1): 55–85. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134740
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, V. H. H. 1974. A History of Oxford University. London: B.T. Batsford.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory, Brad S. 2012. The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hammerstein, Notker. 1996. “Relations with Authority.” In Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), A History of the University in Europe. edited by Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, Vol. 2, 114–154. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Howard, Thomas Albert. 2006. Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern Germany University. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ioannidis, Joh P.A. 2005. “Why Most Published Research Findings Are False.” PLoS Medicine 2 (8): e124. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julia, D. 1986. “Les institutions et les hommes.” In Histoire des universités en France, edited by Jacques Verger, 141–197. Bibliothèque historique Privat: Toulouse.
   Google Scholar
• Langbert, Michael, Anthony J. Quain, and Daniel B. Klein. 2016. “Faculty Voter Registration in Economics, History, Journalism, Law, and Psychology.” Econ Journal Watch 13 (3) (September): 422–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longfield, Bradley J. 1992. “From Evangelicalism to Liberalism: Public Midwestern Universities in Nineteenth-Century America.” In The Secularization of the Academy, edited by George M. Marsden, and Bradley J. Longfield, 46–73. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lubenow, W. C. 1998. The Cambridge Apostles, 1820–1914: Liberalism, Imagination, and Friendship in British Intellectual and Political Life. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marsden, George M. 1992. “The Soul of the American University: An Historical Overview.” In The Secularization of the Academy, edited by George M. Marsden, and Bradley J. Longfield, 9–45. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Marsden, George M. 1994. The Soul of the American University: From Protestant Establishment to Established Nonbelief. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, David. 1978. A General Theory of Secularization. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• McClelland, Charles E. 1980. State, Society, and University in Germany 1700–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, Hugh. 2000. Secularisation in Western Europe, 1848–1914. New York: St Martin’s Press.
   Google Scholar
• McLeod, Hugh. 2007. The Religious Crisis of the 1960s. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nardi, Paolo. 1992. “Relations with Authority.” In Universities in the Middle Ages, A History of the University in Europe. edited by Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, Vol. 1, 77–107. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson, Samuel, and Philip S. Gorski. 2014. “Conditions of Religious Belonging: Confessionalization, De-Parochialization, and the Euro-American Divergence.” International Sociology 29 (1): 3–21. doi: 10.1177/0268580913510428
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell, Thomas, and Tristan Wheeler. 2019. “Over 30 Canadian Universities Ranked by their Mottos from Worst to Best.” February 1. https://www.ubyssey.ca/blog/university-mottos-ranked/.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, Kim. 2019. “The Growing Partisan Divide in Views of Higher Education.” August 19. https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/essay/the-growing-partisan-divide-in-views-of-higher-education/.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2016. “A Wider Ideological Gap Between More and Less Educated Adults: Political Polarization Update.” April 26. https://www.people-press.org/2016/04/26/a-wider-ideological-gap-between-more-and-less-educated-adults/.
   Google Scholar
• Reimer, Sam. 2010. “Higher Education and Theological Liberalism: Revisiting the Old Issue.” Sociology of Religion 71 (4): 393–408. doi: 10.1093/socrel/srq049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudy, Willis. 1984. The Universities of Europe, 1100–1914: A History. London: Associated University Presses.
   Google Scholar
• Rüegg, Walter. 1992. “Themes.” In Universities in the Middle Ages, A History of the University in Europe. edited by Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, Vol. 1, 3–34. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rüegg, Walter. 2004. “Themes.” In Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), A History of the University in Europe. edited by Walter Rüegg, Vol. 3, 3–32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schwadel, Philip. 2015. “Explaining Cross-National Variation in the Effect of Higher Education on Religiosity.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 54 (2): 402–418. doi: 10.1111/jssr.12187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwadel, Philip. 2016. “Does Higher Education Cause Religious Decline? A Longitudinal Analysis of the Within- and Between-Person Effects of Higher Education on Religiosity.” The Sociological Quarterly 57 (4 (Fall)): 759–786. doi: 10.1111/tsq.12153
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shils, Edward, and John Roberts. 2004. “The Diffusion of European Models Outside of Europe.” In Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), A History of the University in Europe. edited by Walter Rüegg, Vol. 3, 163–232. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Christian. 2003a. “Introduction: Rethinking the Secularization of American Public Life.” In The Secular Revolution: Power, Interests, and Conflict in the Secularization of American Public Life, edited by Christian Smith, 1–96. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Christian. 2003b. “Secularizing American Higher Education: The Case of Early American Sociology.” In The Secular Revolution: Power, Interests, and Conflict in the Secularization of American Public Life, edited by Christian Smith, 97–159. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Christian. 2014. The Sacred Project of American Sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, Charles. 2007. A Secular Age. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tschannen, Olivier. 1991. “The Secularization Paradigm: A Systematization.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30 (4): 395–415. doi: 10.2307/1387276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Rooden, Peter. 2003. “Long-Term Religious Developments in the Netherlands, c.1750–2000.” In The Decline of Christendom in Western Europe, 1750–2000, edited by Hugh McLeod, and Werner Ustdorf, 113–129. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vandermeersch, Peter A. 1996. “Teachers.” In Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), A History of the University in Europe. edited by Hilde de Ridder-Symoens, Vol. 2, 210–255. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wallis, Roy, and Steve Bruce. 1992. “Secularization: The Orthodox Model.” In Religion and Modernization: Sociologists and Historians Debate the Secularization Thesis, edited by Steve Bruce, 8–30. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weill, Georges. 2004 [1929]. Histoire de l’idée laïque en France au XIX^e siècle. Preface by Jean-Michel Ducomte. Paris: Hachette Littératures.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, Bryan. 1966. Religion in Secular Society: A Sociological Comment. London: C.A. Watts.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, Bryan. 1982. Religion in Sociological Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Woodhead, Linda. 2018. “Secularisation: With Added Agency.” In Foundations and Futures in the Sociology of Religion, edited by Luke Doggett, and Alp Arat, 55–67. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar