Phylogeny of the Glomeromycota (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi): recent developments and new gene markers

LITERATURE CITED

• Almeida RT, Schenck NC. 1990. A revision of the genus Sclerocystis (Glomaceae, Glomales). Mycologia 82:703–714.
   Google Scholar
• Bécard G, Pfeffer PE. 1993. Status of nuclear division in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during in-vitro development. Protoplasma 174:62–68.
   Google Scholar
• Bentivenga SP, Bever JD, Morton JB. 1997. Genetic variation of morphological characters within a single isolate of the endomycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarum (Glomaceae). Amer J Bot 84:1211–1216.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Morton JB. 1996. Congruence of fatty acid methyl ester profiles and morphological characters of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Gigasporaceae. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:5659–5662.
   Google Scholar
• Berbee ML, Taylor JW. 2000. Fungal molecular evolution: gene trees and geologic time. In: McLaughlin DJ, McLaughlin EG, Lemke PA, eds. The Mycota. New York: Springer Verlag. p 229–246.
   Google Scholar
• Clapp JP, Rodriguez A, Dodd JC. 2001. Inter- and intra-isolate rRNA large subunit variation in Glomus coronatum spores. New Phyto 149:539–554.
   Google Scholar
• Corradi N, Hijri M, Fumagalli L, Sanders IR. 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota) harbour ancient fungal tubulin genes that resemble those of the chytrids (Chytridiomycota). Fungal Genet Biol 41:1037–1045.
   Google Scholar
• de la Providencia IE, de Souza FA, Fernandez F, Delmas NS, Declerck S. 2005. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reveal distinct patterns of anastomosis formation and hyphal healing mechanisms between different phylogenic groups. New Phytol 165:261–271.
   Google Scholar
• Gehrig H, Schüßler A, Kluge M. 1996. Geosiphon pyriforme, a fungus forming endocytobiosis with Nostoc (Cyano-bacteria) is an ancestral member of the glomales: evidence by SSU rRNA analysis. J Mol Evol 43:71–81.
   Google Scholar
• Gerdemann JW, Trappe JM. 1974. Endogonaceae in the Pacific Northwest. Mycol Mem 5:1–76.
   Google Scholar
• Graham JH, Hodge NC, Morton JB. 1995. Fatty acid methyl ester profiles for characterization of glomalean fungi and their endomycorrhizae. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:58–64.
   Google Scholar
• Heckman DS, Geiser DM, Eidell BR, Stauffer RL, Kardos NL, Hedges SB. 2001. Molecular evidence for the early colonization of land by fungi and plants. Science 293: 1129–1133.
   Google Scholar
• Helgason T, Daniell TJ, Husband R, Fitter AH, Young JPW. 1998. Ploughing up the wood-wide web? Nature 394: 431.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Watson IJ, Young JPW. 2003. Phylogeny of the Glomerales and Diversisporales (Fungi: Glomeromycota) from actin and elongation factor 1-alpha sequences. FEMS Microbiol Lett 229:127–132.
   Google Scholar
• Hijri I, Sykorova Z, Oehl F, Ineichen K, Mäder P, Wiemken A, Redecker D. 2006. Communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in arable soils are not necessarily low in diversity. Mol Ecol 15:2277–2289.
   Google Scholar
• Hijri M, Hosny M, van Tuinen D, Dulieu H. 1999. Intraspecific ITS polymorphism in Scutellospora casta-nea (Glomales, Zygomycota) is structured within multinucleate spores. Fung Genet Biol 26:141–151.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Redecker D, Macdonald-Comber Petetot JA, Voigt K, Wöstemeyer J, Sanders IR. 2002. Identification and isolation of two Ascomycete fungi from spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Scutellospora. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:4567–4573.
   Google Scholar
• Hijri M, Sanders IR. 2005. Low gene copy number shows that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inherit genetically different nuclei. Nature 433:160–163.
   Google Scholar
• Husband R, Herre EA, Turner SL, Gallery R, Young JPW. 2002. Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and patterns of host association over time and space in a tropical forest. Mol Ecol 11:2669–2678.
   Google Scholar
• James TY, Kauff F, Schoch C, Matheny PB, Hofstetter V, Cox C, Celio G, Gueidan C, Fraker E, Miadlikowska J, Lumbsch HT, Rauhut A, Reeb V, Arnold AE, Amtoft A, Stajich JE, Hosaka K, Sung G-H, Johnson D, O’Rourke B, Crockett M, Binder M, Curtis JM, Slot JC, Wang Z, Wilson AW, Schüßler A, Longcore JE, O’Donnell K, Mozley-Standridge S, Porter D, Letcher PM, Powell MJ, Taylor JW, White MM, Griffith GW, Davies DR, Humber RA, Morton JB, Sugiyama J, Rossman AY, Rogers JD, Pfister DH, Hewitt D, Hansen K, Hambleton S, Shoemaker RA, Kohlmeyer J, Volkmann-Kohlmeyer B, Spotts RA, Serdani M, Crous PW, Hughes KW, Matsuura K, Langer E, Langer G, Untereiner WA, Lücking R, Büdel B, Geiser DM, Aptroot A, Diederich P, Schmitt I, Schultz M, Yahr R, Hibbett D, Lutzoni F, McLaughlin D, Spatafora J, Vilgalys R. 2006. Reconstructing the early evolution of the fungi using a six gene phylogeny. Nature 443:818–822.
   Google Scholar
• Jansa J, Mozafar A, Frossard E. 2005. Phosphorus acquisition strategies within arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community of a single field site. Plant Soil 276:163–176.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy LJ, Stutz JC, Morton JB. 1999. Glomus eburneum and G. luteum, two new species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, with emendation of G. spurcum. Mycologia 91:1083–1093.
   Google Scholar
• Klironomos JN. 2000. Host-specificity and functional diversity among arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In: Bell CR, Brylinsky M, Johnson-Green P, eds. Microbial biosystems: new frontiers, 8th International Symposium on Microbial Ecology. Halifax, Canada: Atlantic C Soc Microb Ecol. p 845–851.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn G, Hijri M, Sanders IR. 2001. Evidence for the evolution of multiple genomes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 414:745–748.
   Google Scholar
• Lanfranco L, Delpero M, Bonfante P. 1999. Intrasporal variability of ribosomal sequences in the endomycorrhizal fungus Gigaspora margarita. Mol Ecol 8:37–45.
   Google Scholar
• Merryweather J, Fitter A. 1998. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of Hyacinthoides non-scripta: I. Diversity of fungal taxa. New Phytol 138:117–129.
   Google Scholar
• Morton JB. 1988. Taxonomy of VA mycorrhizal fungi: classification, nomenclature and identification. Mycotaxon 32:267–324.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 1995. Taxonomic and phylogenetic divergence among five Scutellospora species based on comparative developmental sequences. Mycologia 87:127–137.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Benny GL. 1990. Revised classification of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Zygomycetes): a new order Glomales and Gigasporineae and two new families Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae with an emendation of Glomaceae. Mycotaxon 37:471–491.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Redecker D. 2001. Two new families of Glomales, Archaeosporaceae and Paraglomaceae, with two new genera Archaeospora and Paraglomus, based on concordant molecular and morphological characters. Mycologia 93:181–195.
   Google Scholar
• Nylander JAA. 2004. MrModeltest 2.0 Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University: Uppsala, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Oehl F, Sieverding E. 2004. Pacispora, a new vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal genus in the Glomeromycetes. J App Bot 78:72–82.
   Google Scholar
• Öpik M, Moora M, Liira J, Koljalg U, Zobel M, Sen R. 2003. Divergent arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities colonize roots of Pulsatilla spp. in boreal Scots pine forest and grassland soils. New Phytol 160:581–593.
   Google Scholar
• Pawlowska T, Taylor JW. 2004. Organization of genetic variation in individuals of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Nature 427:733–737.
   Google Scholar
• Pirozynski KA, Dalpé Y. 1989. Geological history of the Glomaceae, with particular reference to mycorrhizal symbiosis. Symbiosis 7:1–36.
   Google Scholar
• Posada D. 2004. Modeltest 3.5 Facultad de Biologia, Universidad de Vigo: Vigo, Spain.
   Google Scholar
• Raab P, Brennwald A, Redecker D. 2005. Mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit sequences are homogeneous within isolates of Glomus (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glomeromycota). Mycol Res 109:1315–1322.
   Google Scholar
• Redecker D. 2002. Molecular identification and phylogeny of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Plant Soil 244:67–73.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Hijri M, Dulieu H, Sanders IR. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of a dataset of fungal 5.8S rDNA sequences shows that highly divergent copies of internal transcribed spacers reported from Scutellospora castanea are of Ascomycete origin. Fung Genet Biol 28:238–244.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Kodner R, Graham LE. 2000a. Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician. Science 289:1920–1921.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———, ———. 2002. Palaeoglomus grayi from the Ordovician. Mycotaxon 84:33–37.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Morton JB, Bruns TD. 2000b. Ancestral lineages of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales). Mol Phylogen Evol 14:276–284.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———, ———. 2000c. Molecular phylogeny of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Glomus sinuosum and Sclerocystis coremioides. Mycologia 92:282–285.
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez A, Dougall T, Dodd JC, Clapp JC. 2001. The large subunit ribosomal RNA genes of Entrophospora infrequens comprise sequences related to two different glomalean families. New Phytol 152:159–167.
   Google Scholar
• Rokas A, Krüger D, Carroll SB. 2005. Animal evolution and the molecular signature of radiations compressed in time. Science 310:1933–1938.
   Google Scholar
• Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19:1572–1574.
   Google Scholar
• Sanders IR, Alt M, Groppe K, Boller T, Wiemken A. 1995. Identification of ribosomal DNA polymorphisms among and within spores of the Glomales: application to studies on the genetic diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. New Phytol 130:419–427.
   Google Scholar
• Sawaki H, Sugawara K, Saito M. 1998. Phylogenetic position of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Acaulospora gerdemannii, and its synanamorph, Glomus leptotichum, based upon 18s rRNA gene sequence. Mycoscience 39: 477–480.
   Google Scholar
• Scheublin TR, Ridgway KP, Young JPW, van der Heijden MGA. 2004. Nonlegumes, legumes and root nodules harbor different arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:6240–6246.
   Google Scholar
• Schüßler A, Mollenhauer D, Schnepf E, Kluge M. 1994. Geosiphon pyriforme, an endosymbiotic association of fungus and cyanobacteria—the spore structure resembles that of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Bot Acta 107:36–45.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Schwarzott D, Walker C. 2003. Glomeromycota rRNA genes—the diversity of myths? Mycorrhiza 13: 233–236.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———, ———. 2001. A new fungal phylum, the Glomeromycota: phylogeny and evolution. Mycol Res 105:1413–1421.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarzott D, Walker C, Schüßler A. 2001. Glomus, the largest genus of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales), is non-monophyletic. Mol Phylogen Evol 21:190–197.
   Google Scholar
• Simon L, Bousquet J, Levesque RC, Lalonde M. 1993. Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants. Nature 363: 67–69.
   Google Scholar
• Spain JL. 2003. Emendation of Archaeospora and of its type species, Archaeospora trappei. Mycotaxon 87:109–112.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Sieverding E, Schenck NC. 1989. Gigaspora ramisporophora: a new species with novel sporophores from Brazil. Mycotaxon 34:667–677.
   Google Scholar
• Stukenbrock EH, Rosendahl S. 2005. Development and amplification of multiple co-dominant genetic markers from single spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by nested multiplex PCR. Fung Genet Biol 42:73–80.
   Google Scholar
• Stürmer SL, Morton JB. 1997. Developmental patterns defining morphological characters in spores of four species in Glomus. Mycologia 89:72–81.
   Google Scholar
• ———, ———. 1999. Taxonomic reinterpretation of morphological characters in Acaulosporaceae based on developmental patterns. Mycologia 91:849–857.
   Google Scholar
• Swofford DL. 2001. PAUP*: phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods) Sinauer Associates: Sunderland, Massachusetts.
   Google Scholar
• Tanabe Y, Saikawa M, Watanabe MM, Sugiyama J. 2004. Molecular phylogeny of Zygomycota based on EF-1 alpha and RPB1 sequences: limitations and utility of alternative markers to rDNA. Mol Phylogen Evol 30: 438–449.
   Google Scholar
• Tehler A, Little D, Farris J. 2003. The full-length phylogenetic tree from 1551 ribosomal sequences of chitinous fungi. Mycol Res 107:901–916.
   Google Scholar
• Tommerup IC, Sivasithamparam K. 1990. Zygospores and asexual spores of Gigaspora decipiens, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Mycol Res 94:897–900.
   Google Scholar
• Vandenkoornhuyse P, Husband R, Daniell TJ, Watson IJ, Duck JM, Fitter AH, Young JPW. 2002. Arbuscular mycorrhizal community composition associated with two plant species in a grassland ecosystem. Mol Ecol 11: 1555–1564.
   Google Scholar
• Walker C. 1983. Taxonomic concepts in the Endogonaceae: spore wall characteristics in species descriptions. Mycotaxon 18:443–455.
   Google Scholar
• ———. 1992. Systematics and taxonomy of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales)—a possible way forward. Agronomie 12:887–897.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Blaszkowski JDS, Schüßler A. 2004. Gerdemannia gen. nov., a genus separated from Glomus, and Gerdemanniaceae fam. nov., a new family in the Glomeromycota. Mycol Res 108:707–718.
   Google Scholar
• ———, Schüßler A. 2004. Nomenclatural clarifications and new taxa in the Glomeromycota. Mycol Res 108:981–982.
   Google Scholar
• Warcup JH. 1990. Taxonomy, culture and mycorrhizal associations of some zygosporic Endogonaceae. Mycol Res 94:173–178.
   Google Scholar