Incorporating social justice in tourism planning: racial reconciliation and sustainable community development in the Deep South

References

• Adams , J. and Gorton , D. 2006 . Confederate lane: Class, race and ethnicity in the Mississippi Delta . American Ethnologist , 33 ( 2 ) : 288 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allman-Baldwin , L. 2006, July 20 . Ebony escapes! On African American heritage tours . New York Amsterdam News , 97 ( 30 ) : pp. 24 31
   Google Scholar
• Andrews , K. T. 1997 . The impacts of social movements on the political process: The Civil Rights Movement and black electoral politics in Mississippi . American Sociological Review , 62 ( 5 ) : 800 – 819 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asch , C. M. 2008 . The senator and the sharecropper: The freedom struggles of James O. Eastland and Fannie Lou Hamer , New York : The New Press .
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press. 2008, October 27 . Vandals destroy sign marking Emmett Till murder site . USA Today , Retrieved November, 2008 from http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-10-27-emmett-till_N.htm
   Google Scholar
• Austin , S. D.W. 2006 . The transformation of plantation politics: Black politics, concentrated poverty, and social capital in the Mississippi Delta , Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Austin , S. W. and Middleton , R. T. 2006 . “ Racial politics of casino gaming in the Delta: The case of Tunica County ” . In Resorting to casinos: The Mississippi gambling industry , Edited by: von Herrmann , D. 47 – 66 . Jackson, MS : University Press of Mississippi .
   Google Scholar
• Babbie , E. 1986 . Observing ourselves: Essays in social research , Prospect Heights, IL : Waveland Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barretta , S. 2009, March 2 . Sonny Boy marker erected, Bronzeville blues, Blues Hall of Fame inductees announced . Highway 61 Radio , Retrieved March, 2009 from http://www.highway61radio.com/?p=1392
   Google Scholar
• Barton , A. W. 2005 . Attitudes about heritage tourism in the Mississippi Delta: A policy report from the 2005 Delta Rural Poll , Cleveland, MS : Center for Community and Economic Development, Delta State University .
   Google Scholar
• Barton , A. W. 2007 . Visitation to heritage tourism sites by residents of the Mississippi Delta , Cleveland, MS : Center for Community and Economic Development, Delta State University .
   Google Scholar
• Beauchamp , K. 2005, February . The murder of Emmett Louis Till: The spark that started the Civil Rights Movement . Black Collegian , 35 ( 2 ) : 88 – 91 . Retrieved March, 2008 from http://www.black-collegian.com/african/till2005-2nd.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Beito , D. T. and Beito , L. R. 2004, April 26 . Why it's unlikely the Emmett Till murder mystery will ever be solved . George Mason University's History News Network , Retrieved March, 2008 from http://hnn.us/articles/4853.html
   Google Scholar
• Berg , B. L. 2004 . Qualitative research methods for the social sciences , 5th ed. , Boston, MA : Allyn and Bacon .
   Google Scholar
• Bermudez , C. 2008 . Working vacation . Chronicle of Philanthropy , 20 ( 9 ) : 1
   Google Scholar
• Brown , M. F. 2003 . Who owns native culture? , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Carrier , J. 2004 . A traveler's guide to the Civil Rights Movement , Orlando, FL : Harcourt, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Clifton , J. and Benson , A. 2006 . Planning for sustainable ecotourism: The case for research ecotourism in developing country destinations . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 14 ( 3 ) : 238 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Cobb , C. E., Jr . 2008 . On the road to freedom: A guided tour of the civil rights trail , Chapel Hill, NC : Algonquin Books .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , E. 1988 . Authenticity and commoditization in tourism . Annals of Tourism Research , 15 ( 3 ) : 371 – 386 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins-Kreiner , N. 2006 . Graves as attractions: Pilgrimage-tourism to Jewish holy graves in Israel . Journal of Cultural Geography , 24 ( 1 ) : 67 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Dewan , S. K. 2004, August 10 . Civil rights battlegrounds enter world of tourism . New York Times , Retrieved October, 2007 from http://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/10/us/civil-rights-battlegrounds-enter-world-of-tourism.html?sec=travel&&scp=1&sq=civil%20rights%20battlegrounds&st=cse
   Google Scholar
• Eadington , W. R. and Smith , V. L. 1992 . “ Introduction: The emergence of alternative forms of tourism ” . In Tourism alternatives: Potentials and problems in the development of tourism , Edited by: Smith , V. L. and Eadington , W. R. 1 – 14 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edelman , P. 2005 . Where race meets class: The 21st century civil rights agenda . Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law and Policy , 12 ( 1 ) : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Edson , G. 2004 . Heritage: Pride or passion, product or service? . International Journal of Heritage Studies , 10 ( 4 ) : 333 – 348 .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , A. R. 2005 . The sustainability revolution: Portrait of a paradigm shift , Gabriola Island, BC, Canada : New Society Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis , C. 2003 . When volunteers pay to take a trip with scientists—Participatory environmental research tourism (PERT) . Human Dimensions of Wildlife , 8 ( 1 ) : 75 – 80 .
   Google Scholar
• Fischer , M. A. 1989 . “ The practice of community development ” . In Community development in perspective , Edited by: Christensen , J. A. and Robinson, Jr. , J. W. 136 – 158 . Ames, IA : Iowa State University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Flora , C. B. and Flora , J. L. 2008 . Rural communities: Legacy and change , 3rd ed. , Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , A. G. 1986 . “ The development of underdevelopment ” . In Promise of development: Theories of change in Latin America , Edited by: Klaren , P. F. and Bossert , T. J. 111 – 123 . Boulder, CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gallardo , J. H. and Stein , T. V. 2007 . Participation, power and racial representation: Negotiating nature-based and heritage tourism development in the rural South . Society and Natural Resources , 20 ( 7 ) : 597 – 611 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatewood , J. B. and Cameron , C. M. 2004 . Battlefield pilgrims at Gettysburg National Military Park . Ethnology , 43 ( 3 ) : 193 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentleman , A. 2006, May 7 . Slum tours: A day trip too far? . The Observer , Retrieved January, 2009 from http://www.guardian.co.uk/travel/2006/may/07/delhi.india.ethicalliving/print
   Google Scholar
• Grant , E. 2005 . Race and tourism in America's first city . Journal of Urban History , 31 ( 6 ) : 850 – 871 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene , J. C. 1990 . “ Three views on the nature and role of knowledge in social science ” . In The paradigm dialog , Edited by: Guba , E. G. 227 – 245 . Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Hasty , J. 2002 . Rites of passage, routes of redemption: Emancipation tourism and the wealth of culture . Africa Today , 49 ( 3 ) : 46 – 76 .
   Google Scholar
• Haywood , K. M. 1988 . Responsible and responsive tourism planning in the community . Tourism Management , 9 ( 2 ) : 105 – 118 .
   Google Scholar
• Hemming , S. J. 1993 . Camp Coorong—Combining race relations and cultural education . Social Alternatives , 12 ( 1 ) : 37 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins-Desbiolles , F. 2003 . Reconciliation tourism: Tourism healing divided societies! . Tourism Recreation Research , 28 ( 3 ) : 35 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Higgins-Desbiolles , F. 2008 . Justice tourism and alternative globalisation . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 16 ( 3 ) : 345 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill , M. 2007, December . The economic status of African-Americans in Mississippi . Mississippi Economic Review and Outlook , 21 ( 2 ) Retrieved February, 2008 from http://www.mississippi.edu/urc/economics.html
   Google Scholar
• Hitchcock , M. and King , V. T. 2003 . Discourses with the past: Tourism and heritage in South-East Asia . Indonesia and the Malay World , 31 ( 89 ) : 3 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• Howard , P. 2002 . The eco-museum: Innovation that risks the future . International Journal of Heritage Studies , 8 ( 1 ) : 63 – 72 .
   Google Scholar
• Huie , W. B. 1956, January 24 . The shocking story of approved killing in Mississippi . Look , 20 ( 2 ) : 46 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Jubera , D. 2007, October 2 . Decades later, an apology: Once an icon of racism, town plans to say it's sorry near where Emmett Till's killers were freed . Atlanta Journal Constitution , Retrieved March, 2008 from http://www6.lexisnexis.com/publisher/EndUser?Action=UserDisplayFullDocument&orgId=574&topicId=100020422&docId=l:678257167&start=15
   Google Scholar
• Kelner , S. Narrative construction of authenticity in pilgrimage touring . Paper presented to the 96th annual meeting of the American Sociological Association . Anaheim, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Kirtsoglou , E. and Theodossopoulos , D. 2004 . ‘They are taking our culture away’: Tourism and culture commodification in the Garifuna community of Roatan . Critique of Anthropology , 24 ( 2 ) : 135 – 157 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein-Viehhauer , S. 2009 . Framework model to assess leisure and tourism sustainability . Journal of Cleaner Production , 17 ( 4 ) : 447 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster , J. 2007, March . Next stop, squalor . Smithsonian , 37 ( 12 ) : 96 – 105 . Retrieved January 2009 from http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/squalor.html
   Google Scholar
• Lang , C. 2004 . Between civil rights and black power in the Gateway City: The Action Committee to Improve Opportunities for Negroes (ACTION), 1964–75 . Journal of Social History , 37 ( 3 ) : 725 – 754 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malkin , R. 1999, July/August . The pioneers . The UNESCO courier , 52 ( 7 ) : 24 – 25 . Retrieved February, 2009 from http://www.unesco.org/courier/1999_08/uk/somm/intro. htm
   Google Scholar
• Markey , E. 2007, July 20 . Tourism with a conscience . National Catholic Reporter , 43 ( 32 ) : 12
   Google Scholar
• McIntosh , A. J. and Zahra , A. 2007 . A cultural encounter through volunteer tourism: Towards the ideals of sustainable tourism? . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 15 ( 5 ) : 541 – 556 .
   Google Scholar
• Michaels , W. B. 2006 . The trouble with diversity: How we learned to love identity and ignore inequality , New York : Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Miles , M. B. and Huberman , A. M. 1994 . Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook , 2nd ed. , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Mississippi Department of Archives and History. 2009 . Review board makes Nat'l Register recommendations Retrieved January, 2009 from http://mdah.state.ms.us/admin/news/preservation.html
   Google Scholar
• Moore , S. and Jie Wen , J. 2009 . Tourism employment in China: A look at gender equity, equality, and responsibility . Journal of Human Resources in Hospitality & Tourism , 8 ( 1 ) : 32 – 42 .
   Google Scholar
• Murphy , P. E. and Andressen , B. 1988 . Tourism development on Vancouver Island: An assessment of the core-periphery model . Professional Geographer , 40 ( 1 ) : 32 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Agricultural Library. 2008 . Promoting tourism in rural America , Baltimore, MD : National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture . Retrieved February, 2009 from http://www.nal.usda.gov/ric/ricpubs/tourism.html#tourismdevelopment
   Google Scholar
• Parker , S. 2001, June 20 . African American's heritage set in stone . Christian Science Monitor , Retrieved March, 2009 from http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0620/p3s1.html?s=widep
   Google Scholar
• Patton , M. Q. 1990 . Qualitative evaluation and research methods , 2nd ed. , Newbury Park, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Pearce , D. G. 1992 . “ Alternative tourism: Concepts, classifications, and questions ” . In Tourism alternatives: Potentials and problems in the development of tourism , Edited by: Smith , V. L. and Eadington , W. R. 15 – 30 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pierre , J. 2009 . Beyond heritage tourism: Race and the politics of African-diasporic interactions . Social Text , 27 ( 1 ) : 59 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Popescu , R. 2007, October 15 . A boom in ‘poorism’ . Newsweek , 150 ( 16 ) : 12 Retrieved February, 2009 from http://www.newsweek.com/id/42482
   Google Scholar
• Popham , J. N. 1955, September 23 . Mississippi jury acquits 2 accused in youth's killing . New York Times , Retrieved March, 2008 from http://www.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/magazine/till4.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Porter , B. W. and Salazar , N. B. 2005 . Heritage tourism, conflict, and the public interest: An introduction . International Journal of Heritage Studies , 11 ( 5 ) : 361 – 370 .
   Google Scholar
• Povoledo , E. 2008, September 7 . Searching for the roots of a deep faith . New York Times , Retrieved September, 2008 from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/07/travel/07journeys.html
   Google Scholar
• President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities. 2005 . A position paper on cultural heritage tourism in the United States , Washington, DC : U.S. Department of Commerce . Retrieved February, 2009 from http://www.pcah.gov/pdf/05WhitePaperCultHeritTourism.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ragin , C. C. 1994 . Constructing social research: The unity and diversity of method , Thousand Oaks, CA : Pine Forge Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rao , K. 2009, March 11 . ‘Slumdog’ success calls attention to tours in Mumbai . New York Times , Retrieved March, 2009 from http://globespotters.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/11/ slumdog-success-spawns-tours-in-mumbai/?scp=2&sq=slumdog%20tours&st=cse
   Google Scholar
• Raymond , E. M. and Hall , C. M. 2008 . The development of cross-cultural (mis)understanding through volunteer tourism . Journal of Sustainable Tourism , 16 ( 5 ) : 530 – 543 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards , G. and Hall , D. 2000 . “ The community: A sustainable concept in tourism development? ” . In Tourism and sustainable community development , Edited by: Richards , G. and Hall , D. 1 – 14 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , M. 1999, July/August . Is cultural tourism on the right track? . The UNESCO courier , Retrieved February, 2009 from http://www.unesco.org/courier/1999_08/uk/somm/intro.htm
   Google Scholar
• Robinson , M. 2000 . “ Collaboration and cultural consent: Refocusing sustainable tourism ” . In Tourism collaboration and partnerships: Politics, practices and sustainability , Edited by: Bramwell , B. and Lane , B. 295 – 313 . Clevedon, , UK : Channel View Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , M. M. 2006, Spring . Justice delayed: Reopening the Emmett Till case . Santa Clara Magazine , Retrieved March, 2008 from http://www.scu.edu/scm/spring2006/justice.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Scheyvens , R. and Momsen , J. H. 2008 . Tourism and poverty reduction: Issues for small island states . Tourism Geographies , 10 ( 1 ) : 22 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz , M. 2007 . The rural face of white supremacy: Beyond Jim Crow , Urbana, IL : University of Illinois Press .
   Google Scholar
• Segall , R. and Holmberg , D. 2003, February 3 . Who killed Emmett Till? . The Nation , Retrieved March, 2008 from http://www.thenation.com/doc/20030203/segal
   Google Scholar
• Sharpley , R. 2001 . Tourism in Cyprus: Challenges and opportunities . Tourism Geographies , 3 ( 1 ) : 64 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Silver , I. 1993 . Marketing authenticity in Third World Countries . Annals of Tourism Research , 20 : 302 – 318 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson , K. 2004 . ‘Doing development': The gap year, volunteer-tourists and a popular practice of development . Journal of International Development , 16 ( 5 ) : 681 – 692 .
   Google Scholar
• Sparkman , R. 2005, June 21 . The murder of Emmett Till: The 49-year-old story of the crime and how it came to be told . Slate , Retrieved March, 2008 from http://www.slate.com/toolbar.aspx?action=print&id=2120788
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , P. 2009 . The trouble with travel . Geographical , 81 ( 2 ) : 50 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. 2009a . Mississippi: Population of counties by decennial census: 1900 to 1990 Retrieved February, 2009 from http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ms190090.txt
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. 2009b . County quickFacts: Tallahatchie County, Mississippi Retrieved February, 2009 from http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/28/28135.html
   Google Scholar
• US Census Bureau. 2009c . American Factfinder : Glendora Village, Mississippi . Retrieved March, 2009 from http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFFacts?_event=Search&geo_id=&_geoContext=&_street=&_county=glendora&_cityTown=glendora&_state=04000US28&_zip=&_lang=en&_sse=on&pctxt=fph&pgsl=010&show_2003_tab=&redirect=Y
   Google Scholar
• US Commission on Civil Rights. 2001 . Racial and ethnic tensions in American communities: Poverty, inequality, and discrimination—Volume VII: The Mississippi Delta report , Washington, DC : U.S. Commission on Civil Rights . Retrieved May, 2004 from http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/msdelta/pref.htm
   Google Scholar
• Weiner , E. 2008, March 9 . Slum visits: Tourism or voyeurism? . New York Times , Retrieved March, 2008 from http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/travel/09heads.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=slum%20visits&st=cse
   Google Scholar
• Whitfield , S. J. 1988 . A death in the Delta: The story of Emmett Till , Baltimore, MD : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Woods , M. 2000 . Diversifying the rural economy: Tourism development , Mississippi State, MS : Southern Rural Development Center . Retrieved February, 2009 from http://srdc.msstate.edu/publications/woods.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987 . Our common future , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• World Travel & Tourism Council. 2008 . World Travel & Tourism Council: Progress and priorities, 2008/09 , London, , UK : WTTC . Retrieved February, 2009 from http://www.wttc.org/bin/pdf/original_pdf_file/progress_and_priorities_2008.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yin , R. K. 1984 . Case study research: Design and methods , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage Publications .
   Google Scholar