COVID-19 and School Closures: A Narrative Review of Pediatric Mental Health Impacts

References

• Auger, K. A., Shah, S. S., Richardson, T., Hartley, D., Hall, M., Warniment, A., & Timmons, K. (2020). Associations between statewide school closures and COVID-19 incidence and mortality in the US. JAMA, 324(9), 859–870. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.14348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhopal, S., Bhopal, J., & Bhopal, R. (2020). Children’s mortality from COVID-19 compared with all-deaths and other relevant causes of death: Epidemiological information for decision-making by parents, teachers, clinicians and policymakers. Public Health, 185, 19–20. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2020.05.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bignardi, G., Dalmaijer, E. S., Anwyl-Irvine, A. L., Smith, T. A., Siugdaite, R., Uh, S., & Astle, D. E. (2020). Longitudinal increases in childhood depression symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 106(8), 791–797. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-320372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourne, R. A. (2021). Economics in one virus: An introduction to economic reasoning through COVID-19. Washington, DC: Cato Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu, L., & Lake, R. (2021). The kids are (really) not alright: A synthesis of COVID-19 student surveys. Center for Reinventing Public Education. https://crpe.org/publications/kids-are-really-not-alright-synthesis-covid-19-student-surveys
   Google Scholar
• de Souza, T. H., Nada, J. A., Nogueira, R. J. N., Pereira, R. M., & Brandão, M. B. (2020). Clinical manifestations of children with COVID-19: A systematic review. Pediatric Pulmonology, 55(8), 1892–1899. doi:10.1002/ppul.24885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly, R., & Patrinos, H. A. (2022). Learning loss during COVID-19: An early systematic review. Prospects, 51(4), 601–609. doi:10.1007/s11125-021-095582-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duan, L., Shao, X., Wang, Y., Huang, Y., Miao, J., Yang, X., & Zhu, G. (2020). An investigation of mental health status of children and adolescents in China during the outbreak of COVID-19. Journal of Affective Disorders, 275, 112–118. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckworth, A. L., Kautz, T., Defnet, A., Satlof-Bedrick, E., Talamas, S., Lira, B., & Steinberg, L. (2021). Students attending school remotely suffer socially, emotionally, and academically. Educational Researcher, 50(7), 479–482. doi:10.3102/0013189X211031551
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis, W. E., Dumas, T. M., & Forbes, L. M. (2020). Physically isolated but socially connected: Psychological adjustment and stress among adolescents during the initial COVID-19 crisis. Canadian Journal of Behaviroural Science, 52(3), 177–187. doi:10.1037/cbs0000215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engzell, P., Frey, A., & Verhagen, M. D. (2021). Learning loss due to school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic. PNAS, 118(17), e2022376118. doi:10.1073/pnas.2022376118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinito, S., & Principi, N. (2020). School closure during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(1), 921–922. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1892
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2020). Outbreak of novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): Increased transmission globally – fifth update. Author. https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-outbreak-novel-coronavirus-disease-2019-increase-transmission-globally-COVID-19.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Grauspensperger, S., Benson, A. J., Kilmer, J. R., & Evans, M. B. (2020). Social (un)distancing: Teammate interactions, athletic identify, and mental health of student athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(5), 662–670. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haidt, J. (2023, February 8). The teen mental illness epidemic began around 2012. Persuasion. http://persuasion.community/p/haidt-the-teen-mental-illness-epidemic
   Google Scholar
• Halleemunnissa, S., Didel, S., Swami, M. K., Singh, K., & Vyas, V. (2021). Children and COVID-19: Understanding impact on the growth trajectory of an evolving generation. Children and Youth Services Review, 120, 105754. doi:10.1016/j.child.youth.2020.105754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halloran, C., Jack, R., Okun, J. C., & Oster, E. (2021). Pandemic schooling mode and student test scores: Evidence from US states (No. w29497). National Bureau of Economic Research. http://nber.org/papers/w29497
   Google Scholar
• Harris, D. N., Ziedan, E., & Hassig, S. (2021). The effects of school reopenings on COVID-19 hospitalizations. National Center for Research on Education Access and Choice. https://www.reachcentered.org/publications/the-effects-of-school-reopenings-on-covid-19-hopsitalizations
   Google Scholar
• Hawrilenko, M., Kroshus, E., Tandon, P., & Christakis, D. (2021). The association between school closures and child mental health during COVID-19. The JAMA Network Open, 4(9), e2124092. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.24092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heavey, L., Casey, G., Kelly, C., Kelly, D., & McDarby, G. (2020). No evidence of secondary transmission of COVID-19 from children attending school in Ireland. Eurosurveillance, 25(21), 2000903. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.21.2000903
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hou, T., Mao, X., Dong, W., Cai, W., & Deng, G. (2020). Prevalence of and factors associated with mental health problems and suicidality among senior high school students in rural China during the COVID-19 outbreak. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 54, 102305. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isumi, A., Doi, S., Yamaoka, Y., Takahashi, K., & Fujiwara, T. (2020). Do suicide rates in children and adolescents change during school closure in Japan? The acute effect of the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 110(2), 104680. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104680
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iwata, K., Doi, A., & Miyakoshi, C. (2020). Was school closure effective in mitigating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Time series analysis using Bayesian inference. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 99, 57–61. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilincel, S., Kilincel, O., Muratdagi, G., Aydin, A., & Usta, M. B. (2021). Factors affecting the anxiety levels of adolescents in home-quarantine during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 13(2), e26406. doi:10.1111/appy.12406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kompaniyets, L., Agathis, N. T., Nelson, J. M., Preston, L. E., Ko, J. Y., Belay, B., Pennington, A. F., Danielson, M.L., DeSisto, C.L., Chevinsky, J.R., & Schieber, L.Z. (2021). Underlying medical conditions associated with severe COVID-19 illness among children. The JAMA Network Open, 4(6), e211182. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11182
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, P., Hu, Y., Chen, P., Huang, Y., & Hsueh, P. (2020). Are children less susceptible to COVID-19? Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection, 53(3), 371–372. doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., & Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid systematic review: The impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218–1239. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lui, J. J., Bao, Y., Huang, X., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020). Mental health considerations for children quarantined because of COVID-19. Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 4(5), 347–349. doi:10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30096-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magis-Weinburg, L., Gys, C., Berger, E. L., Dornoff, S. E., & Dahl, R. E. (2021). Positive and negative online experiences and loneliness in Peruvian adolescents during the COVID-19 lockdown. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 31(3), 717–733. doi:10.1111/jora.12666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magson, N. R., Freeman, J. Y., Rapee, R. M., Richardson, C. E., Oar, E. L., & Fardouly, J. (2021). Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(1), 44–57. doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maranto, R., Queiroz, E., Melo, R., & Glenn, C. (2022). International differences in school responses to COVID-19. In D. T. Marshall (Ed.), COVID-19 and the classroom: How schools navigated the great disruption (pp. 165–181). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Marciano, L., Ostroumova, M., Schulz, P. J., & Camerini, A. (2022). Digital media use and adolescents’ mental health during the Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 793868. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.793868
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, D. T., & Bradley-Dorsey, M. (2020). Reopening America’s schools: A descriptive look at how states and large school districts are navigating fall 2020. Journal of School Choice, 14(4), 534–566. doi:10.1080/01626620.2020.17655897
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, D. T., & Bradley-Dorsey, M. (2022). Reopening schools in the United States. In D. T. Marshall (Ed.), COVID-19 and the classroom: How schools navigated the great disruption (pp. 147–164). Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, D. T., Shannon, D. M., & Love, S. M. (2020). How teachers experienced the COVID-19 transition to remote instruction. Phi Kappan Delta, 102(3), 46–50. doi:10.1177/00311721720970702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelson, K. A., & Samuels-Kalow, M. E. (2021). Association of elementary school reopening status and county COVID-19 incidence. Academic Pediatrics, 22(4), 667–670. doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naff, D., Williams, S., Furman-Darby, J., & Yeong, M. (2022). The mental health impacts of COVID-19 on PK-12 students: A systematic review of emerging literature. AERA Open, 8(1), 1–40. doi:10.1177/23328584221084722
   Google Scholar
• National Academies of Sciences. (2020). Engineering, and Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Health Statistics. (2023). Weekly updates by selected demographic and geographic characteristics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2023 Jan 29. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid_weekly/index.htm#SexAndAge
   Google Scholar
• Ng, K., Cosma, A., Svacina, K., Boniel-Nissim, M., & Badura, P. (2021). Czech adolescents' remote school and health experiences during the spring 2020 COVID-19 lockdown. Preventative Medicine Reports, 22, 101386. doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101386
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patrinos, H. A. (2023). The longer students were out of school, the less they learned. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Patrinos, H. A., Vegas, E., & Carter-Rau, R. (2022). An analysis of COVID-19 student learning loss. Policy Research Working Paper (No. 10033). World Bank: Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/ce21738f-72d5-55ac-9876-23ac39efffea
   Google Scholar
• Penner, P., Ortiz, J. H., & Sharp, C. (2021). Change in youth mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in a majority Hispanic/Latinx US sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 60(4), 513–523. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2020.12.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfefferbaum, B. (2021). Challenges for child mental health raised by school closure and home confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Psychiatry Reports, 23(65). doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01279-z
   Google Scholar
• Pisano, S., Cataone, G., Gritti, A., Almerico, L., Pezella, A., Santangelo, P. … Senese, V. P. (2021). Emotional symptoms and their related factors in adolescents during the acute phase of COVID-19 outbreak in South Italy. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 47(86), 1–8. doi:10.1186/s13052-021-01036-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Radwan, E., Radwan, A., & Radwan, W. (2020). The role of social media in spreading panic among primary and secondary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online questionnaire study from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Heliyon, 6(12), e05807. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossen, E., & Cowan, K. C. (2014). Improving mental health in schools. Phi Delta Kappan, 96(4), 8–13. doi:10.1177/0031721714561438
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salzano, G., Passanisi, S., Pira, F., Sorrenti, L., LaMonica, G., Pajno, G. B. … Lombardo, F. (2021). Quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of adolescents: The crucial role of technology. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 47(40), 1–5. doi:10.1186/s13052-021-00997-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stewart, S. L., Vasudeva, A. S., Van Dyke, J. N., & Poss, J. W. (2021). Child and youth mental health needs and service utilization during COVID-19. Traumatology, 28(3), 311–324. doi:10.1037/trm0000345
   Google Scholar
• Tan, W. (2021). School closures were over-weighted against the mitigation of COVID-19 transmission: A literature review on the impact of school closures in the United States. Medicine, 100(3), e26709. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000026709
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tang, S., Xiang, M., Cheung, T., & Xiang, T. (2020). Mental health and its correlates among children and adolescents during COVID-19 school closure: The importance of parent-child discussion. Journal of Affective Disorders, 279, 353–360. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Lancker, W., & Parolin, Z. (2020). COVID-19, school closures, and child poverty: A social crisis in the making. The Lancet Public Health, 5(5), e243–244. doi:10.1016/S2468-2667(20)30084-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma, J. K., Thamkittikasem, J., Whittemore, K., Alexander, M., Stephens, D. H., Arslanian, K., Bray, J., & Long, T.G. (2021). COVID-19 infections among students and staff in New York City public schools. Pediatrics, 147(5), e2021050605. doi:10.1542/peds.2021-050605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, W., Li, X., Dozier, M., He, Y., Kirolos, A., Lang, Z. … Theodoratou, E. (2020). What is the evidence for transmission of COVID-19 by children in schools? Journal of Global Health, 10(2), 021104. doi:10.7189/jogh.10.021104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yard, E., Radhakrishnan, L., Ballesteros, M., Sheppard, M., Gates, A., Stein, Z., & Stone, D. M. (2021). Emergency department visits for suspected suicide attempts among persons aged 12–25 years before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 2019–May 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(24), 888–894. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7024e1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar