References
- Ahmad, J., M. Usman, M. A. Hassan, S. H. Farooq, and A. Hanif. 2018. Enhancing lateral load performance of traditional timber wall (Dhajji-Dewari) by strengthening of joints. In Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/431/7/072002.
- Ahmad, N., A. Shahzad, M. Rizwan, A. N. Khan, S. M. Ali, M. Ashraf, A. Naseer, Q. Ali, and B. Alam. 2019. Seismic performance assessment of non-compliant SMRF reinforced concrete frame: Shake table test study. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 23 (3):444–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2017.1326426.
- Ahmad, N., Q. Ali, H. Crowley, and R. Pinho. 2014. Earthquake loss estimation of residential buildings in Pakistan. Natural Hazards 73 (3):1889–955. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-014-1174-8.
- Ahmad, N., Q. Ali, and M. Umar. 2012. Simplified engineering tools for seismic analysis and design of traditional Dhajji-Dewari structures. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 10 (5):1503–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9364-9.
- Ali, Q., N. Ahmad, M. Ashraf, M. Rashid, and T. Schacher. 2017. Shake table tests on single-story Dhajji Dewari traditional buildings. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 11 (7):1046–59.
- Ali, Q., A. Naeem, M. Ashraf, A. Ahmed, B. Alam, N. Ahmad, M. Fahim, S. Rahman, and M. Umar. 2013 Seismic performance of stone masonry buildings used in the Himalayan Belt. Earthquake Spectra 29 (04):1159–81.
- Ali, Q., T. Schacher, M. Ashraf, B. Alam, A. Naeem, N. Ahmad, and M. Umar. 2012. In-plane behavior of the Dhajji-Dewari structural system (wooden braced frame with masonry infill). Earthquake Spectra 28 (3):835–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1193/1.4000051.
- Anil, Ö., A. Togay, Ü. K. Karagöz Işleyen, C. Söğütlü, and N. Döngel. 2016. Hysteretic behavior of timber framed shear wall with openings. Construction and Building Materials 116:203–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.04.068.
- Barontini, A., and P. B. Lourenço. 2018. Seismic safety assessment of mixed timber-masonry historical building: An example in Lima, Peru. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 1–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2018.1540368.
- BCP. 2007. Building code of Pakistan: Seismic provisions-2007. Islamabad, Pakistan: Ministry of Housing and Works.
- Ceccoti, A., M. Massari, and L. Pozza. 2016. Procedures for seismic characterization of traditional and modern wooden building types. International Journal for Quality Research 10 (1):47–70.
- Chopra, A. K. 2003. Dynamics of structures: Theory and applications to earthquake engineering. 3rd edn. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
- Dar, M. A., J. Raju, A. R. Dar, and A. H. Shah (2012) “Experimental study on the seismic resistance capabilities of Dhajji-Dewari frames”, In Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Architecture and Civil Engineering, Bangalore.
- Dutu, A., D. Barbu-Mocanescu, M. Niste, I. Spatarelu, Y. Yamazaki, and D. Kober. 2020. In-plane static tests on a structural timber frame system proposal (TRAROM) inspired from traditional architecture and using local materials. Engineering Structures 212:110491. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110491.
- Dutu, A., H. Sakata, Y. Yamazaki, and T. Shindo. 2016. In-plane behavior of timber frames with masonry infills under static cyclic loading. Journal of Structural Engineering 142 (2):2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001405.
- Dutu, A., M. Nistea, I. Iulian Spatarelua, D. I. Dimaa, and S. Shoichi Kishikib. 2018. Seismic evaluation of Romanian traditional buildings with timber frame and mud masonry infills by in-plane static cyclic tests. Engineering Structures 167:655–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.062.
- Elnashai, A. S., and L. Di-Sarno. 2008. Fundamentals of earthquake engineering. West Sussex, UK: A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
- FEMA 356. 2000. Prestandard and commentary for the seismic rehabilitation of buildings. Washington, DC: Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA.
- Ferreira, J. G., M. J. Teixeira, A. Dutu, F. A. Branco, and A. M. Goncalves. 2014. Experimental evaluation and numerical modelling of timber-framed walls. Experimental Techniques 38 (4):45–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1567.2012.00820.x.
- Fritsch, E., Y. Sieffert, H. Algusab, S. Grange, P. Garnier, and L. Daudeville. 2019. Numerical analysis on seismic resistance of a two-story timber-framed structure with stone and earth infill. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 13 (6):820–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2018.1479804.
- Gonçalves, A. M. N., J. Ferreira, L. Guerreiro, and F. A. Branco. 2015. Experimental characterization of timber framed masonry walls cyclic behaviour. Structural Engineering and Mechanics 53 (2):189–204. doi:https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2015.53.2.189.
- Gülkan, P., and R. Langenbach. 2004. The earthquake resistance of traditional timber and masonry dwellings in Turkey. Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- Kappos, A. J. 1999. Evaluation of behaviour factors on the basis of ductility and overstrength studies. Engineering Structures 21 (9):823–35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(98)00050-9.
- Kouris, L. A. S., and A. Kappos. 2012. Detailed and simplified non-linear models for timber-framed masonry structures. Journal of Cultural Heritage 13 (1):47–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2011.05.009.
- Kouris, L. A. S., H. Meireles, R. Bento, and A. J. Kappos. 2014. Simple and complex modelling of timber-framed masonry walls in Pombalino buildings. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 12 (4):1777–803. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9586-0.
- Kuklík, P. (2008). Lusitanian timber framed masonry via FINE Ltd. Civil engineering software. Technical Report (No. 5), Fine Civil Engineering Software, Fine Spol SRO, Zaverka 12,169 00 Praha 6, Czech Republic. https://www.finesoftware.eu/research-papers/
- Langenbach, R. 2007. from “opus craticium” to the “Chicago frame”: Earthquake-resistant traditional construction. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 1 (1):29–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15583050601125998.
- Langenbach, R. 2008. Resisting earth’s forces: Typologies of timber buildings in history. Structural Engineering International 18 (2):137–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.2749/101686608784218806.
- Lukic, R., E. Poletti, H. Rodrigues, and G. Vasconcelos. 2018. Numerical modelling of the cyclic behavior of timber-framed structures. Engineering Structures 165:210–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.03.039.
- Newmark, N. M., and W. J. Hall. 1982. Earthquake spectra and design. EERI Monograph Series. Oakland, CA, USA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI).
- Poletti, E., and G. Vasconcelos. 2015. Seismic behaviour of traditional timber frame walls: Experimental results on unreinforced walls. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 13 (3):885–916. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-014-9650-9.
- Qu, Z., A. Dutu, J. Zhong, and J. Sun. 2015. Seismic damage to masonry-infilled timber houses in the 2013 M7.0 Lushan, China, earthquake. Earthquake Spectra 31 (3):1859–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1193/012914EQS023T.
- Quinn, N., and D. D’Ayala. 2015. In-plane experimental testing on historic Quincha walls. SAHC2014 - 9th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions, Mexico City, Mexico, 14-17 October, 2014.
- Rizwan, M., N. Ahmad, and A. N. Khan. 2018. Seismic performance of compliant and non-compliant special moment-resisting reinforced concrete frames. ACI Structural Journal 115 (4):1063–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.14359/51702063.
- SeismoSoft. 2016. Earthquake engineering software solutions. Pavia, Italy: Seismosoft.com
- Sheheryar, A. N., M. Ashraf, and Q. Ali. 2018. Numerical modelling of timber braced frame masonry structures (Dhajji-Dewari) structure. Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering 2 (2):1–10.
- Vasconcelos, G., P. B. Lourenço, and E. Poletti. 2015. An overview on the seismic behaviour of timber frame structures. In Historical earthquake-resistant timber frames in the mediterranean area, ed. N. Ruggieri, G. Tampone, and R. Zinno, 119–32. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.
- Vasconcelos, G., E. Poletti, E. Salavessa, A. M. P. Jesus, P. B. Lourenço, and P. Pilaon. 2013. In-plane shear behaviour of traditional timber walls. Engineering Structures 56:1028–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.05.017.
- Vieux-Champagne, F., Y. Sieffert, S. Grange, A. Polastri, A. Ceccotti, and L. Daudeville. 2014. Experimental analysis of seismic resistance of timber-framed structures with stones and earth infill. Engineering Structures 69:102–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.02.020.
- Vieux-Champagne, F., Y. Sieffert, S. Grange, C. Belinga-Nko’o, E. Bertrand, J. C. Duccini, C. Faye, and L. Daudeville. 2017. Experimental analysis of a shake table test of a timber-framed structures with stone and earth infill. Engineering Spectra 33 (3):1075–100.
- Vintzileou, E. 2011. Timber-reinforced structures in Greece: 2500 BC–1900 AD. Structures and Buildings 164 (SB3):167–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.9.00085.
- Vlachakis, G., E. Vlachaki, and P. B. Lourenço. 2020. Learning from failure: Damage and failure of masonry structures, after the 2017 Lesvos earthquake (Greece). Engineering Failure Analysis 117:104803. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104803.
- Whittaker, A. S., C.-M. Uang, and V. V. Bertero (1990). “An experimental study of the behavior of dual steel systems”, Rep. No. UCB/ EERC-88/14, University of California, Berkeley.