Preliminary Assessment Of The Seismic Behaviour Of Giotto’s Bell Tower In Florence

References

• Acito, M., M. Bocciarelli, C. Chesi, and G. Milani. 2014. Collapse of the clock tower in finale Emilia after the May 2012 Emilia Romagna earthquake sequence: Numerical insight. Engineering Structures 72:70–91. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.026.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang, A. H. S. 1974. Probability concepts in earthquake engineering. In Applied mechanics in earthquake engineering, ed. W. D. Iwan, ASME, AMD 8, 225–59.
   Google Scholar
• Angelillo, M., ed. 2014. Mechanics of masonry structures. Udine: CISM. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-1774-3.
   Google Scholar
• Bartoli, G., M. Betti, and S. Giordano. 2013. In situ static and dynamic investigations on the “Torre Grossa” masonry tower. Engineering Structures 52:718–33. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.01.030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betti, M., L. Galano, and A. Vignoli. 2016. Finite element modelling for seismic assessment of historic masonry buildings. In Earthquakes and their impact on society, ed. S. D’Amico, 377–415. Springer Natural Hazards. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21753-6_14
   Google Scholar
• Bommer, J. J., and A. B. Acevedo. 2004. The use of real earthquake accelerograms as input to dynamic analysis. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 8 (sup001):43–91. doi:10.1080/13632460409350521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briganti, R., S. Ciufegni, M. Coli, S. Polimeni, and G. Pranzini. 2003. Underground Florence: Plio-quaternary evolution of the Florence area. Bollettino della Societa Geologica Italiana 122 (3):435–45.
   Google Scholar
• Cadignani, R., R. Lancellotta, and D. Sabia. 2019. The restoration of Ghirlandina Tower in Modena and the assessment of soil-structure interaction by means of dynamic identification techniques. 154. London (UK): CRC Press. doi:10.1201/9780429197789.
   Google Scholar
• Caliò, I., F. Cannizzaro, E. D’Amore, M. Marletta, and B. Pantò. 2008. A new discrete-element approach for the assessment of the seismic resistance of composite reinforced concrete masonry buildings. Proceedings of the AIP Conference Vol. 1020, 832–39. Reggio Calabria (Italy). doi: 10.1063/1.2963920
   Google Scholar
• Casolo, S. 1998. A three dimensional model for vulnerability analyses of slender masonry medieval towers. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 2 (4):487–512. doi:10.1080/13632469809350332.
   Google Scholar
• Casolo, S., V. Diana, and G. Uva. 2017. Influence of soil deformability on the seismic response of a masonry tower. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 15 (5):1991–2014. doi:10.1007/s10518-016-0061-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casolo, S., G. Milani, G. Uva, and C. Alessandri. 2013. Comparative seismic vulnerability analysis on ten masonry towers in the coastal Po Valley in Italy. Engineering Structures 49:465–90. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.11.033.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clementi, F., G. Milani, A. Ferrante, M. Valente, and S. Lenci. 2020. Crumbling of Amatrice clock tower during 2016 central Italy seismic sequence: Advanced numerical insights. Frattura ed Integrita Strutturale 14 (51):313–35. doi:10.3221/IGF-ESIS.51.24.
   Google Scholar
• Coli, M., L. Guerri, and P. Rubellini. 2019. Geotechnical characterization of the Florence (Italy) soils. Japanese Geotechnical Society Special Publication 2 (77):2648–53. https://doi.org/10.3208/jgssp.TC301-02.
   Google Scholar
• Coli, M., M. Ripepe, and P. Rubellini. 2008. Sismicità dell’area fiorentina, Firenze (Italy): SELCA. (in italian)
   Google Scholar
• Coli, M., and P. Rubellini. 2007. Note di geologia fiorentina. 37. Firenze (Italy): SELCA. (in Italian).
   Google Scholar
• Coli, M., and P. Rubellini. 2013. Geological anamnesis of the Florence area, Italy. Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft Für Geowissenschaften 164 (4):581–89. doi:10.1127/1860-1804/2013/0042.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coli, M., M. Tanganelli, M. Baldi, and S. Viti. 2021. The Giotto’s Bell Tower at Firenze (Italy): Foundation assessment. Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development. doi:10.1108/JCHMSD-04-2021-0070.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornell, C. A. 1968. Engineering seismic risk analysis. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America 58 (5):1583–606. doi:10.1785/BSSA0580051583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosentini, R. M., S. Foti, R. Lancellotta, and D. Sabia. 2015. Dynamic behavior of shallow founded historic towers: Validation of simplified approaches for seismic analyses. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 9 (1):13–29. doi:10.1179/1939787914Y.0000000066.
   Google Scholar
• Crespellani, T., and C. Madiai. 1991. Seismic response analysis. Proceedings of the tenth European conference on soil mechanics & foundation engineering (X ECSMFE). Florence (Italy), Vol. IV, 1519–28.
   Google Scholar
• Crespellani, T., G. Vannucchi, and A. Vignoli. 1991. Uncertainties analysis and final remarks. Proceedings of the tenth European conference on soil mechanics & foundation engineering (X ECSMFE). Florence (Italy), Vol. IV, 1529–34.
   Google Scholar
• Crespellani, T., G. Vannucchi, and X. Zeng. 1991. Seismic hazard analysis. Proceedings of the tenth European conference on soil mechanics & foundation engineering (X ECSMFE). Florence (Italy), Vol. IV, 1459–70.
   Google Scholar
• D’Ambrisi, A., V. Mariani, and M. Mezzi. 2012. Seismic assessment of a historical masonry tower with nonlinear static and dynamic analyses tuned on ambient vibration tests. Engineering Structures 36:210–19. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.12.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva, F., F. Ceroni, S. Sica, and F. Silvestri. 2018. Non-linear analysis of the Carmine bell tower under seismic actions accounting for soil-foundation-structure interaction. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 16 (7):2775–808. doi:10.1007/s10518-017-0298-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DPCM2011. 2011. Direttiva del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri per la valutazione e riduzione del rischio sismico del patrimonio culturale con riferimento alle NTC 2008. G. U. n. 47 del 26.02.2011. (in Italian).
   Google Scholar
• Facchini, L., V. Gusella, and M. Betti. 2020. Non-linear dynamic analysis for collapse probability assessment of historic masonry towers. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering 1376–86. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41057-5_111.
   Google Scholar
• Fahjan, Y. M., F. İ. Kara, and A. Mert. 2017. Selection and scaling time history records for performance-based design. In V. Plevris, G. Kremmyda, and Y. Fahjan, eds. Performance-based seismic design of concrete structures and infrastructures. Pennsylvania, USA: IGI Global, 1–35. doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2089-4.ch001.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrante, A., F. Clementi, and G. Milani. 2020. Advanced numerical analyses by the non-smooth contact dynamics method of an ancient masonry bell tower. Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences 43 (13):7706–25. doi:10.1002/mma.6113.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galano, L., and M. Betti. 2019. Elementi di Statica delle costruzioni storiche in muratura, 480. Bologna, Italy: Società Editrice Esculapio.
   Google Scholar
• Gazetas, G. 1983. Analysis of machine foundation vibration: State of the art. International Journal of Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 2 (1):2–42. doi:10.1016/0261-7277(83)90025-6.
   Google Scholar
• Gazetas, G. 1991. Formulas and charts for impedances of surface and embedded foundations. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 117 (9):1363–81. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1991)117:9(1363).
   Google Scholar
• Gentile, C., and A. Saisi. 2007. Ambient vibration testing of historic masonry towers for structural identification and damage assessment. Construction and Building Materials 21 (6):1311–21. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.01.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghinelli, A., and G. Vannucchi. 1991. Condizioni stratigrafiche e fondazioni della zona absidale di Santa Maria del Fiore in Firenze. Bollettino Ingegneri XXXVIII (1–2):28–29. (in Italian).
   Google Scholar
• Gurrieri, F., Ed. 2017. Il Campanile di Giotto. Atti del ciclo di conferenze: Firenze, Centro Arte Cultura, maggio-giugno 2015, 87. Florence, Italy: Mandragora.
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, J., J. J. Bommer, and P. J. Stafford. 2008. Numbers of scaled and matched accelerograms required for inelastic dynamic analyses. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics 37 (14):1585–607. doi:10.1002/eqe.827.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ivorra, S., and F. J. Pallares. 2006. Dynamic investigations on a masonry bell tower. Engineering Structures 28 (5):660–67. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.09.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacanna, G., M. Betti, M. Ripete, and G. Bartoli. 2020. Dynamic identification as a tool to constrain numerical models for structural analysis of historical buildings. Frontiers in Built Environment - Earthquake Engineering 6:40. doi:10.3389/fbuil.2020.00040.
   Google Scholar
• Lacanna, G., R. Lancellotta, and M. Ripepe. 2019a. Integrating modal analysis and seismic interferometry for structural dynamic response: The case study of Giotto’s bell tower in Florence. In Proceedings of the 7th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering.eds. M. Papadrakakis, and M. Fragiadakis, Crete, Greece.
   Google Scholar
• Lacanna, G., M. Ripepe, M. Coli, R. Genco, and E. Marchetti. 2019b. Full structural dynamic response from ambient vibration of Giotto’s bell tower in Firenze (Italy), using modal analysis and seismic interferometry. NDT and E International 102:9–15. doi:10.1016/j.ndteint.2018.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancellotta, R., and D. Sabia. 2015. Identification technique for soil-structure analysis of the Ghirlandina tower. International Journal of Architectural Heritage 9 (4):391–407. doi:10.1080/15583058.2013.793438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lourenço, P. B., J. G. Rots, and J. Blaauwendraad. 1995. Two approaches for the analysis of masonry structures: Micro and macro modelling. Heron 40 (4):313–40.
   Google Scholar
• Lucchini, A., F. Mollaioli, and G. Monti. 2011. Metodi di selezione e scalatura di accelerogrammi naturali per l’analisi dinamica non lineare delle strutture. XIV Convegno ANIDIS “L’Ingegneria Sismica in Italia”, 18-22 September 2011, Bari (Italy), 1–10. Gorgonzola, Italy: Digilabs.
   Google Scholar
• Luzi, L., F. Pacor, and R. Puglia. 2017. Italian Accelerometric Archive v 2.3. Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Dipartimento della Protezione Civile Nazionale. doi:10.13127/ITACA.2.3.
   Google Scholar
• Milani, G., S. Casolo, A. Naliato, and A. Tralli. 2012. Seismic assessment of a medieval masonry tower in Northern Italy by limit, non-linear static and full dynamic analyses. International Journal Architectural Heritage 6 (5):489–524. doi:10.1080/15583058.2011.588987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milani, G., and M. Valente. 2016. Non-linear dynamic and static analyses on eight historical masonry towers in the North-East of Italy. Engineering Structures 114:241–70. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.02.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIT. 2009.Circolare n. 617 del 2 febbraio 2009 del Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti. Istruzioni per l’Applicazione Nuove Norme Tecniche Costruzioni di cui al Decreto Ministeriale del 14 gennaio 2008. (in Italian).
   Google Scholar
• MIT. 2019. Circolare n. 7 del 21 gennaio 2019 del Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti. Istruzioni per l’applicazione dell’Aggiornamento delle Norme tecniche per le costruzioni di cui al Decreto Ministeriale del 17 gennaio 2018. (in Italian)
   Google Scholar
• Mottershead, J. E., and M. I. Friswell. 1993. Model updating in structural dynamics: A survey. Journal of Sound and Vibration 167 (2):347–75. doi:10.1006/jsvi.1993.1340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NTC. 2008. D.M. del Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti 14 gennaio 2008. Nuove Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni. G.U. n. 29, 4 febbraio 2008, S.O. n. 30. (in Italian).
   Google Scholar
• NTC. 2018. D.M. del Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei trasporti del 17 gennaio 2018. Aggiornamento delle Norme Tecniche per le Costruzioni. G.U. n. 42, 20 febbraio 2018, S.O. n. 8. (in Italian).
   Google Scholar
• Orlando, M., M. Betti, and P. Spinelli. 2020. Assessment of structural behaviour and seismic retrofitting for an Italian monumental masonry building. Journal of Building Engineering 29:101115. doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peña, F., P. B. Lourenço, N. Mendez, and D. Oliveira. 2010. Numerical models for the seismic assessment of an old masonry tower. Engineering Structures 32 (5):1466–78. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.01.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieraccini, M., D. Dei, M. Betti, G. Bartoli, G. Tucci, and N. Guardini. 2014. Dynamic identification of historic masonry towers through an expeditious and no-contact approach: Application to the “Torre del Mangia” in Siena (Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage 15 (3):275–82. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2013.07.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieraccini, M., M. Fratini, D. Dei, and C. Atzeni. 2009. Structural testing of historical heritage site towers by microwave remote sensing. Journal of Cultural Heritage 10 (2):174–82. doi:10.1016/j.culher.2008.09.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pieraccini, M., M. Fratini, F. Parrini, G. Pinelli, and C. Atzeni. 2005. Dynamic survey of architectural heritage by high-speed microwave interferometry. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 2 (1):28–30. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1381342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramos, L. F., L. Marques, P. B. Lourenço, G. De Roeck, A. Campos-Costa, and J. Roque. 2010. Monitoring historical masonry structures with operational modal analysis: Two case studies. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 24 (5):1291–305. doi:10.1016/j.ymssp.2010.01.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabia, D., T. Aoki, R. M. Cosentini, and R. Lancellotta. 2015. Model updating to forecast the dynamic behavior of the ghirlandina tower in Modena, Italy. Journal of Earthquake Engineering 19 (1):1–24. doi:10.1080/13632469.2014.962668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, W. C., F. Y. Yokel, M. Celebi, T. Hanks, and E. V. Leyendecker. 1987. Engineering Aspects of the September 19, 1985 Mexico Earthquake. Washington (USA): U.S. Government Printing Office.
   Google Scholar
• Tanganelli, M., F. Trovatelli, and T. Rotunno. 2022. Evaluation of the Seismic Vulnerability of Giotto’s Bell Tower: Comparison of Different Methodologies. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 1–25. doi:10.1080/15583058.2022.2142171
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torelli, G., D. D’Ayala, M. Betti, and G. Bartoli. 2020. Analytical and numerical seismic assessment of heritage masonry towers. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 18 (3):969–1008. doi:10.1007/s10518-019-00732-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignoli, A. 1991. Definition of the ground motion in firm soil. Proceedings of the tenth European conference on soil mechanics & foundation engineering (X ECSMFE). Florence (Italy), Vol. IV, 1471–80.
   Google Scholar