2,653
Views
42
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Paper

Disease relevant modifications of the methylome and transcriptome by particulate matter (PM2.5) from biomass combustion

, , , , , , , & show all
Pages 779-792 | Received 24 Feb 2017, Accepted 10 Jul 2017, Published online: 27 Oct 2017

References

  • Anderson JO, Thundiyil JG, Stolbach A. Clearing the air: a review of the effects of particulate matter air pollution on human health. J Med Toxicol. 2012;8:166-75. doi:10.1007/s13181-011-0203-1. PMID:22194192
  • Raaschou-Nielsen O, Andersen ZJ, Beelen R, Samoli E, Stafoggia M, Weinmayr G, Hoffmann B, Fischer P, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Brunekreef B, et al. Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). Lancet Oncol. 2013;14:813-22. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70279-1. PMID:23849838
  • Naeher LP, Brauer M, Lipsett M, Zelikoff JT, Simpson CD, Koenig JQ, Smith KR. Woodsmoke health effects: a review. Inhal Toxicol. 2007;19:67-106. doi:10.1080/08958370600985875. PMID:17127644
  • Programme UND. World energy assesment. New York:UNPD; 2004.
  • Lelieveld J, Evans JS, Fnais M, Giannadaki D, Pozzer A. The contribution of outdoor air pollution sources to premature mortality on a global scale. Nature. 2015;525:367-71. doi:10.1038/nature15371. PMID:26381985
  • Kim KH, Jahan SA, Kabir E. A review of diseases associated with household air pollution due to the use of biomass fuels. J Hazard Mater. 2011;192:425-31. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.05.087. PMID:21705140
  • WHO. Household air pollution and health. WHO Media Centre; 2016. : Fact sheet N°292.
  • Rumchev K, Zhao Y, Spickett J. Health Risk Assessment of Indoor Air Quality, Socioeconomic and House Characteristics on Respiratory Health among Women and Children of Tirupur, South India. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14:E429. doi:10.3390/ijerph14040429. PMID:28420188
  • Valavanidis A, Fiotakis K, Vlachogianni T. Airborne particulate matter and human health: toxicological assessment and importance of size and composition of particles for oxidative damage and carcinogenic mechanisms. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2008;26:339-62. doi:10.1080/10590500802494538. PMID:19034792
  • Maatta J, Luukkonen R, Husgafvel-Pursiainen K, Alenius H, Savolainen K. Comparison of hardwood and softwood dust-induced expression of cytokines and chemokines in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Toxicology. 2006;218:13-21. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2005.09.001. PMID:16202497
  • Danielsen PH, Moller P, Jensen KA, Sharma AK, Wallin H, Bossi R, Autrup H, Molhave L, Ravanat JL, Briede JJ, et al. Oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammation induced by ambient air and wood smoke particulate matter in human A549 and THP-1 cell lines. Chem Res Toxicol. 2011;24:168-84. doi:10.1021/tx100407m. PMID:21235221
  • Ovrevik J, Refsnes M, Lag M, Brinchmann BC, Schwarze PE, Holme JA. Triggering Mechanisms and Inflammatory Effects of Combustion Exhaust Particles with Implication for Carcinogenesis. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2016. PMID:28001342.
  • Lodovici M, Bigagli E. Oxidative stress and air pollution exposure. J Toxicol. 2011;2011:487074. doi:10.1155/2011/487074. PMID:21860622
  • Li E, Zhang Y. DNA methylation in mammals. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2014;6:a019133. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a019133. PMID:24789823
  • Heerboth S, Lapinska K, Snyder N, Leary M, Rollinson S, Sarkar S. Use of epigenetic drugs in disease: an overview. Genet Epigenet. 2014;6:9-19. PMID:25512710.
  • Bellavia A, Urch B, Speck M, Brook RD, Scott JA, Albetti B, Behbod B, North M, Valeri L, Bertazzi PA, et al. DNA hypomethylation, ambient particulate matter, and increased blood pressure: findings from controlled human exposure experiments. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000212. doi:10.1161/JAHA.113.000212. PMID:23782920
  • Bruniquel D, Schwartz RH. Selective, stable demethylation of the interleukin-2 gene enhances transcription by an active process. Nat Immunol. 2003;4:235-40. doi:10.1038/ni887. PMID:12548284
  • Guo L, Byun HM, Zhong J, Motta V, Barupal J, Zheng Y, Dou C, Zhang F, McCracken JP, Diaz A, et al. Effects of short-term exposure to inhalable particulate matter on DNA methylation of tandem repeats. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2014;55:322-35. doi:10.1002/em.21838. PMID:24436168
  • Panni T, Mehta AJ, Schwartz JD, Baccarelli AA, Just AC, Wolf K, Wahl S, Cyrys J, Kunze S, Strauch K, et al. Genome-Wide Analysis of DNA Methylation and Fine Particulate Matter Air Pollution in Three Study Populations: KORA F3, KORA F4, and the Normative Aging Study. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124:983-90. doi:10.1289/ehp.1509966. PMID:26731791
  • Dornhof R, Maschowski C, Osipova A, Gieré R, Seidl M, Merfort I, Humar M. Stress fibers, autophagy and necrosis by persistent exposure to PM2.5 from biomass combustion. PLoS One. 2017;12(7):e0180291. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0180291. PMID:28671960
  • Kuleshov MV, Jones MR, Rouillard AD, Fernandez NF, Duan Q, Wang Z, Koplev S, Jenkins SL, Jagodnik KM, Lachmann A, et al. Enrichr: a comprehensive gene set enrichment analysis web server 2016 update. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44:W90-7. doi:10.1093/nar/gkw377
  • Ross JP, Rand KN, Molloy PL. Hypomethylation of repeated DNA sequences in cancer. Epigenomics. 2010;2:245-69. doi:10.2217/epi.10.2. PMID:22121873
  • Coogan PF, White LF, Jerrett M, Brook RD, Su JG, Seto E, Burnett R, Palmer JR, Rosenberg L. Air pollution and incidence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus in black women living in Los Angeles. Circulation. 2012;125:767-72. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.052753. PMID:22219348
  • Xu CX, Jin H, Shin JY, Kim JE, Cho MH. Roles of protein kinase B/Akt in lung cancer. Front Biosci (Elite Ed). 2010;2:1472-84. PMID:20515818
  • Lindsey S, Langhans SA. Epidermal growth factor signaling in transformed cells. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2015;314:1-41. PMID:25619714
  • Miyazono K, Ehata S, Koinuma D. Tumor-promoting functions of transforming growth factor-beta in progression of cancer. Ups J Med Sci. 2012;117:143-52. doi:10.3109/03009734.2011.638729. PMID:22111550
  • Schmalhofer O, Brabletz S, Brabletz T. E-cadherin, beta-catenin, and ZEB1 in malignant progression of cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2009;28:151-66. doi:10.1007/s10555-008-9179-y. PMID:19153669
  • Tiwari N, Gheldof A, Tatari M, Christofori G. EMT as the ultimate survival mechanism of cancer cells. Semin Cancer Biol. 2012;22:194-207. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.02.013. PMID:22406545
  • Semenza GL. Defining the role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in cancer biology and therapeutics. Oncogene. 2010;29:625-34. doi:10.1038/onc.2009.441. PMID:19946328
  • Arellanes-Licea E, Caldelas I, De Ita-Perez D, Diaz-Munoz M. The circadian timing system: a recent addition in the physiological mechanisms underlying pathological and aging processes. Aging Dis. 2014;5:406-18. PMID:25489492
  • Chen R, Meng X, Zhao A, Wang C, Yang C, Li H, Cai J, Zhao Z, Kan H. DNA hypomethylation and its mediation in the effects of fine particulate air pollution on cardiovascular biomarkers: A randomized crossover trial. Environ Int. 2016;94:614-9. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2016.06.026. PMID:27397927
  • Valinluck V, Tsai HH, Rogstad DK, Burdzy A, Bird A, Sowers LC. Oxidative damage to methyl-CpG sequences inhibits the binding of the methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) of methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:4100-8. doi:10.1093/nar/gkh739. PMID:15302911
  • Han H, Cortez CC, Yang X, Nichols PW, Jones PA, Liang G. DNA methylation directly silences genes with non-CpG island promoters and establishes a nucleosome occupied promoter. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20:4299-310. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr356. PMID:21835883
  • Liu F, Killian JK, Yang M, Walker RL, Hong JA, Zhang M, Davis S, Zhang Y, Hussain M, Xi S, et al. Epigenomic alterations and gene expression profiles in respiratory epithelia exposed to cigarette smoke condensate. Oncogene. 2010;29:3650-64. doi:10.1038/onc.2010.129. PMID:20440268
  • Zhu ZZ, Sparrow D, Hou L, Tarantini L, Bollati V, Litonjua AA, Zanobetti A, Vokonas P, Wright RO, Baccarelli A, et al. Repetitive element hypomethylation in blood leukocyte DNA and cancer incidence, prevalence, and mortality in elderly individuals: the Normative Aging Study. Cancer Causes Control. 2011;22:437-47. doi:10.1007/s10552-010-9715-2. PMID:21188491
  • Lamprecht B, Walter K, Kreher S, Kumar R, Hummel M, Lenze D, Kochert K, Bouhlel MA, Richter J, Soler E, et al. Derepression of an endogenous long terminal repeat activates the CSF1R proto-oncogene in human lymphoma. Nat Med. 2010;16:571-9, 1p following 9. doi:10.1038/nm.2129. PMID:20436485
  • Baccarelli A, Wright R, Bollati V, Litonjua A, Zanobetti A, Tarantini L, Sparrow D, Vokonas P, Schwartz J. Ischemic heart disease and stroke in relation to blood DNA methylation. Epidemiology. 2010;21:819-28. doi:10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f20457. PMID:20805753
  • Martin-Nunez GM, Rubio-Martin E, Cabrera-Mulero R, Rojo-Martinez G, Olveira G, Valdes S, Soriguer F, Castano L, Morcillo S. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in relation to global LINE-1 DNA methylation in peripheral blood: a cohort study. Epigenetics. 2014;9:1322-8. doi:10.4161/15592294.2014.969617. PMID:25437047
  • Nzabarushimana E, Prior S, Miousse IR, Pathak R, Allen AR, Latendresse J, Olsen RH, Raber J, Hauer-Jensen M, Nelson GA, et al. Combined exposure to protons and (56)Fe leads to overexpression of Il13 and reactivation of repetitive elements in the mouse lung. Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2015;7:1-8. doi:10.1016/j.lssr.2015.08.001. PMID:26553631
  • Osman A. MicroRNAs in health and disease-basic science and clinical applications. Clin Lab. 2012;58:393-402. PMID:22783567
  • Xi S, Xu H, Shan J, Tao Y, Hong JA, Inchauste S, Zhang M, Kunst TF, Mercedes L, Schrump DS. Cigarette smoke mediates epigenetic repression of miR-487b during pulmonary carcinogenesis. J Clin Invest. 2013;123:1241-61. doi:10.1172/JCI61271. PMID:23426183
  • Vrijens K, Bollati V, Nawrot TS. MicroRNAs as potential signatures of environmental exposure or effect: a systematic review. Environ Health Perspect. 2015;123:399-411. PMID:25616258
  • Rodosthenous RS, Coull BA, Lu Q, Vokonas PS, Schwartz JD, Baccarelli AA. Ambient particulate matter and microRNAs in extracellular vesicles: a pilot study of older individuals. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2016;13:13. doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0121-0. PMID:26956024
  • Sun CC, Li SJ, Li DJ. Hsa-miR-134 suppresses non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) development through down-regulation of CCND1. Oncotarget. 2016;7:35960-78. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.8482. PMID:27166267
  • Wang C, Liu P, Wu H, Cui P, Li Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Gou S. MicroRNA-323-3p inhibits cell invasion and metastasis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma via direct suppression of SMAD2 and SMAD3. Oncotarget. 2016;7:14912-24. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.7482. PMID:26908446
  • Zhou B, Song J, Han T, Huang M, Jiang H, Qiao H, Shi J, Wang Y. MiR-382 inhibits cell growth and invasion by targeting NR2F2 in colorectal cancer. Mol Carcinog. 2016;55(12):2260-67. https://doi.org/10.1002/mc.22466
  • Mou X, Liu S. MiR-485 inhibits metastasis and EMT of lung adenocarcinoma by targeting Flot2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2016;477:521-6. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.04.043. PMID:27262438
  • Sun LL, Wang J, Zhao ZJ, Liu N, Wang AL, Ren HY, Yang F, Diao KX, Fu WN, Wan EH, et al. Suppressive role of miR-502-5p in breast cancer via downregulation of TRAF2. Oncol Rep. 2014;31:2085-92. PMID:24677135
  • Li X, Liu X, Xu W, Zhou P, Gao P, Jiang S, Lobie PE, Zhu T. c-MYC-regulated miR-23a/24-2/27a cluster promotes mammary carcinoma cell invasion and hepatic metastasis by targeting Sprouty2. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:18121-33. doi:10.1074/jbc.M113.478560. PMID:23649631
  • Qu WQ, Liu L, Yu Z. Clinical value of microRNA-23a upregulation in non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8:13598-603. PMID:26550300
  • Zhao G, Liu L, Zhao T, Jin S, Jiang S, Cao S, Han J, Xin Y, Dong Q, Liu X, et al. Upregulation of miR-24 promotes cell proliferation by targeting NAIF1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol. 2015;36:3693-701. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-3008-4. PMID:25725584
  • Cristobal I, Madoz-Gurpide J, Rojo F, Garcia-Foncillas J. Potential therapeutic value of miR-425-5p in metastatic colorectal cancer. J Cell Mol Med. 2016;20:2213-4. doi:10.1111/jcmm.12902. PMID:27396018
  • Tong XD, Liu TQ, Wang GB, Zhang CL, Liu HX. MicroRNA-570 promotes lung carcinoma proliferation through targeting tumor suppressor KLF9. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8:2829-34. PMID:26045791
  • Zhang L, Yang L, Liu X, Chen W, Chang L, Chen L, Loera S, Chu P, Huang WC, Liu YR, et al. MicroRNA-657 promotes tumorigenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting transducin-like enhancer protein 1 through nuclear factor kappa B pathways. Hepatology. 2013;57:1919-30. doi:10.1002/hep.26162. PMID:23175432
  • Wang J, Zhao YC, Lu YD, Ma CP. Integrated bioinformatics analyses identify dysregulated miRNAs in lung cancer. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2014;18:2270-4. PMID:25219825
  • Zhu W, Zhou K, Zha Y, Chen D, He J, Ma H, Liu X, Le H, Zhang Y. Diagnostic Value of Serum miR-182, miR-183, miR-210, and miR-126 Levels in Patients with Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0153046. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153046. PMID:27093275
  • Wang M, Huang Y, Liang Z, Liu D, Lu Y, Dai Y, Feng G, Wang C. Plasma miRNAs might be promising biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Respir J. 2016;10:104-11. doi:10.1111/crj.12194. PMID:25102970
  • Yan S, Wang T, Huang S, Di Y, Huang Y, Liu X, Luo Z, Han W, An B. Differential expression of microRNAs in plasma of patients with prediabetes and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Acta Diabetol. 2016;53:693-702. doi:10.1007/s00592-016-0837-1. PMID:27039347
  • Zheng D, Dai Y, Wang S, Xing X. MicroRNA-299-3p promotes the sensibility of lung cancer to doxorubicin through directly targeting ABCE1. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8:10072-81. PMID:26617714
  • Guo L, Liu Y, Bai Y, Sun Y, Xiao F, Guo Y. Gene expression profiling of drug-resistant small cell lung cancer cells by combining microRNA and cDNA expression analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46:1692-702. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2010.02.043. PMID:20371173
  • Li J, Wang Y, Song Y, Fu Z, Yu W. miR-27a regulates cisplatin resistance and metastasis by targeting RKIP in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mol Cancer. 2014;13:193. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-193. PMID:25128483
  • Philipone E, Yoon AJ, Wang S, Shen J, Ko YC, Sink JM, Rockafellow A, Shammay NA, Santella RM. MicroRNAs-208b-3p, 204-5p, 129-2-3p and 3065-5p as predictive markers of oral leukoplakia that progress to cancer. Am J Cancer Res. 2016;6:1537-46. PMID:27508095
  • Chen SW, Wang TB, Tian YH, Zheng YG. Down-regulation of microRNA-126 and microRNA-133b acts as novel predictor biomarkers in progression and metastasis of non small cell lung cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8:14983-8. PMID:26823832
  • Zou X, Wang J, Chen C, Jose PA, Zeng C. Secreted Monocyte miR-27a Causes Hypertension by Reducing Mas Receptor Expression and Function in the Artery. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016;10Suppl 1:e3. doi:10.1016/j.jash.2016.06.010. PMID:27677133
  • Qiang L, Hong L, Ningfu W, Huaihong C, Jing W. Expression of miR-126 and miR-508-5p in endothelial progenitor cells is associated with the prognosis of chronic heart failure patients. Int J Cardiol. 2013;168:2082-8. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.160. PMID:23465244
  • Matsumoto S, Sakata Y, Nakatani D, Suna S, Mizuno H, Shimizu M, Usami M, Sasaki T, Sato H, Kawahara Y, et al. A subset of circulating microRNAs are predictive for cardiac death after discharge for acute myocardial infarction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2012;427:280-4. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.09.039. PMID:22995291
  • Edgar R, Tan PP, Portales-Casamar E, Pavlidis P. Meta-analysis of human methylomes reveals stably methylated sequences surrounding CpG islands associated with high gene expression. Epigenetics Chromatin. 2014;7:28. doi:10.1186/1756-8935-7-28. PMID:25493099
  • Lou S, Lee HM, Qin H, Li JW, Gao Z, Liu X, Chan LL, Kl Lam V, So WY, Wang Y, et al. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of multiple individuals reveals complementary roles of promoter and gene body methylation in transcriptional regulation. Genome Biol. 2014;15:408. doi:10.1186/s13059-014-0408-0. PMID:25074712
  • Logan J, Chen L, Gangell C, Sly PD, Fantino E, Liu K. Brief exposure to cigarette smoke impairs airway epithelial cell innate anti-viral defence. Toxicol In Vitro. 2014;28:1430-5. doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2014.07.012. PMID:25111775
  • Kelly FJ, Fussell JC. Air pollution and airway disease. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011;41:1059-71. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03776.x. PMID:21623970
  • Thiery JP, Acloque H, Huang RY, Nieto MA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in development and disease. Cell. 2009;139:871-90. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.11.007. PMID:19945376
  • Vendramini-Costa DB, Carvalho JE. Molecular link mechanisms between inflammation and cancer. Curr Pharm Des. 2012;18:3831-52. doi:10.2174/138161212802083707. PMID:22632748
  • Gonda TA, Kim YI, Salas MC, Gamble MV, Shibata W, Muthupalani S, Sohn KJ, Abrams JA, Fox JG, Wang TC, et al. Folic acid increases global DNA methylation and reduces inflammation to prevent Helicobacter-associated gastric cancer in mice. Gastroenterology. 2012;142:824-33 e7. PMID:22248660. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.058
  • Belinsky SA, Klinge DM, Stidley CA, Issa JP, Herman JG, March TH, Baylin SB. Inhibition of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation prevents murine lung cancer. Cancer Res. 2003;63:7089-93. PMID:14612500
  • Cassee FR, Heroux ME, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Kelly FJ. Particulate matter beyond mass: recent health evidence on the role of fractions, chemical constituents and sources of emission. Inhal Toxicol. 2013;25:802-12. doi:10.3109/08958378.2013.850127. PMID:24304307
  • Ito S, Shen L, Dai Q, Wu SC, Collins LB, Swenberg JA, He C, Zhang Y. Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. Science. 2011;333:1300-3. doi:10.1126/science.1210597. PMID:21778364
  • Aryee MJ, Jaffe AE, Corrada-Bravo H, Ladd-Acosta C, Feinberg AP, Hansen KD, Irizarry RA. Minfi: a flexible and comprehensive Bioconductor package for the analysis of Infinium DNA methylation microarrays. Bioinformatics. 2014;30:1363-9. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu049. PMID:24478339
  • Chen EY, Dobrinski KP, Brown KH, Clagg R, Edelman E, Ignatius MS, Chen JY, Brockmann J, Nielsen GP, Ramaswamy S, et al. Cross-species array comparative genomic hybridization identifies novel oncogenic events in zebrafish and human embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma. PLoS Genet. 2013;9:e1003727. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003727. PMID:24009521
  • Wilson CL, Miller CJ. Simpleaffy: a BioConductor package for Affymetrix Quality Control and data analysis. Bioinformatics. 2005;21:3683-5. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bti605. PMID:16076888
  • Gautier L, Cope L, Bolstad BM, Irizarry RA. affy-analysis of Affymetrix GeneChip data at the probe level. Bioinformatics. 2004;20:307-15. PMID:14960456. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btg405
  • Ritchie ME, Phipson B, Wu D, Hu Y, Law CW, Shi W, Smyth GK. limma powers differential expression analyses for RNA-sequencing and microarray studies. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015;43:e47. doi:10.1093/nar/gkv007. PMID:25605792
  • Stalteri MA, Harrison AP. Interpretation of multiple probe sets mapping to the same gene in Affymetrix GeneChips. BMC Bioinformatics. 2007;8:13. doi:10.1186/1471-2105-8-13. PMID:17224057
  • Wickham H. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer Science & Business Media; 2009.
  • Lawrence M, Huber W, Pages H, Aboyoun P, Carlson M, Gentleman R, Morgan MT, Carey VJ. Software for computing and annotating genomic ranges. PLoS Comput Biol. 2013;9:e1003118. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003118. PMID:23950696
  • Wolfe D, Dudek S, Ritchie MD, Pendergrass SA. Visualizing genomic information across chromosomes with PhenoGram. BioData Min. 2013;6:18. doi:10.1186/1756-0381-6-18. PMID:24131735