Aberrant regulation of CXCR4 in cancer via deviant microRNA-targeted interactions

References

• Balkwill F. Cancer and the chemokine network. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(7):540–550.
   Google Scholar
• Moser B, Loetscher P. Lymphocyte traffic control by chemokines. Nat Immunol. 2001;2(2):123–128.
   Google Scholar
• Muller A, Homey B, Soto H, et al. Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature. 2001;410(6824):50–56.
   Google Scholar
• Bacon K, Baggiolini M, Broxmeyer H, et al. Chemokine/chemokine receptor nomenclature. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2002;22(10):1067–1068.
   Google Scholar
• Zlotnik A, Yoshie O. Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity. Immunity. 2000;12(2):121–127.
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheim JJ, Yang D, Biragyn A, et al. Chemokine receptors on dendritic cells promote autoimmune reactions. Arthritis Res. 2002;4(3):S183–188.
   Google Scholar
• Ploix C, Lo D, Carson MJ. A ligand for the chemokine receptor CCR7 can influence the homeostatic proliferation of CD4 T cells and progression of autoimmunity. J Immunol. 2001;167(12):6724–6730.
   Google Scholar
• Strieter RM, Polverini PJ, Kunkel SL, et al. The functional role of the ELR motif in CXC chemokine-mediated angiogenesis. J Biol Chem. 1995;270(45):27348–27357.
   Google Scholar
• Varney ML, Johansson SL, Singh RK. Tumour-associated macrophage infiltration, neovascularization and aggressiveness in malignant melanoma: role of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A. Melanoma Res. 2005;15(5):417–425.
   Google Scholar
• Fushimi T, Kojima A, Moore MA, et al. Macrophage inflammatory protein 3alpha transgene attracts dendritic cells to established murine tumors and suppresses tumor growth. J Clin Invest. 2000;105(10):1383–1393.
   Google Scholar
• Kumamoto T, Huang EK, Paek HJ, et al. Induction of tumor-specific protective immunity by in situ Langerhans cell vaccine. Nat Biotechnol. 2002;20(1):64–69.
   Google Scholar
• Mendez R, Ruiz-Cabello F, Rodriguez T, et al. Identification of different tumor escape mechanisms in several metastases from a melanoma patient undergoing immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2007;56(1):88–94.
   Google Scholar
• Nukiwa M, Andarini S, Zaini J, et al. Dendritic cells modified to express fractalkine/CX3CL1 in the treatment of preexisting tumors. Eur J Immunol. 2006;36(4):1019–1027.
   Google Scholar
• Burger M, Glodek A, Hartmann T, et al. Functional expression of CXCR4 (CD184) on small-cell lung cancer cells mediates migration, integrin activation, and adhesion to stromal cells. Oncogene. 2003;22(50):8093–8101.
   Google Scholar
• Tachibana K, Nakajima T, Sato A, et al. CXCR4/fusin is not a species-specific barrier in murine cells for HIV-1 entry. J Exp Med. 1997;185(10):1865–1870.
   Google Scholar
• Feng Y, Broder CC, Kennedy PE, et al. HIV-1 entry cofactor: functional cDNA cloning of a seven-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor. Science. 1996;272(5263):872–877.
   Google Scholar
• Zlotnik A. Involvement of chemokine receptors in organ-specific metastasis. Contrib Microbiol. 2006;13:191–199.
   Google Scholar
• Scotton CJ, Wilson JL, Milliken D, et al. Epithelial cancer cell migration: a role for chemokine receptors? Cancer Res. 2001;61(13):4961–4965.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, et al. International union of pharmacology. XXII. Nomenclature for chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2000;52(1):145–176.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez-Munoz L, Rodriguez-Frade JM, Barroso R, et al. Separating actin-dependent chemokine receptor nanoclustering from dimerization indicates a role for clustering in CXCR4 signaling and function. Mol Cell. 2018;70(1):106–119 e110.
   Google Scholar
• Wu B, Chien EY, Mol CD, et al. Structures of the CXCR4 chemokine GPCR with small-molecule and cyclic peptide antagonists. Science. 2010;330(6007):1066–1071.
   Google Scholar
• Fredriksson R, Lagerstrom MC, Lundin LG, et al. The G-protein-coupled receptors in the human genome form five main families. Phylogenetic analysis, paralogon groups, and fingerprints. Mol Pharmacol. 2003;63(6):1256–1272.
   Google Scholar
• Bernhagen J, Krohn R, Lue H, et al. MIF is a noncognate ligand of CXC chemokine receptors in inflammatory and atherogenic cell recruitment. Nat Med. 2007;13(5):587–596.
   Google Scholar
• Saini V, Marchese A, Majetschak M. CXC chemokine receptor 4 is a cell surface receptor for extracellular ubiquitin. J Biol Chem. 2010;285(20):15566–15576.
   Google Scholar
• Moll NM, Ransohoff RM. CXCL12 and CXCR4 in bone marrow physiology. Expert Rev Hematol. 2010;3(3):315–322.
   Google Scholar
• Li LN, Jiang KT, Tan P, et al. Prognosis and clinicopathology of CXCR4 in colorectal cancer patients: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(9):4077–4080.
   Google Scholar
• Luker KE, Luker GD. Functions of CXCL12 and CXCR4 in breast cancer. Cancer Lett. 2006;238(1):30–41.
   Google Scholar
• Sleightholm RL, Neilsen BK, Li J, et al. Emerging roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in pancreatic cancer progression and therapy. Pharmacol Ther. 2017;179:158–170.
   Google Scholar
• Bianchi ME, Mezzapelle R. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 in cell proliferation and tissue regeneration. Front Immunol. 2020;11:2109.
   Google Scholar
• Busillo JM, Benovic JL. Regulation of CXCR4 signaling. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2007;1768(4):952–963.
   Google Scholar
• Zuo J, Wen M, Li S, et al. Overexpression of CXCR4 promotes invasion and migration of non-small cell lung cancer via EGFR and MMP-9. Oncol Lett. 2017;14(6):7513–7521.
   Google Scholar
• Ma Q, Jones D, Borghesani PR, et al. Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4- and SDF-1-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1998;95(16):9448–9453.
   Google Scholar
• McGrath KE, Koniski AD, Maltby KM, et al. Embryonic expression and function of the chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor, CXCR4. Dev Biol. 1999;213(2):442–456.
   Google Scholar
• Nagasawa T, Hirota S, Tachibana K, et al. Defects of B-cell lymphopoiesis and bone-marrow myelopoiesis in mice lacking the CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1. Nature. 1996;382(6592):635–638.
   Google Scholar
• Nagasawa T, Tachibana K, Kishimoto T. A novel CXC chemokine PBSF/SDF-1 and its receptor CXCR4: their functions in development, hematopoiesis and HIV infection. Semin Immunol. 1998;10(3):179–185.
   Google Scholar
• Tachibana K, Hirota S, Iizasa H, et al. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is essential for vascularization of the gastrointestinal tract. Nature. 1998;393(6685):591–594.
   Google Scholar
• Zou YR, Kottmann AH, Kuroda M, et al. Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development. Nature. 1998;393(6685):595–599.
   Google Scholar
• Arai J, Yasukawa M, Yakushijin Y, et al. Stromal cells in lymph nodes attract B-lymphoma cells via production of stromal cell-derived factor-1. Eur J Haematol. 2000;64(5):323–332.
   Google Scholar
• Gu F, Ma Y, Zhang J, et al. Function of Slit/Robo signaling in breast cancer. Front Med. 2015;9(4):431–436.
   Google Scholar
• Hwang JH, Hwang JH, Chung HK, et al. CXC chemokine receptor 4 expression and function in human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(1):408–416.
   Google Scholar
• Jin Z, Zhao C, Han X, et al. Wnt5a promotes Ewing sarcoma cell migration through upregulating CXCR4 expression. BMC Cancer. 2012;12(1):480.
   Google Scholar
• Murakami T, Maki W, Cardones AR, et al. Expression of CXC chemokine receptor-4 enhances the pulmonary metastatic potential of murine B16 melanoma cells. Cancer Res. 2002;62(24):7328–7334.
   Google Scholar
• Orimo A, Gupta PB, Sgroi DC, et al. Stromal fibroblasts present in invasive human breast carcinomas promote tumor growth and angiogenesis through elevated SDF-1/CXCL12 secretion. Cell. 2005;121(3):335–348.
   Google Scholar
• Rempel SA, Dudas S, Ge S, et al. Identification and localization of the cytokine SDF1 and its receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 4, to regions of necrosis and angiogenesis in human glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(1):102–111.
   Google Scholar
• Yu X, Wang D, Wang X, et al. CXCL12/CXCR4 promotes inflammation-driven colorectal cancer progression through activation of RhoA signaling by sponging miR-133a-3p. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019;38(1):32.
   Google Scholar
• Eck SM, Cote AL, Winkelman WD, et al. CXCR4 and matrix metalloproteinase-1 are elevated in breast carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and in normal mammary fibroblasts exposed to factors secreted by breast cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res. 2009;7(7):1033–1044.
   Google Scholar
• Ottaiano A, Di Palma A, Napolitano M, et al. Inhibitory effects of anti-CXCR4 antibodies on human colon cancer cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2005;54(8):781–791.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas RM, Kim J, Revelo-Penafiel MP, et al. The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is expressed in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Gut. 2008;57(11):1555–1560.
   Google Scholar
• Bertolini F, Dell’Agnola C, Mancuso P, et al. CXCR4 neutralization, a novel therapeutic approach for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer Res. 2002;62(11):3106–3112.
   Google Scholar
• Corcione A, Ottonello L, Tortolina G, et al. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 as a chemoattractant for follicular center lymphoma B cells. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000;92(8):628–635.
   Google Scholar
• Koshiba T, Hosotani R, Miyamoto Y, et al. Expression of stromal cell-derived factor 1 and CXCR4 ligand receptor system in pancreatic cancer: a possible role for tumor progression. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6(9):3530–3535.
   Google Scholar
• Robledo MM, Bartolome RA, Longo N, et al. Expression of functional chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CXCR4 on human melanoma cells. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(48):45098–45105.
   Google Scholar
• Scotton CJ, Wilson JL, Scott K, et al. Multiple actions of the chemokine CXCL12 on epithelial tumor cells in human ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2002;62(20):5930–5938.
   Google Scholar
• Alevizos L, Kataki A, Derventzi A, et al. Breast cancer nodal metastasis correlates with tumour and lymph node methylation profiles of Caveolin-1 and CXCR4. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2014;31(5):511–520.
   Google Scholar
• Geminder H, Sagi-Assif O, Goldberg L, et al. A possible role for CXCR4 and its ligand, the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1, in the development of bone marrow metastases in neuroblastoma. J Immunol. 2001;167(8):4747–4757.
   Google Scholar
• Libura J, Drukala J, Majka M, et al. CXCR4-SDF-1 signaling is active in rhabdomyosarcoma cells and regulates locomotion, chemotaxis, and adhesion. Blood. 2002;100(7):2597–2606.
   Google Scholar
• Murakami T, Kawada K, Iwamoto M, et al. The role of CXCR3 and CXCR4 in colorectal cancer metastasis. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(2):276–287.
   Google Scholar
• Wegner SA, Ehrenberg PK, Chang G, et al. Genomic organization and functional characterization of the chemokine receptor CXCR4, a major entry co-receptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Biol Chem. 1998;273(8):4754–4760.
   Google Scholar
• Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H, Margolis DM, et al. USF/c-Myc enhances, while Yin-Yang 1 suppresses, the promoter activity of CXCR4, a coreceptor for HIV-1 entry. J Immunol. 1999;162(10):5986–5992.
   Google Scholar
• Moriuchi M, Moriuchi H, Turner W, et al. Cloning and analysis of the promoter region of CXCR4, a coreceptor for HIV-1 entry. J Immunol. 1997;159(9):4322–4329.
   Google Scholar
• Cristillo AD, Highbarger HC, Dewar RL, et al. Up-regulation of HIV coreceptor CXCR4 expression in human T lymphocytes is mediated in part by a cAMP-responsive element. FASEB J. 2002;16(3):354–364.
   Google Scholar
• Jourdan P, Vendrell JP, Huguet MF, et al. Cytokines and cell surface molecules independently induce CXCR4 expression on CD4+ CCR7+ human memory T cells. J Immunol. 2000;165(2):716–724.
   Google Scholar
• Murdoch C, Monk PN, Finn A. Cxc chemokine receptor expression on human endothelial cells. Cytokine. 1999;11(9):704–712.
   Google Scholar
• Wang J, Guan E, Roderiquez G, et al. Role of tyrosine phosphorylation in ligand-independent sequestration of CXCR4 in human primary monocytes-macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(52):49236–49243.
   Google Scholar
• Feil C, Augustin HG. Endothelial cells differentially express functional CXC-chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR-4/fusin) under the control of autocrine activity and exogenous cytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1998;247(1):38–45.
   Google Scholar
• Han Y, Wang J, He T, et al. TNF-alpha down-regulates CXCR4 expression in primary murine astrocytes. Brain Res. 2001;888(1):1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Babcock GJ, Farzan M, Sodroski J. Ligand-independent dimerization of CXCR4, a principal HIV-1 coreceptor. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(5):3378–3385.
   Google Scholar
• Mori T, Kim J, Yamano T, et al. Epigenetic up-regulation of C-C chemokine receptor 7 and C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 expression in melanoma cells. Cancer Res. 2005;65(5):1800–1807.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav SS, Prasad SB, Das M, et al. Epigenetic silencing of CXCR4 promotes loss of cell adhesion in cervical cancer. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:581403.
   Google Scholar
• Ma X, Shang F, Zhu W, et al. CXCR4 expression varies significantly among different subtypes of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and its low expression or hypermethylation might predict favorable overall survival. Expert Rev Neurother. 2017;17(9):941–946.
   Google Scholar
• Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene lin-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to lin-14. Cell. 1993;75(5):843–854.
   Google Scholar
• Lai EC. Micro RNAs are complementary to 3’ UTR sequence motifs that mediate negative post-transcriptional regulation. Nat Genet. 2002;30(4):363–364.
   Google Scholar
• Yoo AS, Sun AX, Li L, et al. MicroRNA-mediated conversion of human fibroblasts to neurons. Nature. 2011;476(7359):228–231.
   Google Scholar
• Dell’Agnola C, Biragyn A. Clinical utilization of chemokines to combat cancer: the double-edged sword. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2007;6(2):267–283.
   Google Scholar
• Cojoc M, Peitzsch C, Trautmann F, et al. Emerging targets in cancer management: role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Onco Targets Ther. 2013;6:1347–1361.
   Google Scholar
• Luker GD, Yang J, Richmond A, et al. At the bench: pre-clinical evidence for multiple functions of CXCR4 in cancer. J Leukoc Biol. 2021;109(5):969–989.
   Google Scholar
• Portella L, Bello AM, Scala S. CXCL12 signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2021;1302:51–70.
   Google Scholar
• Peng Y, Croce CM. The role of microRNAs in human cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2016;1(1):15004.
   Google Scholar
• Si W, Shen J, Zheng H, et al. The role and mechanisms of action of microRNAs in cancer drug resistance. Clin Epigenetics. 2019;11(1):25.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson CD, Esquela-Kerscher A, Stefani G, et al. The let-7 microRNA represses cell proliferation pathways in human cells. Cancer Res. 2007;67(16):7713–7722.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson SM, Grosshans H, Shingara J, et al. RAS is regulated by the let-7 microRNA family. Cell. 2005;120(5):635–647.
   Google Scholar
• Li Z, Li N, Wu M, et al. Expression of miR-126 suppresses migration and invasion of colon cancer cells by targeting CXCR4. Mol Cell Biochem. 2013;381(1–2):233–242.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Zhou Y, Feng X, et al. MicroRNA-126 functions as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer cells by targeting CXCR4 via the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Int J Oncol. 2014;44(1):203–210.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Zhou Y, Feng X, et al. Low expression of microRNA-126 is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 2014;53(4):358–365.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan W, Guo YQ, Li XY, et al. MicroRNA-126 inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and invasion by targeting the chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 and Ras homolog gene family, member A, signaling pathway. Oncotarget. 2016;7(37):60230–60244.
   Google Scholar
• Duan FT, Qian F, Fang K, et al. miR-133b, a muscle-specific microRNA, is a novel prognostic marker that participates in the progression of human colorectal cancer via regulation of CXCR4 expression. Mol Cancer. 2013;12(1):164.
   Google Scholar
• Shirafkan N, Shomali N, Kazemi T, et al. microRNA-193a-5p inhibits migration of human HT-29 colon cancer cells via suppression of metastasis pathway. J Cell Biochem. 2019;5:8775–8783.
   Google Scholar
• Fang Y, Sun B, Wang J, et al. miR-622 inhibits angiogenesis by suppressing the CXCR4-VEGFA axis in colorectal cancer. Gene. 2019;699:37–42.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng T, Chou J, Zhang F, et al. CXCR4 3'UTR functions as a ceRNA in promoting metastasis, proliferation and survival of MCF-7 cells by regulating miR-146a activity. Eur J Cell Biol. 2015;94(10):458–469.
   Google Scholar
• Liang Z, Bian X, Shim H. Inhibition of breast cancer metastasis with microRNA-302a by downregulation of CXCR4 expression. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;146(3):535–542.
   Google Scholar
• Xue Y, Xu W, Zhao W, et al. miR-381 inhibited breast cancer cells proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis by targeting CXCR4. Biomed Pharmacother. 2017;86:426–433.
   Google Scholar
• Song L, Liu D, Wang B, et al. miR-494 suppresses the progression of breast cancer in vitro by targeting CXCR4 through the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Oncol Rep. 2015;34(1):525–531.
   Google Scholar
• Alfano D, Gorrasi A, Li Santi A, et al. Urokinase receptor and CXCR4 are regulated by common microRNAs in leukaemia cells. J Cell Mol Med. 2015;19(9):2262–2272.
   Google Scholar
• Spinello I, Quaranta MT, Paolillo R, et al. Differential hypoxic regulation of the microRNA-146a/CXCR4 pathway in normal and leukemic monocytic cells: impact on response to chemotherapy. Haematologica. 2015;100(9):1160–1171.
   Google Scholar
• Spinello I, Quaranta MT, Riccioni R, et al. MicroRNA-146a and AMD3100, two ways to control CXCR4 expression in acute myeloid leukemias. Blood Cancer J. 2011;1(6):e26.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu B, Xi X, Liu Q, et al. MiR-9 functions as a tumor suppressor in acute myeloid leukemia by targeting CX chemokine receptor 4. Am J Transl Res. 2019;11(6):3384–3397.
   Google Scholar
• Qin L, Deng HY, Chen SJ, et al. miR-139 acts as a tumor suppressor in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia by targeting CX chemokine receptor 4. Am J Transl Res. 2017;9(9):4059–4070.
   Google Scholar
• Feng JA. Target research on tumor biology characteristics of mir-155-5p regulation on gastric cancer cell. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2016;29(2 Suppl):711–718.
   Google Scholar
• He B, He Y, Shi W, et al. Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression alterations in microRNA122 knockout mice with hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Med Rep. 2017;15(6):3681–3689.
   Google Scholar
• Leone V, D’Angelo D, Rubio I, et al. MiR-1 is a tumor suppressor in thyroid carcinogenesis targeting CCND2, CXCR4, and SDF-1alpha. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(9):E1388–1398.
   Google Scholar
• Qian Y, Wang X, Lv Z, et al. MicroRNA126 is downregulated in thyroid cancer cells, and regulates proliferation, migration and invasion by targeting CXCR4. Mol Med Rep. 2016;14(1):453–459.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu Y, Tang L, Zhao S, et al. CXCR4-mediated osteosarcoma growth and pulmonary metastasis is suppressed by microRNA-613. Cancer Sci. 2018;109(8):2412–2422.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Zhang L, Cui M, et al. miR-302b inhibits cancer-related inflammation by targeting ERBB4, IRF2 and CXCR4 in esophageal cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8(30):49053–49063.
   Google Scholar
• Yao C, Huang S, Wu J, et al. MicroRNA-140 inhibits tumor progression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by targeting CXCR4. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2017;10(7):7750–7759.
   Google Scholar
• Xu X, Cao L, Zhang Y, et al. MicroRNA-1246 inhibits cell invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition process by targeting CXCR4 in lung cancer cells. Cancer Biomark. 2018;21(2):251–260.
   Google Scholar
• Bao W, Fu HJ, Xie QS, et al. HER2 interacts with CD44 to up-regulate CXCR4 via epigenetic silencing of microRNA-139 in gastric cancer cells. Gastroenterology. 2011;141(6):2076–2087. e2076.
   Google Scholar
• Luo HN, Wang ZH, Sheng Y, et al. MiR-139 targets CXCR4 and inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of laryngeal squamous carcinoma cells. Med Oncol. 2014;31(1):789.
   Google Scholar
• Liu H, Liu Y, Liu W, et al. EZH2-mediated loss of miR-622 determines CXCR4 activation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Commun. 2015;6(1):8494.
   Google Scholar
• Bakkar A, Alshalalfa M, Petersen LF, et al. microRNA 338-3p exhibits tumor suppressor role and its down-regulation is associated with adverse clinical outcome in prostate cancer patients. Mol Biol Rep. 2016;43(4):229–240.
   Google Scholar
• Shen PF, Chen XQ, Liao YC, et al. MicroRNA-494-3p targets CXCR4 to suppress the proliferation, invasion, and migration of prostate cancer. Prostate. 2014;74(7):756–767.
   Google Scholar
• Mesgarzadeh AH, Aali M, Farhadi F, et al. Transfection of microRNA-143 mimic could inhibit migration of HN-5 cells through down-regulating of metastatic genes. Gene. 2019;716:144033.
   Google Scholar
• Zhao R, Ni J, Lu S, et al. CircUBAP2-mediated competing endogenous RNA network modulates tumorigenesis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(19):8484–8501.
   Google Scholar
• Hersi HM, Raulf N, Gaken J, et al. MicroRNA-9 inhibits growth and invasion of head and neck cancer cells and is a predictive biomarker of response to plerixafor, an inhibitor of its target CXCR4. Mol Oncol. 2018;12(12):2023–2041.
   Google Scholar
• Lu J, Luo H, Liu X, et al. miR-9 targets CXCR4 and functions as a potential tumor suppressor in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Carcinogenesis. 2014;35(3):554–563.
   Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Chen C, Yu SZ, et al. miR-663 suppresses oncogenic function of CXCR4 in glioblastoma. Clin Cancer Res. 2015;21(17):4004–4013.
   Google Scholar
• Pazzaglia L, Pollino S, Vitale M, et al. miR494.3p expression in synovial sarcoma: role of CXCR4 as a potential target gene. Int J Oncol. 2019;54(1):361–369.
   Google Scholar
• Pollutri D, Patrizi C, Marinelli S, et al. The epigenetically regulated miR-494 associates with stem-cell phenotype and induces sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cell Death Dis. 2018;9(1):4.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Guo L, Li Y, et al. MicroRNA-494 promotes cancer progression and targets adenomatous polyposis coli in colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer. 2018;17(1):1.
   Google Scholar
• Yu T, Liu K, Wu Y, et al. MicroRNA-9 inhibits the proliferation of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by suppressing expression of CXCR4 via the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Oncogene. 2014;33(42):5017–5027.
   Google Scholar
• Salmena L, Poliseno L, Tay Y, et al. A ceRNA hypothesis: the Rosetta stone of a hidden RNA language? Cell. 2011;146(3):353–358.
   Google Scholar
• Li H, Yao G, Feng B, et al. Circ_0056618 and CXCR4 act as competing endogenous in gastric cancer by regulating miR-206. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119(11):9543–9551.
   Google Scholar
• Li W, Zhao W, Lu Z, et al. Long noncoding RNA GAS5 promotes proliferation, migration, and invasion by regulation of miR-301a in esophageal cancer. Oncol Res. 2018;26(8):1285–1294.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang ZW, An Y, Teng CB. [The roles of miR-17-92 cluster in mammal development and tumorigenesis]. Yi Chuan. 2009;31(11):1094–1100.
   Google Scholar
• Osada H, Takahashi T. let-7 and miR-17-92: small-sized major players in lung cancer development. Cancer Sci. 2011;102(1):9–17.
   Google Scholar
• Ohyashiki M, Ohyashiki JH, Hirota A, et al. Age-related decrease of miRNA-92a levels in human CD8+ T-cells correlates with a reduction of naive T lymphocytes. Immun Ageing. 2011;8(1):11.
   Google Scholar
• Ventura A, Young AG, Winslow MM, et al. Targeted deletion reveals essential and overlapping functions of the miR-17 through 92 family of miRNA clusters. Cell. 2008;132(5):875–886.
   Google Scholar
• Egea V, Kessenbrock K, Lawson D, et al. Let-7f miRNA regulates SDF-1alpha- and hypoxia-promoted migration of mesenchymal stem cells and attenuates mammary tumor growth upon exosomal release. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(6):516.
   Google Scholar
• Ke X, Yuan Y, Guo C, et al. MiR-410 induces stemness by inhibiting Gsk3beta but upregulating beta-catenin in non-small cells lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8(7):11356–11371.
   Google Scholar
• Yu X, Shi W, Zhang Y, et al. CXCL12/CXCR4 axis induced miR-125b promotes invasion and confers 5-fluorouracil resistance through enhancing autophagy in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):42226.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou J, Liu R, Wang Y, et al. miR-199a-5p regulates the expression of metastasis-associated genes in B16F10 melanoma cells. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2014;7(10):7182–7190.
   Google Scholar
• Zhu G, Liu X, Su Y, et al. Knockdown of urothelial carcinoma-associated 1 suppressed cell growth and migration through regulating miR-301a and CXCR4 in osteosarcoma MHCC97 cells. Oncol Res. 2018;27(1):55–64.
   Google Scholar
• Place RF, Li LC, Pookot D, et al. MicroRNA-373 induces expression of genes with complementary promoter sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(5):1608–1613.
   Google Scholar
• Punj V, Matta H, Schamus S, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-encoded viral FLICE inhibitory protein (vFLIP) K13 suppresses CXCR4 expression by upregulating miR-146a. Oncogene. 2010;29(12):1835–1844.
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Zhang Y, Liu W, et al. LMP1-miR-146a-CXCR4 axis regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis and metastasis. Virus Res. 2019;270:197654.
   Google Scholar
• International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. International Human Genome Sequencing C: finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome. Nature. 2004;431(7011):931–945.
   Google Scholar
• Bartel DP. MicroRNAs: target recognition and regulatory functions. Cell. 2009;136(2):215–233.
   Google Scholar
• Fareh M, Turchi L, Virolle V, et al. The miR 302-367 cluster drastically affects self-renewal and infiltration properties of glioma-initiating cells through CXCR4 repression and consequent disruption of the SHH-GLI-NANOG network. Cell Death Differ. 2012;19(2):232–244.
   Google Scholar
• Fareh M, Almairac F, Turchi L, et al. Cell-based therapy using miR-302-367 expressing cells represses glioblastoma growth. Cell Death Dis. 2017;8(3):e2713.
   Google Scholar
• Khare T, Bissonnette M, Khare S. CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in colorectal cancer: therapeutic target in preclinical and clinical studies. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(14):7371.
   Google Scholar
• Donahue RE, Jin P, Bonifacino AC, et al. Plerixafor (AMD3100) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilize different CD34+ cell populations based on global gene and microRNA expression signatures. Blood. 2009;114(12):2530–2541.
   Google Scholar
• Liang Z, Yoon Y, Votaw J, et al. Silencing of CXCR4 blocks breast cancer metastasis. Cancer Res. 2005;65(3):967–971.
   Google Scholar
• Porvasnik S, Sakamoto N, Kusmartsev S, et al. Effects of CXCR4 antagonist CTCE-9908 on prostate tumor growth. Prostate. 2009;69(13):1460–1469.
   Google Scholar
• Wong D, Korz W. Translating an antagonist of chemokine receptor CXCR4: from bench to bedside. Clin Cancer Res. 2008;14(24):7975–7980.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel SK, Seo YD, Pillarisetty VG. The CXCL12-CXCR4/CXCR7 axis as a mechanism of immune resistance in gastrointestinal malignancies. Semin Cancer Biol. 2020;65:176–188.
   Google Scholar
• Righi E, Kashiwagi S, Yuan J, et al. CXCL12/CXCR4 blockade induces multimodal antitumor effects that prolong survival in an immunocompetent mouse model of ovarian cancer. Cancer Res. 2011;71(16):5522–5534.
   Google Scholar
• De Clercq E. Mozobil(R) (Plerixafor, AMD3100), 10 years after its approval by the US food and drug administration. Antivir Chem Chemother. 2019;27:2040206619829382.
   Google Scholar
• Uy GL, Rettig MP, Motabi IH, et al. A phase 1/2 study of chemosensitization with the CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor in relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood. 2012;119(17):3917–3924.
   Google Scholar
• Chaudary N, Pintilie M, Jelveh S, et al. Plerixafor improves primary tumor response and reduces metastases in cervical cancer treated with radio-chemotherapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23(5):1242–1249.
   Google Scholar
• Ghobrial IM, Liu CJ, Zavidij O, et al. Phase I/II trial of the CXCR4 inhibitor plerixafor in combination with bortezomib as a chemosensitization strategy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol. 2019;94(11):1244–1253.
   Google Scholar
• Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, et al. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 1998;391(6669):806–811.
   Google Scholar
• Mullard A. FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019;18(2):85–89.
   Google Scholar
• Mullard A. 2019 FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2020;19(2):79–84.
   Google Scholar
• Mullard A. FDA drug approvals. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2021;20(2):85–90
   Google Scholar
• Grimaldi AM, Salvatore M, Incoronato M. miRNA-based therapeutics in breast cancer: a systematic review. Front Oncol. 2021;11:668464.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang S, Cheng Z, Wang Y, et al. The risks of miRNA therapeutics: in a drug target perspective. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2021;65:721–733.
   Google Scholar
• Jia D, Li Y, Han R, et al. miR146a5p expression is upregulated by the CXCR4 antagonist TN14003 and attenuates SDF1induced cartilage degradation. Mol Med Rep. 2019;19(5):4388–4400.
   Google Scholar
• Kuroda K, Fukuda T, Krstic-Demonacos M, et al. miR-663a regulates growth of colon cancer cells, after administration of antimicrobial peptides, by targeting CXCR4-p21 pathway. BMC Cancer. 2017;17(1):33.
   Google Scholar
• Friedlander MR, Lizano E, Houben AJ, et al. Evidence for the biogenesis of more than 1,000 novel human microRNAs. Genome Biol. 2014;15(4):R57.
   Google Scholar
• Agarwal V, Bell GW, Nam JW, et al. Predicting effective microRNA target sites in mammalian mRNAs. Elife. 2015;12:4.
   Google Scholar
• Liang HQ, Wang RJ, Diao CF, et al. The PTTG1-targeting miRNAs miR-329, miR-300, miR-381, and miR-655 inhibit pituitary tumor cell tumorigenesis and are involved in a p53/PTTG1 regulation feedback loop. Oncotarget. 2015;6(30):29413–29427.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Lv L, Li Y, et al. MicroRNA655 suppresses cell proliferation and invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma by directly targeting metadherin and regulating the PTEN/AKT pathway. Mol Med Rep. 2018;18(3):3106–3114.
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Cao R, Su W, et al. miR-655-3p inhibits cell migration and invasion by targeting pituitary tumor-transforming 1 in non-small cell lung cancer. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2019;83(9):1703–1708.
   Google Scholar