Police Training for DemocracyFootnote1

I wish to thank Mike Gaffney for his careful reading and helpful suggestions on this paper.

References

• Adcox , K . (2000, January) . Doing bad things for good reasons . The Police Chief , 67 (67) : 16 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Alpert GP Moore MH (1993) Measuring police performance in the new paradigm of policing In Performance measures of the Criminal Justice System. Discussion papers from the BJS–Princeton Project Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics
   Google Scholar
• Bayley , DH . (1986) . The tactical choices of police patrol officers . Journal of Criminal Justice , 14 : 329 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayley , DH . (1995) . A foreign policy for democratic policing . Policing and Society , 5 : 70 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Bayley DH (2001) Democratizing the police abroad: What to do and how to do it Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice
   Google Scholar
• Bayley , DH and Bittner , E . (1984) . Learning the skills of policing . Law and Contemporary Problems , 47 : 35 – 59 .
   Google Scholar
• Bayley , DH and Garofalo , J . (1989) . The management of violence by police patrol officers . Criminology , 27 (27) : 1 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Bayley , DH and Shearing , CD . (1996) . The future of policing . Law and Society Review , 30 (30) : 585 – 606 .
   Google Scholar
• Brodeur JP (1998) The assessment of police performance: Conclusions In J. P. Brodeur (Ed.) How to recognize good policing Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum
   Google Scholar
• Brooks LW (1993) Police discretionary behavior: A study of style In R. G. Dunham & G. P. Alpert (Eds.) Critical issues in policing: Contemporary readings (pp. 140–164) Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press
   Google Scholar
• Brown MK (1981) Working the streets. Police discretion and the dilemmas of reform New York: Russell Sage Foundation
   Google Scholar
• Chan JBL (1997) Changing police culture: Policing in a multicultural society Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Chan , JBL . (2001) . The technological game: How information technology is transforming police practice . Criminal Justice. An International Journal of Policy and Practice , 1 (1) : 139 – 159 .
   Google Scholar
• Chevigny P (1969) Police power New York: Pantheon
   Google Scholar
• Chevigny P (1995) Edge of the knife: Police violence in the Americas New York: The New Press
   Google Scholar
• Clark RS (1994) The United Nations Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Program. Formulation of standards and efforts at their implementation Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press
   Google Scholar
• Cordner , GW . (1995) . Community policing: Elements and effects . Police Forum , 5 (5) : 1 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Coxey , G . (1998) . The new police of Sarajewo . Crime & Justice International , 14 (14) : 13 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Crank J (1998) Understanding police culture Cincinnati, OH: Anderson
   Google Scholar
• Crank J Caldero M (1999) Police ethics: The corruption of noble cause Cincinnati, OH: Anderson
   Google Scholar
• Das D (2000) Challenges of policing democracies: A world perspective In D. Das & O. Marenin (Eds.) Challenges of policing democracies (pp. 3–21) Newark: Gordon & Breach
   Google Scholar
• Davis KC (1975) Police discretion St Paul: West
   Google Scholar
• de Lint W (1998, July) Regulating autonomy: Police discretion as a problem for training Canadian Journal of Criminology 277 304
   Google Scholar
• Ericson R (1982) Reproducing order: A study of police patrol work Toronto: University of Toronto Press
   Google Scholar
• Fyfe JJ (2001) The split second syndrome and other determinants of police violence In R. Dunham & G. Alpert (Eds.) Critical issues in policing (pp. 583–598) Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press
   Google Scholar
• Garland D (2001) The culture of control. Crime and social order in contemporary society Chicago: University of Chicago Press
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein H (1977) Policing a free society Cambridge: Bollinger
   Google Scholar
• Greene JR Pelfrey WV, Jr. (1997) Shifting the balance of power between police and community: Responsibility for crime control In R. G. Dunham & G. P. Alpert (Eds.) Critical issues in policing: Contemporary readings (pp. 393–423) Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press
   Google Scholar
• Haberfeld MR (2002) Critical issues in police training Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education
   Google Scholar
• Herbert , S . (1998) . Police subculture reconsidered . Criminology , 36 (36) : 343 – 369 .
   Google Scholar
• Hills A (2000) Policing Africa. Internal security and the limits of liberalization Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner
   Google Scholar
• Holm, T. T., & Eide, E. B. (Eds.) (2000) Peace‐building and police reform Ilford, Essex: Frank Cass
   Google Scholar
• Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland (Patten Commission) (1999) A new beginning: Policing in Northern Ireland Norwich: The Copyright Unit, St Clement's House
   Google Scholar
• John Jay College of Criminal Justice (1996) Human dignity and the police: Morality, integrity and professional ethics in police work New York: City University of New York, John Jay College of Criminal Justice
   Google Scholar
• Jones , T , Newburn , T and Smith , TJ . (1996) . Policing and the idea of democracy . British Journal of Criminology , 36 (36) : 182 – 198 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelling GL (1999) ‘Broken windows’ and police discretion Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy DM Moore MH (2001) Underwriting the risky investment in community policing. What social science should be doing to evaluate community policing In R. G. Dunham & G. P. Alpert (Eds.) Critical issues in policing (4th ed. pp. 511–530) Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press
   Google Scholar
• Koch U (1998) Policing in the context of changing state functions: Examples from Germany In M. Pagon (Ed.) Policing in Central and Eastern Europe. Organizational, managerial, and human resource aspects (pp. 173–184) Ljubljana: College of Police and Security Studies
   Google Scholar
• Lipsky M (1980) Street‐level bureaucracy New York: Russell Sage Foundation
   Google Scholar
• Manning PK (1979, 2nd ed. 1998) Police work: The social organization of policing Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press
   Google Scholar
• Marenin, O. (Ed.) (1996) Policing change, changing police New York: Garland Press
   Google Scholar
• Marenin , O . (1998) . The goal of democracy in international police assistance programs . Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management , 21 (21) : 159 – 177 .
   Google Scholar
• Marenin O (2000) Democracy, democratization, democratic policing In D. Das & O. Marenin (Eds.) Challenges of policing democracies. A world perspective (pp. 311–331) Reading: Gordon & Breach
   Google Scholar
• Marotta , F . (1999) . ‘The Blue Flames and the Gold Shield’ methodology, challenges and lessons learned from human rights training for police . International Peacekeeping , 6 (6) : 69 – 92 .
   Google Scholar
• Marx GT (1998) Some reflections on the democratic policing of demonstrations In D. Della Porta & H. Reiter (Eds.) Policing protest (pp. 252–269) Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press
   Google Scholar
• Mastrofski SD (1999) Policing for people Washington, DC: Police Foundation
   Google Scholar
• Mastrofski , SD , Worden , RE and Snipes , JB . (1995) . Law enforcement in a time of community policing . Criminology , 33 (33) : 539 – 563 .
   Google Scholar
• McHugh HS (1994) Key issues in police training: Lessons learned from USAID experience Washington, DC: USAID, Center for Development Information and Evaluation, Research and Reference Services Project, PN‐ABY‐304
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin , E . (1992) . The democratic deficit: European Union and the accountability of the British police . British Journal of Criminology , 32 (32) : 473 – 487 .
   Google Scholar
• Miller LS Hess KM (2002) The police in the community (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning
   Google Scholar
• Muir WK, Jr. (1977) Police—Street‐corner politicians Chicago: University of Chicago Press
   Google Scholar
• Murray , T . (2000) . Are the police destined for postmodern oblivion? A practitioner's view of present and future policing in Canada . Police Practice & Research: An International Journal , 1 (1) : 373 – 396 .
   Google Scholar
• Oakley, R. B., Dziedzic, M. J., & Goldberg, E. M. (Eds.) (1998) Policing the new world disorder: Peace operations and public security Washington, DC: National Defense University Press
   Google Scholar
• O'Rawe M Moore L (1997) Human rights on duty. Principles for better policing—International lessons for Northern Ireland Belfast: Committee for the Administration of Justice
   Google Scholar
• Pagon M Virjent BN Djuri M Lobnikar B (1996) European systems of police education and training In M. Pagon (Ed.) Policing in Central and Eastern Europe, comparing firsthand knowledge with experience form the West (pp. 551–574) Ljubljana: College of Police and Security Studies
   Google Scholar
• Perrow C (1986) Complex organizations New York: McGraw‐Hill
   Google Scholar
• Reiner R (1992) The politics of the police (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press
   Google Scholar
• Roberg R Crank J Kuykendall J (2000) Police and society (2nd ed.). Los Angeles: Roxbury
   Google Scholar
• Shearing C (1992) The relationship between public and private policing In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.) Modern policing Chicago: University of Chicago Press
   Google Scholar
• Shearing C (1996) Reinventing policing: Policing as governance In O. Marenin (Ed.) Policing change: Changing police: International perspectives (pp. 309–330) New York: Garland
   Google Scholar
• Sheehan R Cordner GW (1995) Police administration (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson
   Google Scholar
• Sheptycki , JWE . (1996) . Law enforcement, justice and democracy in the transnational arena: Reflections on the war on drugs . International Journal of the Sociology of Law , 24 : 61 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Sheptycki , JWE . (2000) . Policing and human rights: An introduction . Policing and Society , 10 : 1 – 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Skolnick JH (1994) Justice without trial (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan College Publishing
   Google Scholar
• Skolnick JH (1999) On democratic policing Washington, DC: Police Foundation
   Google Scholar
• Skolnick JH Fyfe JJ (1993) Above the law: Police and the excessive use of force New York: The Free Press
   Google Scholar
• Stone , CE and Ward , H . (2000) . Democratic policing: A framework for action . Policing and Society , 10 : 11 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Sykes , GW . (1986) . Street justice: A moral defense of order maintenance policing . Justice Quarterly , 3 (3) : 497 – 512 .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (1994) United Nations criminal justice standards for peace‐keeping police Handbook prepared by the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch. Vienna: United Nations Office at Vienna
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (1996) The United Nations and crime prevention: Seeking security and justice for all (Sales No. E.96.IV.9). New York: UN
   Google Scholar
• United Nations, Mission in Bosnia‐Herzogovina, International Police Task Force, Sarajevo (1996) Commissioner's guidance for democratic policing in the Federation of Bosnia‐Herzogovina Mimeo
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (1997) Human rights and law enforcement. A manual on human rights Training for the police (Professional Training Series No. 5, Sales No. E.96.XIV.5). Geneva: High Commissioner for Human Rights, Centre for Human Rights
   Google Scholar
• Vinzant JC Crothers L (1998) Street‐level leadership. Discretion and legitimacy in front‐line public service Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press
   Google Scholar
• Waddington PAJ (1994) Liberty and order. Public order policing in a capital city London: UCL Press
   Google Scholar
• Walker N (1993) The international dimension In R. Reiner & S. Spencer (Eds.) Accountable policing: Effectiveness, empowerment and equity (pp. 113–171) London: Institute for Public Policy Research
   Google Scholar
• Walker S (1993) Taming the system: The control of discretion in criminal justice, 1950–1990 New York: Oxford University Press
   Google Scholar
• WOLA (Washington Office on Latin America) (1999–2000) Themes and debates on public security reform. A manual for civil society Washington, DC: WOLA. (This is a series of seven pamphlets on various aspects of reform. The focus is mainly on Latin and Central America and the Caribbean.)
   Google Scholar
• Worden , RE . (1989) . Situational and attitudinal explanations of police behavior: A theoretical reappraisal and empirical assessment . Law and Society Review , 23 : 667 – 711 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worden , RE . (1995) . Police officers' belief systems: A framework for analysis . American Journal of Police , 14 (14) : 49 – 81 .
   Google Scholar
• Zhao J (1996) Why police organizations change: A study of community‐oriented policing Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum
   Google Scholar