Can community policing increase residents’ informal social control? Testing the impact of the Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy

References

• Allison, P. D. (1999). Multiple regression: A primer. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ansari, S. (2013). Social capital and collective efficacy: Resource and operating tools of community social control. Journal of Theoretical & Philosophical Criminology, 5(2), 75–94.
   Google Scholar
• Bowers, W. J., & Hirsch, J. H. (1987). The impact of foot patrol staffing on crime and disorder in Boston: An unmet promise. American Journal of Police, 6(1), 17–44.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, L. P., & Wycoff, M. A. (1987). Policing houston: Reducing fear and improving service. Crime and Delinquency, 33(1), 71–89.10.1177/0011128787033001005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chicago Community Policing Evaluation Consortium. (1995). Community policing in Chicago, year two: An interim report. Chicago, IL: Illinois Criminal Justice Information Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Crowl, J. N. (2017). The effect of community policing on fear and crime reduction, police legitimacy and job satisfaction: An empirical review of the evidence. Police Practice and Research, 18(5), 449–462.10.1080/15614263.2017.1303771
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, R., Henderson, N., & Merrick, C. (2003). Community policing: Variations on the western model in the developing world. Police Practice and Research, 4(3), 285–300.10.1080/1561426032000113870
   Google Scholar
• Department of Justice. (2016). The COPS office. Retrieved from http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/Default.asp?Item=2754
   Google Scholar
• Earls, F. (1994). Project on human development in Chicago neighborhoods: Community survey, 1994–1995 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Boston, MA: Harvard Medical School [producer].
   Google Scholar
• Earls, F., & Burka, S. (1997). Project on human development in Chicago neighborhoods: Technical report. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Gill, C., Weisburd, D., Telep, C., & Bennett, T. (2014). Community-oriented policing to reduce crime, disorder and fear and increase satisfaction and legitimacy among citizens: A systematic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(4), 399–428.10.1007/s11292-014-9210-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hickman, M. J., & Reaves, B. (2001). Local police departments 1999. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Public Policy Research. (2016). Community policing evaluation. Evanston, IL: Northwestern University. Retrieved from http://www.ipr.northwestern.edu/faculty-experts/fellows/community-policing.html#1
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, B. (2010). Multilevel analysis in the study of crime and justice. In A. R. Piquero & D. Weisburd (Eds.), The handbook of quantitative criminology (pp. 615–648). New York, NY: Springer.10.1007/978-0-387-77650-7
   Google Scholar
• Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36.10.1007/BF02291575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasarda, J. D., & Janowitz, M. (1974). Community attachment in mass society. American Sociological Review, 39(3), 328–339.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerley, K. R., & Benson, M. L. (2000). Does community-oriented policing help build stronger communities? Police Quarterly, 3(1), 46–69.10.1177/1098611100003001002
   Google Scholar
• Kerlikowske, R. (2004, April). The end of community policing: Remembering the lessons learned. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 73(4), 6–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, D. A., & Duncan, S. (1996). The impact of community policing in four Houston neighborhoods. Evaluation Review, 20(6), 627–669.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, J., & Mueller, C. W. (1978). Introduction to factor analysis. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.10.4135/9781412984652
   Google Scholar
• Lombardo, R., & Lough, T. (2007). Community policing: Broken windows, community building, and satisfaction with the police. The Police Journal, 80(2), 117–140.10.1350/pojo.2007.80.2.117
   Google Scholar
• Lombardo, R., Olson, D., & Staton, M. (2010). The Chicago alternative policing strategy: A reassessment of the CAPS program. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 33(4), 586-6-6. 10.1108/13639511011085033
   Google Scholar
• Lyons, W. (1999). The politics of community policing: Rearranging the power to punish. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.10.3998/mpub.15188
   Google Scholar
• MacDonald, J. (2002). The effectiveness of community policing in reducing violence. Crime & Delinquency, 48(4), 592–618.10.1177/001112802237131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks, M., Shearing, C., & Wood, J. (2009). Who should the police be? Finding a new narrative for community policing in South Africa. Police Practice and Research, 10(2), 145–155.10.1080/15614260802264560
   Google Scholar
• Mastrofski, S. D., & Ritti, R. R. (2000). Making sense of community policing: A theory-based analysis. Police Practice and Research, 1(2), 183–210.
   Google Scholar
• Mastrofski, S., Worden, S., & Snipes, J. (1995). Law enforcement in a time of community policing. Criminology, 33(4), 539–563.10.1111/crim.1995.33.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messner, S. (1982). Poverty, inequality, and the urban homicide rate. Criminology, 20(1), 103–114.10.1111/crim.1982.20.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliver, W. (2000). The third generation of community policing: Moving through innovation, diffusion, and institutionalization. Police Quarterly, 3(4), 367–388.10.1177/109861110000300402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• President’s Task force on 21st Century Policing. (2015). Final report of the president’s task force on 21st century policing. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
   Google Scholar
• Rabe-Hesketh, S., & Skrondal, A. (2012). Multilevel and longitudinal modeling using Stata. College Station, TX: Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Reisig, M. D., & Parks, R. B. (2004). Can community policing help the truly disadvantaged? Crime and Delinquency, 50(2), 139–167.10.1177/0011128703253157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renauer, B. (2007). Is neighborhood policing related to informal social control? Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 30(1), 61–81.10.1108/13639510710725622
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum, D. P. (1987). The theory and research behind neighborhood watch: Is it a sound fear and crime reduction strategy? Crime and Delinquency, 33(1), 103–134.10.1177/0011128787033001007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J. (1986). Crime in cities: The effects of formal and informal social control. Crime and Justice, 8, 271–311.10.1086/449125
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. (1987). Urban black violence: The effect of male joblessness and family disruption. American Journal of Sociology, 93(2), 348–382.10.1086/228748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing Social-disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802.10.1086/229068
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology, 105(3), 603–651.10.1086/210356
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson, R., Raudenbush, S., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277(5328), 918–924.10.1126/science.277.5328.918
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheider, M., Chapman, R., & Schapiro, A. (2009). Towards the unification of policing innovations under community policing. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 32(4), 694–718.10.1108/13639510911000777
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott, J. (2002). Assessing the relationship between police-community coproduction and neighborhood-level social capital. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 18(2), 147–166.10.1177/1043986202018002003
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, C., & McKay, H. (1942). Juvenile delinquency in urban areas. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Silver, E., & Miller, L. (2004). Sources of informal social control in Chicago neighborhoods. Criminology, 42(3), 551–584.10.1111/crim.2004.42.issue-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skogan, W. (1990). Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skogan, W. (2004). Longitudinal evaluation of Chicago’s community policing program 1993–2001 [Computer file]. 2nd ICPSR version. Chicago, IL: Northwestern University [producer]. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].
   Google Scholar
• Skogan, W. (2005). Citizen satisfaction with police encounters. Police Quarterly, 8(3), 298–321.10.1177/1098611104271086
   Google Scholar
• Skogan, W., & Frydl, K. (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence National Academy of Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Skogan, W., & Hartnett, S. (1997). Community policing: Chicago style. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sozer, M., & Merlo, A. (2013). The impact of community policing on crime rates: Does the effect of community policing differ in large and small law enforcement agencies? Police Practice and Research, 14(6), 506–521.10.1080/15614263.2012.661151
   Google Scholar
• Trojanowicz, R., Kappeler, V. E., Gaines, L. K., & Bucqueroux, B. (1998). Community policing: A contemporary perspective. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson.
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T. R. (2002). A national survey for monitoring police legitimacy. Justice Research and Policy, 4(1–2), 71–86.10.3818/JRP.4.1.2002.71
   Google Scholar
• Tyler, T. R., & Fagan, J. (2008). Legitimacy and cooperation: Why do people help the police fight crime in their communities? Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6, 231–276.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, B. D. (2007). Directly intervene or call the authorities? A study of forms of neighborhood social control within a social disorganization framework. Criminology, 45(1), 99–129.10.1111/j.1745-9125.2007.00073.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, B. D. (2014). Neighborhood factors related to the likelihood of successful informal social control efforts. Journal of Criminal Justice, 42(5), 421–430.10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.07.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warner, B., & Rountree, P. (1997). Social ties and crime: Is the relationship gendered? Criminology, 37(4), 789–814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisburd, D., & Eck, J. E. (2004). What can police do to reduce crime, disorder, and fear? The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593(1), 42–65.10.1177/0002716203262548
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S. A. (2005). Determinants of public satisfaction with the police. Police Quarterly, 8(3), 279–297.10.1177/1098611104271106
   Google Scholar
• Williams, E. J. (2003). Structuring in community policing: Institutionalizing innovative change. Police Practice and Research, 4(2), 119–129.10.1080/15614260308021
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, W. (1987). The truly disadvantaged. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wu, A. D., & Zumbo, B. D. (2008). Understanding and using mediators and moderators. Social Indicators Research, 87(3), 367–392.10.1007/s11205-007-9143-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wycoff, M. A., & Skogan, W. G. (1993). Quality policing in Madison: An evaluation of its implementation and impact. Washington, DC: The Police Foundation.
   Google Scholar