Modifying the ‘how’ of an arrest: reducing the interacting effects of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence and parental arrest

References

• Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfeld, C., Perry, B. D., & Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 174–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appel, A. E., & Holden, G. W. (1998). The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse: A review and appraisal. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 578–599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton, S. (2011). Domestic Violence: The Need for an Integrated and Interdisciplinary Response. ( Unpublished Major Paper). University of the Fraser Valley.
   Google Scholar
• Bair-Merritt, M. H., Holmes, W. C., Holmes, J. H., Feinstein, J., & Feudtner, C. (2008). Does intimate partner violence epidemiology differ between homes with and without children? A population-based study of annual prevalence and associated risk factors. Journal of Family Violence, 23325–332). doi:10.1007/s10896-008-9154-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, K. D., Stuewig, J., & McCloskey, L. A. (2010). Traumatic stress symptoms of women exposed to different forms of childhood victimization and intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25(9), 1699–1715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, M. C., Basile, K. C., Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., Walters, M. L., & Merrick, M. T. (2011). National intimate partner and sexual violence survey. Atlanta, GA: CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• Bledsoe, L. K., Yankeelov, P. A., Barbee, A. P., & Antle, B. F. (2004). Understanding the impact of intimate partner violence mandatory reporting law. Violence Against Women, 10, 534–560.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bocknek, E. L., Sanderson, J., & Britner, P. A. (2009). Ambiguous loss and posttraumatic stress in school-age children of prisoners. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 323–333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breiding, M. J., Chen, J., & Black, M. C. (2014). Intimate partner violence in the United States – 2010. Atlanta, GA: CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
   Google Scholar
• British Columbia. (2010). Violence against women in relationships policy. Ministry of Public Safety and Solicitor General, Ministry of Attorney General, and Ministry of Children and Family Development. Retrieved from http://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/law-crime-and-justice/criminal-justice/victims-of-crime/vs-info-for-professionals/info-resources/vawir.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, D. W., Anda, R. F., Tiemeier, H., Felitti, V. J., Edwards, V. J., Croft, J. B. (2009). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of premature mortality. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(5), 389–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basanti, P. (2017). The Effect of Protection Orders on Domestic Violence Victims Perceptions of Safety (Unpublished Master’s thesis). University of the Fraser Valley.
   Google Scholar
• Burczycka, M. (2016). Trends in self-reported spousal violence in Canada, 2014. In M. Burczycka, S. Conroy (Eds.), Family violence in Canada: A statistical profile, (pp. 47–55). Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics. Retrieved from https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/pub/85-002-x/2016001/article/14303-eng.pdf?st=NNtq6R8O
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, B. E. (1984). Children’s observations of interparental violence. In A. R. Roberts (ed.), Battered women and their families (pp. 147-167). New York: Springer Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, D. P., Whitfield, C. L., Felitti, V. J., Dube, S. R., Edwards, V. J., & Anda, R. F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82(2), 217–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiodo, D., Leschied, A. W., Whitehead, P. C., & Hurley, D. (2008). Child welfare practice and policy related to the impact of children experiencing physical victimization and domestic violence. Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 564–574.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, N. G., DiNitto, D. M., Marti, C. N., & Segal, S. P. (2017). Adverse childhood experiences and suicide attempts among those with mental and substance use disorders. Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 252–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cross, T. P., Finkelhor, D., & Ormrod, R. (2005). Police involvement in child protective services investigations: Literature review and secondary data analysis. Child Maltreatment, 10(3), 224–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham, A., & Baker, L. (2003). Waiting for mommy: Giving a voice to the hidden victims of imprisonment. London, Ontario: Centre for Children and Families in the Justice System.
   Google Scholar
• Dallaire, D. H., & Wilson, L. C. (2010). The relation of exposure to parental criminal activity, arrest, and sentencing to children’s maladjustment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 19(4), 404–418.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, R. C, & Smith, B. (1995). Domestic violence reforms: Empty promises or fulfilled expectations? Crime & Delinquency, 41(4), 541–552.
   Google Scholar
• de la Vega, A., de la Osa, N., Ezpeleta, L., Granero, R., & Domènech, J. M. (2011). Differential effects of psychological maltreatment on children of mothers exposed to intimate partner violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(7), 524–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Vega, A., de la Osa, N., Granero, R., & Ezpeleta, L. (2013). Severity of psychological maltreatment and accumulative risk for psychopathology in children of mothers exposed to intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 28, 427–434.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desmarais, S. L., Reeves, K. A., Nicholls, T. L., Telford, R. P., & Fiebert, M. S. (2012). Prevalence of physical violence in intimate relationships, Part 1: Rates of male and female victimization. Partner Abuse, 3(2), 140–169.
   Google Scholar
• Dutton, L. B., Tamborra, T. L., & Narchet, F. M. (2018). Domestic violence agency personnel experiences with and perceptions of the lethality assessment program. Violence and Victims, 33(3), 417–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edleson, J. L. (1999). Children’s witnessing of adult domestic violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(8), 839–870.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ending Violence Association of BC. (2017). Interagency case assessment team best practices: Working together to reduce the risk of domestic violence. Retrieved from http://endingviolence.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ICAT-Best-Practices-2.0-June-2017.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Evans, S. E., Davies, C., & DiLillo, D. (2008). Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 131–140. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang, X., & Corso, P. S. (2007). Child maltreatment, youth violence, and intimate partner violence: Developmental relationships. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 33, 281−290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantuzzo, J., Boruch, R., Beriama, A., Atkins, M., & Marcus, S. (1997). Domestic violence and children: Prevalence and risk factors in five major U.S. cities. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 116–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantuzzo, J., & Mohr, W. (1999). Prevalence and effects of child exposure to domestic violence. Domestic Violence and Children, 9(3), 21–32. Retrieved from https://www.princeton.edu/futureofchildren/publications/docs/09_03_1.pdf
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., … Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn, C., Naylor, B., & Arias, P. F. (2016). Responding to the needs of children of parents arrested in Victoria, Australia. The role of the adult criminal justice system. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 49(3), 351–369.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fugate, M., Landis, L., Riordan, K., Naureckas, S., & Engel, B. (2005). Barriers to domestic violence help seeking: Implications for intervention. Violence Against Women, 11, 290–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller-Thomson, E., Roane, J. L., & Brennenstuhl, S. (2016). Three types of adverse childhood experiences, and alcohol and drug dependence among adults: An investigation using population-based data. Substance Use and Misuse, 51(11), 1451–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelles, R. J. (1993). Constraints against family violence: How well do they work? The American Behavioral Scientist, 36(5), 575–586.
   Google Scholar
• Gillis, J. R., Diamond, S., Jebely, P., Orekhovsky, V., Ostovich, E., MacIsaac, K., … Mandell, D. (2006). Systematic obstacles to battered women’s participation in the judicial system: When will the status quo change? Violence Against Women, 12, 1150–1168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham-Bermann, S. A., Castor, L. E., Miller, L. E., & Howell, K. H. (2012). The impact of intimate partner violence and additional traumatic events on trauma symptoms and PTSD in preschool-aged children. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 393–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham-Bermann, S. A., Gruber, G., Howell, K. H., & Girz, L. (2009). Factors discriminating among profiles of resilience and psychopathology in children exposed to intimate partner violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 648–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillis, S. D., Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., & Marchbanks, P. A. (2001). Adverse childhood experiences and sexual risk behaviors in women: A retrospective cohort study. Family Planning Perspectives, 33(5), 206–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holt, S., Buckley, H., & Whelan, S. (2008). The impact of exposure to domestic violence on children and young people: A review of the literature. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 797–810.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotaling, G. T., & Sugarman, D. B. (1986). An analysis of risk markers in husband to wife violence: The current state of knowledge. Violence and Victims, 1(2), 101–124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huebner, B. M., & Gustafson, R. (2007). The effect of maternal incarceration on adult offspring involvement in the criminal justice system. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 283–296.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes, H. M., Graham-Bermann, S. A., & Gruber, G. (2001). Resilience in children exposed to domestic violence. In S. A. Graham-Bermann & J. L. Edleson (Eds.), Domestic violence in the lives of children: The future of research, intervention, and social policy (pp. 67–90). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, H. M., Parkinson, D., & Vargo, M. (1989). Witnessing spouse abuse and experiencing physical abuse: A “double whammy”? Journal of Family Violence, 4, 197–209.
   Google Scholar
• International Association of Chiefs of Police. (2014). Safeguarding children of arrested parents. Author.
   Google Scholar
• International Association of Chiefs of Police and Yale Child Study Center. (2017). Enhancing police responses to children exposed to violence: A toolkit for law enforcement. Washington, DC: Office Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
   Google Scholar
• Jaffe, P., Wolfe, D. A., Telford, A., & Austin, G. (1986). The impact of police charges in incidents of wife abuse. Journal Of Family Violence, 1, 37–49.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, I. M. (2007). Victims’ perceptions of police response to domestic violence incidents. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 498–510. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2007.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, D. (1995). Effects of parental incarceration. In K. Gabel & D. Johnston (Eds.), Children of incarcerated parents (pp. 59–88). New York, NY: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, D. A, & Belknap, J. (1999). Police responses to battering in a progressive pro-arrest jurisdiction. Justice Quarterly, 16(2), 249–273.
   Google Scholar
• Jose Kampfner, C. (1995). Post-traumatic stress reactions in children of imprisoned mothers. In K. Gabel & D. Johnston (Eds.), Children of incarcerated parents (pp. 89–99). New York, NY: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., Norwood, W. D., & Ezell, E. (2001). Issues and controversies in documenting the prevalence of children’s exposure to domestic violence. In S. A. Graham-Bermann & J. L. Edleson (Eds.), Domestic violence in the lives of children: The future of research, intervention, and social policy (pp. 13–34). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Jouriles, E. N., Rancher, C., Vu, N. L., & McDonald, R. (2017). Police involvement in intimate partner violence and children’s anxiety symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, Online First, 1–15. doi:10.1177/0886260517710487
   Google Scholar
• Kernic, M. A., Wolf, M. E., Holt, V. L., McKnight, B., Huebner, C. E., & Rivara, F. P. (2003). Behavioral problems among children whose mothers are abused by an intimate partner. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 1231–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick, K. L., & Williams, L. M. (1997). Post-traumatic stress disorder in child witnesses to domestic violence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 67(4), 639–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilpatrick, K. L., & Williams, L. M. (1998). Potential mediators of post-traumatic stress disorder in child witnesses to domestic violence. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(4), 319–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitzmann, K. M., Gaylord, N. K., Holt, A. R., & Kenny, E. D. (2003). Child witnesses to domestic violence: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71(2), 339–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamers-Winkelman, F., Willemen, A. M., & Visser, M. (2012). Adverse childhood experiences of referred children exposed to intimate partner violence: Consequences for their wellbeing. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36, 166–179. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levendosky, A. A., & Graham-Bermann, S. A. (1998). The moderating effects of parenting stress on children’s adjustment in woman-abusing families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13(3), 383–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linder, J. R., & Collins, W. A. (2005). Parent and peer predictors of physical aggression and conflict management in romantic relationships in early adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 252−262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marans, S., & Berkman, M. (1997). Child development-community policing: Partnership in a climate of violence. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/164380.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Margolin, G., Gordis, E. B., Medina, A. M., & Oliver, P. H. (2003). The co-occurrence of husband-to-wife aggression, family-of-origin aggression, and child abuse potential in a community sample: Implications for parenting. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(4), 413–440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, D. L., & Mosher, J. E. (1995). Unkept promises: Experiences of immigrant women with the neo-criminalization of wife abuse. The Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 8, 3–43.
   Google Scholar
• McCloskey, L., Figueredo, A., & Koss, M. (1995). The effects of systematic family violence on children’s mental health. Child Development, 66(5), 1239–1261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormick, A. V., Cohen, I. M., & Plecas, D. (2011). Reducing recidivism in domestic violence cases. British Columbia Centre for Social Responsibility, Abbotsford BC. Retrieved from http://cjr.ufv.ca/reducing-recidivism-in-domestic-violence-cases/
   Google Scholar
• McCormick, A. V., Millar, H. A., & Paddock, G. (2014). In the best interests of the child: Strategies for recognizing and supporting Canada’s at-risk population of children with incarcerated parents. British Columbia, Canada: Centre for Safe Schools and Communities, University of the Fraser Valley. Retrieved from http://cjr.ufv.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Children-with-Incarcerated-Parents_Amended.pdf
   Google Scholar
• McGee, R. A., Wolfe, D. A., & Wilson, S. K. (1997). Multiple maltreatment experiences and adolescent behavior problems: Adolescents’ perspectives. Development and Psychopathology, 9, 131–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrick, M. T., Ports, K. A., Ford, D. C., Afifi, T. O., Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2017). Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 10–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messing, J. T., Campbell, J., Webster, D. W., Brown, S., Patchell, B., & Wilson, J. S. (2015). The Oklahoma lethality assessment study: A quasi-experimental evaluation of the lethality assessment program. Social Service Review, 89(3), 499–530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, S. (2010). Seeking help to protect the children? The influence of children on women’s decisions to seek help when experiencing intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 713–725.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss, K. (2003). Witnessing violence. Aggression and anxiety in young children. Ottawa, ON: Statistics Canada, Catalogue 82-003.
   Google Scholar
• Mullender, A., Hague, G., Imam, U. F., Kelly, L., Malos, E., & Regan, L. (2002). Children's perspectives on domestic violence. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2005). Parental imprisonment: Effects on boys’ antisocial behaviour and delinquency through the life-course. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 46(12), 1269–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray, J., & Farrington, D. P. (2008). Parental imprisonment: Long-lasting effects on boys’ internalizing problems through the life course. Develop-Ment and Psychopathology, 20, 273–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mussell, L. (2016). Kids on the Outside: Policy Options for Youth with Incarcerated Parents in British Columbia. ( Unpublished Master’s thesis). Simon Fraser University.
   Google Scholar
• Neilson, L. C. (2015). Enhancing civil protection in domestic violence cases: Cross Canada checkup. New Brunswick, Canada: University of New Brunswick: Muriel McQueen Fergusson Centre for Family Violence Research.
   Google Scholar
• Neville, K. R. (2009). Forgotten children: Law enforcement agencies, child protective services, and children of arrested parents in Michigan. McNair Scholars Research Journal, 2(1), 165–179.
   Google Scholar
• Nieto, M. (2002). Danger of falling through the cracks: Children of arrested parents. Sacramento: California Research Bureau, California State Library.
   Google Scholar
• Nixon, K. (2002). Leave him or lose them: The child protection response to woman abuse. In L. M. Tutty & C. Goard (Eds.), Reclaiming self: Issues and resources for women abused by intimate partners (pp. 64–80). Halifax, NS: Fernwood.
   Google Scholar
• Nolan, C. M. (2003). Children of arrested parents: Strategies to improve their safety and well-being. Sacramento: California Research Bureau, California State Library.
   Google Scholar
• Novero, C. M., Booker Loper, A., & Warren, J. I. (2011). Second-generation prisoners: Adjustment patterns for inmates with a history of parental incarceration. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 761–778.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novisky, M. A., & Peralta, R. L. (2015). When women tell: Intimate partner violence and the factors related to police notification. Violence Against Women, 21(1), 65–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osofsky, J. D. (1999). The impact of violence on children. The Future of Children, 9(3), 33–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osofsky, J. D. (2003). Prevalence of children’s exposure to domestic violence and child maltreatment: implications for prevention and intervention.clinical. Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 161–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osofsky, J. D., Rovaris, M., Hayes Hammer, J., Dickson, A., Freeman, N., & Aucoin, K. (2004). Working with police to help children exposed to violence. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(5), 593–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Överlien, C., & Aas, G. (2016). The police patrols and children experiencing domestic violence. Police Practice and Research, 17(5), 434–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, S. D., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G. P., Costello, E. J., & Angold, A. (2006). Disentangling the risks: Parent criminal justice involvement and children’s exposure to family risks. Criminology and Public Policy, 5(4), 677–702.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips, S. D., & Zhao, J. (2010). The relationship between witnessing arrests and elevated symptoms of posttraumatic stress: Findings from a national study of children involved in the child welfare system. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 1246–1254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell, M. B., Wilson, C. J., Gibbons, C., & Croft, C. M. (2008). Children’s conception of police authority when responding to requests for assistance. Police Practice and Research, 9, 5–16.
   Google Scholar
• Puddefoot, G., & Foster, L. K. (2007). Keeping children safe when their parents are arrested: Local approaches that work. Sacramento: California Research Bureau, California State Library. Retrieved from http://www.library.ca.gov/crb/07/07-006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Representative for Children and Youth. (2009). Honouring Christian Lee. No private matter: Protecting children living with domestic violence. British Columbia Representative for Children and Youth. Retrieved from https://www.rcybc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/reports_publications/honouring_christian_lee.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Representative for Children and Youth. (2012). Honouring Kaitlynne, Max and Cordon. Make their voices heard now. British Columbia Representative for Children and Youth. Retrieved from https://www.rcybc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/pdf/reports_publications/honouring_kaitlynne.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rhodes, K. V., Cerulli, C., Dichter, M. E., Kothari, C. L., & Barg, F. K. (2010). “I didn’t want to put them through that”: The influence of children on victim decision-making in intimate partner violence cases. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 485–493.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson-Foster, H., Stanley, N., Miller, P., & Thomson, G. (2012). Police intervention in domestic violence incidents where children are present: Police and children’s perspectives. Policing and Society, 22, 220–234.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, A. L., McLaughlin, K. A., Conron, K. J., & Koenen, K. C. (2011). Adulthood stressors, history of childhood adversity, and risk of perpetration of intimate partner violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40(2), 128–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, Y. H., Snyder, F. J., & Kafuman, J. S. (2014). Children exposed to the arrest of a family member: Associations with mental health. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 23, 214–224. doi:10.1007/s10826-013-9717-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, A. J, & Margolin, G. (2015). Parental incarceration, transnational migration, and military deployment: family process mechanisms of youth adjustment to temporary parent absence. Clinical Child and Family Psychological Review, 18, 24–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossman, B. B. R. (2001). Longer term effects of children’s exposure to domestic violence. In S. A. Graham-Bermann & J. L. Edleson (Eds.), Domestic violence in the lives of children: The future of research, intervention, and social policy (pp. 35–65). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Smith Stover, C. (2012). Police–Advocacy partnerships in response to domestic violence. Journal of Police Crisis Negotiations, 12, 183–198.
   Google Scholar
• Strand, S. (2012). Using a restraining order as a protective risk management strategy to prevent intimate partner violence. Police Practice and Research, 13(3), 254–266.
   Google Scholar
• Tjaden, P., & Thoennes, N. (2000). Extent, nature and consequences of intimate partner violence: Findings from the national violence against women survey. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/181867.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United Nations General Assembly. (2014). Rights of the child: Access to justice for children. A/HRC/25/L.10, Human Rights Council, Rights of the Child, Access to Justice. Retervied August, 2014, from http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/LTD/G14/124/25/PDF/G1412425.pdf?OpenElement.
   Google Scholar
• Vu, N. L., Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., & Rosenfield, D. (2016). Children’s exposure to intimate partner violence: A meta-analysis of longitudinal associations with child adjustment problems. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 25–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitfield, C. L., Anda, R. F., Dube, S. R., & Felitti, V. J. (2003). Violent childhood experiences and the risk of intimate partner violence in adults. Assessment in a large health maintenance organization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(2), 166–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilbur, M. B., Marani, J. E., Appugliese, D., Woods, R., Siegel, J. A., Cabral, H. J., & Frank, D. A. (2007). Socioemotional effects of fathers’ incarceration on low-income, urban, school-aged children. Pediatrics, 120, e678–e685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, M. E., Ly, U., Hobart, M. A., & Kernic, M. A. (2003). Barriers to seeking police help for intimate partner violence. Journal of Family Violence, 18(2), 121–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfe, D. A., Crooks, C. V., Lee, V., McIntyre-Smith, A., & Jaffe, P. G. (2003). The effects of children’s exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis and critique. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(3), 171–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar