References
- Abdel-Baqui, O. (2021, January 6). Detroit sees sharp increase in homicides, shootings in 2020. Detroit Free Press.
- Adams, I. T., & Mastracci, S. H. (2020). Contrasting emotional labor and burnout in civilian and sworn law enforcement personnel. Policing: An International Journal, 43(2), 314–329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM/06/2019/0094
- Baden, L. R., El Sahly, H. M., Essink, B., Kotloff, K., Frey, S., Novak, R., Diemert, D., Spector, S. A., Rouphael, N., Creech, C. B., McGettigan, J., Khetan, S., Segall, N., Solis, J., Brosz, A., Fierro, C., Schwartz, H., Neuzil, K., Corey, L., Janes, H., … Zaks, T. (2021). Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(5), 403–416. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389
- Branswell, H. (2021, February 2). Comparing three Covid-19 vaccines: Pfizer, Moderna, J&J. Statnews. https://www.statnews.com/2021/02/02/comparing-the-covid-19-vaccines-developed-by-pfizer-moderna-and-johnson-johnson/
- Brodersen, K. H., Gallusser, F., Koehler, J., Remy, N., & Scott, S. L. (2015). Inferring causal impact using bayesian structural time-series models. The Annals of Applied Statistics, 9(1), 247–274. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1214/14-AOAS788
- Cain, J. (2021, January 26). Thousands of LAPD officers waiting to get vaccinated; chief says supply is ‘severely’ limited. Daily News. https://www.dailynews.com/2021/01/26/thousands-of-lapd-officers-waiting-to-get-vaccinated-chief-says-supply-is-severely-limited
- Calvert, S., & Elinson, Z. (2020, December 26). Police are solving fewer murders during Covid-19 pandemic. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/police-are-solving-fewer-murders-during-covid-19-pandemic-11608994800
- Centers for Disease Control. (2020). What law enforcement personnel need to know about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/downloads/guidance-law-enforcement.pdf
- Centers for Disease Control. (2021, February 11). New variants of the virus that causes COVID-19 [Government]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/transmission/variant.html
- Dubov, A., & Phung, C. (2015). Nudges or mandates? The ethics of mandatory flu vaccination. Vaccine, 33(22), 2530–2535. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.048
- Eyewitness News. (2020, October 8). NYPD sees uptick of suspected COVID-19 cases in October. ABC7 New York. https://abc7ny.com/6873406/
- Gorvett, Z. (2021, January 14). How effective is a single vaccine dose against Covid-19? BBC. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210114-covid-19-how-effective-is-a-single-vaccine-dose
- Gotfredson, D. (2021, February 8). When will police officers get vaccinated in San Diego County? CBS8.Com. https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/vaccine/police-vaccinated-san-diego/509-85cfcc83-639a-4d5d-aa8e-13fbee24867c
- Halperin, E. (2021, February 10). Call for COVID-19 vaccines for law enforcement growing in central Ohio. NBC4 WCMH-TV. https://www.nbc4i.com/community/health/coronavirus/call-for-covid-19-vaccines-for-law-enforcement-growing-in-central-ohio/
- Hernandez, D., & Hinshaw, D. (2021, February 7). As Covid-19 vaccines raise hope, cold reality dawns that illness is likely here to stay. Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/as-vaccines-raise-hope-cold-reality-dawns-covid-19-is-likely-here-to-stay-11612693803
- Jennings, W. G., & Perez, N. M. (2020). The immediate impact of COVID-19 on law enforcement in the United States. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 45(1–12), 690-701. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s12103-020-09536-2
- Jiang, Q. (2021). Stress response of police officers during COVID-19: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jip.1569
- Jones, D. J. (2020). The potential impacts of pandemic policing on police legitimacy: Planning past the COVID-19 crisis. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 14(3), 579–586. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/police/paaa026
- Laufs, J., & Waseem, Z. (2020). Policing in pandemics: A systematic review and best practices for police response to COVID-19. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 51, 101812. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101812
- Leslie, E., & Wilson, R. (2020). Sheltering in place and domestic violence: Evidence from calls for service during COVID-19. Journal of Public Economics, 189, 104241.
- Lum, C., Maupin, C., & Stoltz, M. (2020a). The impact of COVID-19 on law enforcement agencies (Wave 1). Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy. https://www.theiacp.org/sites/default/files/IACP-GMU%20Survey.pdf
- Lum, C., Maupin, C., & Stoltz, M. (2020b). The impact of COVID-19 on law enforcement agencies (Wave 2). Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy. https://www.theiacp.org/sites/default/files/IACP_Covid_Impact_Wave2.pdf
- Mayo Clinic. (2021). Herd immunity and COVID-19 (coronavirus): What you need to know. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/herd-immunity-and-coronavirus/art-20486808
- Mourtgos, S. M., Adams, I. T., Nix, J., & Richards, T. N. (2021). Mandatory sexual assault kit testing policies and arrest trends: A natural experiment. Justice Evaluation Journal, 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/24751979.2021.1881410
- NBC New York. (2021, January 7). ‘Stand back:’ NYC Mayor Rips Cuomo on NYPD vaccines, state sets single-day case record. NBC New York. https://www.nbcnewyork.com/news/coronavirus/cuomo-denies-nypd-eligible-for-vaccine-as-feud-with-mayor-continues/2817034/
- Nix, J., Ivanov, S., & Pickett, J. T. (2021). What does the public want police to do during pandemics? A national experiment. Criminology & Public Policy. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12535
- Nix, J., & Richards, T. N. (2021). The immediate and long-term effects of COVID-19 stay-at-home orders on domestic violence calls for service across six U.S. jurisdictions. Police Practice and Research, 1–9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2021.1883018
- ODMP. (2021). Law enforcement line of duty deaths in 2020. Officer Down Memorial Page. https://www.odmp.org/search/year?year=2020
- PERF. (2019). The workforce crisis, and what police agencies are doing about it. Police Executive Research Foundation. https://www.policeforum.org/assets/WorkforceCrisis.pdf
- PERF. (2021a, January 19). PERF daily COVID-19 report. Police Executive Research Form. https://www.policeforum.org/covid19jan21
- PERF. (2021b, February 19). PERF daily COVID-19 report. Police Executive Research Form. https://www.policeforum.org/covid4feb21
- Polack, F. P., Thomas, S. J., Kitchin, N., Absalon, J., Gurtman, A., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Pérez Marc, G., Moreira, E. D., Zerbini, C., Bailey, R., Swanson, K. A., Roychoudhury, S., Koury, K., Li, P., Kalina, W. V., Cooper, D., Frenck, R. W., Hammitt, L. L., Nell, H., … Gruber, W. C. (2020). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine, 383(27), 2603–2615. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577
- Rector, K. (2021, January 5). Only 60% of LAPD officers, employees willing to take COVID vaccine, internal survey shows. Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-01-05/only-60-percent-lapd-employees-want-covid-vaccine-internal-survey
- Rosenfeld, R., & Lopez, E. (2020). Pandemic, social unrest, and crime in U.S. cities. Washington, DC: Council on Criminal Justice.
- Scott, S. L. (2017, July 11). Fitting Bayesian structural time series with the bsts R package. The Unofficial Google Data Science Blog. https://www.unofficialgoogledatascience.com/2017/07/fitting-bayesian-structural-time-series.html
- Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). Quasi-experiments: Interrupted time-series designs. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference.
- Simpson, R., & Sandrin, R. (2021). The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) by police during a public health crisis: An experimental test of public perception. Journal of Experimental Criminology. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-020-09451-w
- Skowronski, D., & De Serres, G. (2021). Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine. New England Journal of Medicine. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2036242
- Stone, J. R. (2021, January 22). No COVID-19 vaccine for officers, deputies in Alameda County as violent crime surges. ABC7 San Francisco. https://abc7news.com/9893744/