Crucial considerations when using 1033 Program data as a measure of police militarization

References

• Ajilore, O. (2015). The militarization of local law enforcement: Is race a factor? Applied Economics Letters, 22(13), 1089–1093. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2014.1002884
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bove, V., & Gavrilova, E. (2017). Police officer on the frontline or a soldier? The effect of police militarization on crime. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 9(3), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruce, D. J., Carruthers, C. K., Harris, M. C., Murray, M. N., & Park, J. (2019). Do in-kind grants stick? The Department of Defense 1033 Program and local government spending. Journal of Urban Economics, 112, 111–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2019.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burkhardt, B. C., & Baker, K. (2019). Agency correlates of police militarization: The case of MRAPs. Police Quarterly, 22(2), 161–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118800780
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carriere, K. R., & Encinosa, W. (2017). The risks of operational militarization: increased conflict against militarized police. Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, 23(3), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2017-0016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davenport, A. C., Welburn, J. W., Lauland, A., Pietenpol, A., Robbins, M., Rebhan, E., Boren, P., & Riley, K. J. (2018). An evaluation of the Department of Defense’s excess property program. Rand Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Delehanty, C., Mewhirter, J., Welch, R., & Wilks, J. (2017). Militarization and police violence: The case of the 1033 program. Research & Politics, 4(2), 2053168017712885. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053168017712885
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunderson, A., Cohen, E., Schiff, K. J., Glynn, A. N., & Owens, M. L. (2021). Counterevidence of crime-reduction effects from federal grants of military equipment to local police. Nature Human Behavior, 5(2), 194–204. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00995-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, M. C., Park, J., Bruce, D. J., & Murray, M. N. (2017). Peacekeeping force: Effects of providing tactical equipment to local law enforcement. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 9(3), 291–313. https://doi.org/10.1257/pol.20150525
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helms, R., & Kilburn, J. C. (2022). Minority communities, economic inequality, and police-military resource sharing in the United States. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 20(4), 271–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2022.2111015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koslicki, W. M., & Willits, D. (2018). The iron fist in the velvet glove? Testing the militarization/community policing paradox. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 20(2), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461355718774581
   Google Scholar
• Koslicki, W. M., Willits, D. W., & Brooks, R. (2021). Fatal outcomes of militarization: Re-examining the relationship between the 1033 Program and police deadly force. Journal of Criminal Justice, 72, 101781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101781
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraska, P. B. (2007). Militarization and policing – Its relevance to 21st Century police. Policing, 1(4), 501–513. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pam065
   Google Scholar
• Lawson, E., Jr. (2019). TRENDS: police militarization and the use of lethal force. Political Research Quarterly, 72(1), 177–189. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912918784209
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowande, K. (2021). Police demilitarization and violent crime. Nature Human Behavior, 5(2), 205–211. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-00986-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Protect Our Police Act, H.R.2314, 117th Cong. (2021). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/2314
   Google Scholar
• Ramey, D. M., & Steidley, T. (2018). Policing through subsidized firepower: An assessment of rational choice and minority threat explanations of police participation in the 1033 program. Criminology, 56(4), 812–856. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stop Militarizing Law Enforcement Act, H.R.1694, 117th Cong. (2021). https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-bill/1694
   Google Scholar