References
- Ariel, B. (2016). Police body cameras in large police departments. The Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 106(4), 729–768.
- Berkshire District Attorney’s Office. (2022, April 8). Berkshire District Attorney’s Office releases the findings of the investigation into the shooting death of Miguel Estrella | Mass.gov. from: https://www.mass.gov/news/berkshire-district-attorneys-office-releases-the-findings-of-the-investigation-into-the-shooting-death-of-miguel-estrella
- Boivin, R., Poirier, B., & D’Elia, M. (2022). Activate compliance: A multilevel study of factors associated with activation of body-worn cameras. Criminal Justice Review, 47(1), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016820988327
- Braga, A., Coldren, J. R., Jr., Sousa, W., Rodriguez, D., & Alper, O. (2017). The benefits of body-worn cameras: New findings from a randomized controlled trial at the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department No. 2013-IJ-CX-0016. National Institute of Justice.
- Bremer, B., & Bürgisser, R. (2022). Public opinion on welfare state recalibration in times of austerity: Evidence from survey experiments. Political Science Research and Methods, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/psrm.2021.78
- Bricker, D. (2020, Jul 27). Canadians divided on whether to defund the police: 51% support the idea, 49% oppose it. Ipsos.
- Brown, B., & Benedict, W. R. (2002). Perceptions of the police: Past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues and policy implications. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25(3), 543–580. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639510210437032
- Busemeyer, M. R., & Garritzmann, J. L. (2017). Public opinion on policy and budgetary trade-offs in European welfare states: Evidence from a new comparative survey. Journal of European Public Policy, 24(6), 871–889. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2017.1298658
- Campbell, S. (2022, Jan 31). The BLM mystery. Where did the money go? Intelligencer.
- Chalfin, A., & McCrary, J. (2018). Are US cities underpoliced? Theory and evidence. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 100(1), 167–186. https://doi.org/10.1162/REST_a_00694
- Cobbina Dungy, J., Chaudhuri, S., LaCourse, A., & DeJong, C. (2022). “Defund the police: ” Perceptions among protesters in the 2020 March on Washington. Criminology & Public Policy, 21(1), 147–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12571
- Cohen, M. A., Rust, R. T., & Steen, S. (2006). Prevention, crime control or cash? Public preferences towards criminal justice spending priorities. Justice Quarterly, 23(3), 317–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820600869103
- Creswell, J. W., & Plano Clark, V. L. (2011). Designing and conducting mixed methods research (2nd ed.). Sage.
- Crow, M. S., Snyder, J. A., Crichlow, V. J., & Smykla, J. O. (2017). Community perceptions of police body-worn cameras: The impact of views on fairness, fear, performance, and privacy. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 44(4), 589–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854816688037
- Çubukçu, S., Sahin, N. M., Tekin, E., & Topalli, V. (2021). Body-worn cameras and adjudication of citizen complaints of police misconduct. National Bureau of Economic Research.
- Cullen, F. T., Fisher, B. S., & Applegate, B. K. (2000). Public opinion about punishment and corrections. Crime and Justice, 27, 1–79. https://doi.org/10.1086/652198
- Demir, M. (2019). Citizens’ perceptions of body-worn cameras (BWCs): Findings from a quasi-randomized controlled trial. Journal of Criminal Justice, 60(1), 130–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.09.009
- Fan, M. D. (2019). Camera power: Proof, policing, privacy, and audiovisual big data. Cambridge University Press.
- Fleetwood, J., & Lea, J. (2022). Defunding the police in the UK: Critical questions and practical suggestions. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice, 61(2), 167–184. https://doi.org/10.1111/hojo.12468
- Frost, N. A. (2010). Beyond public opinion polls: Punitive public sentiment & criminal justice policy. Sociology Compass, 4(3), 156–168. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2009.00269.x
- Garland, D. (2001). The culture of control: Crime and social order in contemporary society. University of Chicago Press.
- Graham, A., McManus, H. D., Cullen, F. T., Burton, V. S., & Jonson, C. L. (2019). Videos don’t lie: African Americans’ support for body-worn cameras. Criminal Justice Review, 44(3), 284–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016819846229
- Grossmith, L., Owens, C., Finn, W., Mann, D., Davies, T., & Baika, L. (2015). Police, camera, evidence: London’s cluster randomised controlled trial of body worn video. College of Policing and Mayor’s Office for Policing and Crime.
- Holder, S., Akinnibi, F., & Cannon, C. (2020, Sep 22). America’s big cities aren’t defunding the police. Bloomberg.
- Hyland, S. S. (2018). Body-worn cameras in law enforcement agencies, 2016. In Ncj251,775. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics
- Iyengar, S., Lelkes, Y., Levendusky, M., Malhotra, N., & Westwood, S. J. (2019). The origins and consequences of affective polarization in the United States. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-051117-073034
- Jennings, W. G., Lynch, M. D., & Fridell, L. A. (2015). Evaluating the impact of police officer body-worn cameras (BWCs) on response-to-resistance and serious external complaints: Evidence from the Orlando police department (OPD) experience utilizing a randomized controlled experiment. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(6), 480–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.10.003
- Koen, M. C., Willis, J. J., & Mastrofski, S. D. (2019). The effects of body-worn cameras on police organisation and practice: A theory-based analysis. Policing and Society, 29(8), 968–984. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2018.1467907
- Kopp, P. M., & Gardiner, C. L. (2021). Public support for body-worn cameras: The need for inclusion of more comprehensive measures of public concerns. Criminal Justice Studies, 34(3), 289–305. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601X.2020.1868455
- Koziarski, J. (2021). The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health calls for police service. Crime Science, 10(22), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40163-021-00157-6
- Laming, E. (2019). Police use of body worn cameras. Police Practice & Research, 20(2), 201–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2018.1558586
- Lum, C., Koper, C. S., & Wu, X. (2022). Can we really defund the police? A Nine-agency study of police response to calls for service. Police Quarterly, 25(3), 255–280. https://doi.org/10.1177/10986111211035002
- Lum, C., Stoltz, M., Koper, C. S., & Scherer, J. A. (2019). Research on body‐worn cameras: What we know, what we need to know. Criminology & Public Policy, 18(1), 93–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12412
- Merola, L. M., Lum, C. M., Koper, C. S., & Scherer, A. (2016). Body worn cameras and the courts: A national survey of state prosecutors. Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy.
- Millie, A. (2014). What are the police for? Re-thinking policing post-austerity. In J. M. Brown (Ed.), The Future of Policing (pp. 52–63). Routledge.
- Ministère de la Sécurité publique. (2021). La desserte policière au Québec—Profil organisationnel 2019. from: https://cdn-contenu.quebec.ca/cdn-contenu/adm/min/securite-publique/publications-adm/publications-secteurs/police/statistiques-desserte-policiere/stats_desserte_policiere_2019.pdf
- Miranda, D. (2022). Body-worn cameras ‘on the move’: Exploring the contextual, technical and ethical challenges in policing practice. Policing and Society, 32(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2021.1879074
- Morabito, M. S. (2010). Understanding community policing as an innovation: Patterns of adoption. Crime & Delinquency, 56(4), 564–587. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128707311643
- Mourtgos, S. M., Adams, I. T., & Nix, J. (2022). Elevated police turnover following the summer of George Floyd protests: A synthetic control study. Criminology & Public Policy, 21(1), 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12556
- Nowacki, J. S., & Willits, D. (2018). Adoption of body cameras by United States police agencies: An organisational analysis. Policing and Society, 28(7), 841–853. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2016.1267175
- Parker, K., & Hurst, K. (2021). Growing share of Americans say they want more spending on police in their area. Pew Research Center.
- Pierson, P. (2001). Post‐industrial pressures on the mature welfare states. In P. Pierson (Ed.), The new politics of the welfare state (pp. 80–104). Oxford University Press.
- Police Executive Research Forum. (2018). Cost and benefits of body-worn camera deployments. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
- Powell, Z. A., & Worrall, J. L. (2021). Willingness to pay for police reform. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 32(6), 567–591. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887403420988310
- Rehm, P. (2011). Social policy by popular demand. World Politics, 63(2), 271–299. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887111000037
- Rogers, E. M. (2003). Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.). Free Press.
- Sandhu, A. (2019). ‘I’m glad that was on camera’: A case study of police officers’ perceptions of cameras. Policing and Society, 29(2), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2017.1285917
- Saulnier, A., Bagg, J., & Thompson, B. (2021). Canadian policing and body-worn cameras: Factors to contemplate in developing body-worn camera policy. Canadian Public Policy, 47(2), 131–157. https://doi.org/10.3138/cpp.2020-096
- Saulnier, A., Couture-Carron, A., & Scholte, D. (2022). Toward victim-sensitive body-worn camera policy: Initial insights. Criminology & Public Policy, 21(2), 303–327. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12582
- Sousa, W. H., Miethe, T. D., & Sakiyama, M. (2018). Inconsistencies in public opinion of body-worn cameras on police: Transparency, trust, and improved police–citizen relationships. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 12(1), 100–108. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pax015
- Sousa, W. H., Miethe, T. D., & Sakiyama, M. A. (2015). Body worn cameras on police: Results from a national survey of public attitudes. University of Nevada at Las Vegas: Center for Crime and Justice Policy.
- Tyler, T. R. (1990). Why people obey the law. Yale University Press.
- Vakhitova, Z., Iliadis, M., Harris, B., Tyson, D., & Flynn, A. (2022). The merits and risks of body-worn camera footage in domestic and family violence incidents and legal proceedings: A study of police perceptions and experiences. Policing and Society, 33(2), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2022.2082421
- Vermeer, M. J., Woods, D., & Jackson, B. A. (2020). Would law enforcement leaders support defunding the police? Probably – If communities ask police to solve fewer problems. RAND Corporation.
- Walker, S. (2008). The neglect of police unions: Exploring one of the most important areas of American policing. Police Practice and Research: An International Journal, 9(2), 95–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614260802081253
- Ward, C., 2022, April 13. Petition calls for body cameras be worn by Pittsfield PD. NEWS10 ABC. from: https://www.news10.com/news/berkshire-county/petition-calls-for-body-cameras-be-worn-by-pittsfield-pd/
- Weisburd, D., & Braga, A. A. (Eds.). (2006). Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives. Cambridge University Press.
- White, M. D. (2014). Police officer body-worn cameras: Assessing the evidence. Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
- White, M. D., Flippin, M., & Katz, C. M. (2017). Key trends in body‐worn camera policy and practice: A two-year policy analysis of US Department of Justice-funded law enforcement agencies. Arizona State University.
- White, M. D., & Malm, A. (2020). Cops, cameras, and crisis: The potential and the perils of police body-worn cameras. New York University Press.
- White, M. D., Todak, N., & Gaub, J. E. (2017). Assessing citizen perceptions of body-worn cameras after encounters with police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 40(4), 689–703. https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-07-2016-0105
- White, M. D., Todak, N., & Gaub, J. E. (2018). Examining body-worn camera integration and acceptance among police officers, citizens, and external stakeholders. Criminology & Public Policy, 17(3), 649–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12376
- Williams, M. C., Weil, N., Rasich, E. A., Ludwig, J., Chang, H., & Egrari, S. (2021). Body-worn cameras in policing: benefits and costs. National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper Series No 28,622