References
- Allebeck P, Varla E, Kristjamsson E, Westedt B. Risk factors for suicide among patients with schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1987; 76: 414–419
- Althaus D, Hegerl U. The evaluation of suicide prevention activities: state of the art. World J Biol Psychiatry 2003; 4: 156–165
- Andersen U A, Andersen M, Rosholm J U, Gram L F. Contacts to the health care system prior to suicide: a comprehensive analysis using registers for general and psychiatric hospital admissions, contacts to general practitioners and practising specialists and drug prescriptions. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000; 102: 126–134
- Barraclough B M, Bunch J, Nelson B, Sainsbury P. A hundred cases of suicide: clinical aspects. Br J Psychiatry 1974; 12: 355–373
- Bleuler E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias (1911). International Universities Press, New York 1950
- Blumenthal S J. Suicide: a guide to risk factors, assessment, and treatment of suicidal patients. Med Clin North Am 1988; 72: 937–971
- Caldwell C B, Gottesman II. Schizophrenics kill themselves too: a review of risk factors for suicide. Schizophr Bull 1990; 16: 571–589
- Crammer J L. The special characteristics of suicide in hospital inpatients. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 145: 460–463
- Drake R E, Gates C, Cotton P G, Whitaker A. Suicide among schizophrenics: who is at risk?. J Nerv Ment Dis 1984; 172: 613–617
- Drake R E, Bartels S J, Torrey W C. Suicide in schizophrenia: clinical approaches. Depression in schizophrenia, R Williams, J T Dalby. Plenum Press, New York 1989; 153–169
- Emmerson B, Cantor C. Train suicides in Brisbane, Australia, 1980–1986. Crisis 1993; 14: 90–94
- Ertugrul A. Clozapine and suicide. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 323
- Farberow N L, Shneidman E S, Neuringer C. Case history and hospitalization factors in suicides of neuropsychiatric hospital patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1966; 142: 32–44
- Farberow N L, Ganzler S, Cutter F, Reynolds D. An eight-year survey of hospital suicides. Life Threat Behav 1971; 1: 184–202
- Fenton W S. Depression, suicide, and suicide prevention in schizophrenia. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2000; 31: 34–49
- Fenton W S, McGlashan T S, Victor B J, Blyler C R. Symptoms, subtype and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154: 199–204
- Fremouv W J, de Perczel M, Ellis T E. Suicide risk: assessment and response guidelines. Pergamon, New York 1980
- Harkavy-Friedman J M, Nelson E A. Assessment and intervention for the suicidal patient with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Q 1997a; 68: 361–375
- Harkavy-Friedman J M, Nelson E A. Management of the suicidal patient with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1997b; 20: 625–640
- Herz M I. Psychosocial treatment. Psychiatr Ann 1996; 26: 531–535
- Hësso R. Suicide in Norwegian, Finnish and Swedish psychiatric hospitals. Arch Psychiatr Nervenkr 1977; 224: 119–127
- Hogarty G E, Kornblith S J, Greenwald D, DiBarry A L, Cooley S, Flesher S, Reiss D, Carter M, Ulrich R. Personal therapy: a disorder-relevant psychotherapy for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 1995; 21: 379–393
- Hogarty G E, Kornblith S J, Greenwald D, DiBarry A L, Cooley S, Ulrich R F, Carter M, Flesher S. Three-year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family. I: description of study and effects on relapse rates. Am J Psychiatry 1997a; 154: 1504–1513
- Hogarty G E, Greenwald D, Ulrich R F, Kornblith S J, DiBarry A L, Cooley S, Carter M, Flesher S. Three-year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family. II: effects on adjustment of patients. Am J Psychiatry 1997b; 154: 1514–1524
- Keck P E, Strakowski S M, McElroy S L. The efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of depressive symptoms, hostility, and suicidality in patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 2000; 61(Suppl 3)s4-s9
- Kraepelin E. Dementia praecox and paraphrenia. Krieger, New York 1971
- Kullgren G. Factors associated with completed suicides in borderline personality disorders. J Nerv Ment Dis 1988; 176: 40–44
- Langs R. Unconscious communication in everyday life. Jason Aronson, New York 1986
- Marder A R, Wirshing W C, Wirshing D A. New strategies with conventional antipsychotics. Strategies for managing acute schizophrenia, S Bentliff, Souza de, J Rabson. Arnold, London 2000; 211–214
- Meltzer H Y. Suicide in schizophrenia: risk factors and clozapine treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59(Suppl 3)s15–s20
- Meltzer H Y. Decreasing suicide in schizophrenia. Psychiatric Times 2001; 18: 1–5
- Meltzer H Y. Suicide and clozapine. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159: 323–324
- Meltzer H Y, Okayli G. Reduction of suicidality during clozapine treatment of neuroleptic-resistant schizophrenia: impact on risk-benefit assessment. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 183–190
- Meltzer H Y, Conley R R, De Leo D, Green A I, Kane J M, Knesevich M A, Lieberman J A, Lindenmayer J P, Potkin S G. Intervention strategies for suicidality. J Clin Psychiatry 2003; 6: 1–16, [audiograph series]
- Miles C P. Conditions predisposing to suicide: a review. J Nerv Ment Dis 1977; 164: 231–246
- Modestin J, Zarro I, Waldvogel D. A study of suicide in schizophrenic inpatients. Br J Psychiatry 1992; 160: 398–401
- Morgan H G, Priest P. Assessment of suicide risk in psychiatric in-patients. Br J Psychiatry 1984; 145: 467–469
- Morgan H G, Priest P. Suicide and other unexpected deaths among psychiatric in-patients. The Bristol confidential enquiry. Br J Psychiatry 1991; 158: 368–374
- Munro J, O'Sullivan D, Andrews C, Arana A, Mortimer A, Kerwin R. Active monitoring of 12,760 clozapine recipients in the UK and Ireland: beyond pharmacovigilance. Br J Psychiatry 1999; 175: 576–580
- Nyman A K, Jonsson H. Patterns of self-destructive behaviour in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1986; 73: 252–262
- Penn D L, Mueser K T. Research update on the psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 607–617
- Phelan J C, Bromet E J, Link B G. Psychiatric illness and family stigma. Schizophr Bull 1998; 24: 115–126
- Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Tatarelli R. Schizophrenia, suicide, and blood count during treatment with clozapine. Can J Psychiatry 2002a; 47: 977
- Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Tatarelli R. GPs' role in the prevention of suicide in schizophrenia. Fam Pract 2002b; 19: 221
- Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Tatarelli R. Stigma as a cause of suicide. Br J Psychiatry 2003a; 183: 173–174
- Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Nursing schizophrenic patients who are at risk of suicide. J Psychiat Ment Health Nurs 2003b; 10: 622–624
- Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Preventing suicide in schizophrenia inside family environment. Crisis 2003c; 24: 181–182
- Pompili M, Mancinelli I, Girardi P, Tatarelli R. Making sense of nurses' role in the prevention of suicide in schizophrenia. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2004; 25: 5–7
- Reid W H, Mason H, Hogan T. Suicide prevention effects associated with clozapine therapy in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. Psychiatr Serv 1998; 49: 1029–1033
- Robbins M. Psychoanalytic and biological approaches to mental illness: schizophrenia. J Am Psychoanal Ass 1992; 40: 425–454
- Robins E, Murphy G E, Wilkinson R H, Gassner S, Jr, Kayes J. Some clinical considerations in the prevention of suicide based on a study of 134 successful suicides. Am J Public Health 1959; 49: 888–99
- Roy A. Suicide in chronic schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 1982; 141: 171–177
- Roy A. Family history of suicide. Arch General Psychiatry 1983; 40: 971–974
- Roy A. Depression, attempted suicide, and suicide in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1986; 9: 193–206
- Roy A. Consumers of mental health services. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2001; 31(Suppl)s960-s983
- Saarinen P I, Lehtonen J, Lonnqvist J. Suicide risk in schizophrenia: an analysis of 17 consecutive suicides. Schizophr Bull 1999; 25: 533–542
- Schwartz D A, Flinn D E, Slawson P F. Suicide in Psychiatric hospitals. Am J Psychiatry 1975; 132: 150–153
- Sernyak M J, Desai R, Stolar M, Rosenheck R. Impact of clozapine on completed suicide. Am J Psychiatry 2001; 158: 931–937
- Shah A K, Ganesvaran T. Suicide among psychiatric inpatients with schizophrenia in an Australian mental hospital. Med Sci Law 1999; 39: 251–259
- Shapiro S. Affect integration in psychoanalysis: a clinical approach to self-destructive behavior. Bull Menninger Clin 1991; 55: 363–374
- Surtees P G, Duffy J C. Suicide in England and Wales 1946–1985: an age-period-cohort analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79: 216–223
- Symonds R L. Psychiatric aspects of railway fatalities. Psychol Med 1985; 15: 609–621
- Tsuang M A, Woolson R F. Excess mortality in schizophrenia and affective disorders: do suicides and accidental deaths solely account for this excess?. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1978; 35: 1181–1185
- Tsuang MA, Woolson RF, Fleming JA (1980) Premature deaths in schizophrenia and affective disorders: an analysis of survival curves and variables affecting the shortened survival. Arch Gen Psychiatry 37: 979–983.
- Vassilas CA, Morgan HG (1993) General practitioners contact with victims of suicide. Br Med J 307: 300–301.
- Vaughn CE, Leff JP (1976) The influence of family and social factors on the course of psychiatric illness. A comparison of schizophrenic and depressed neurotic patients. Br J Psychiatry 129: 125–37.