Early-life adversity-induced long-term epigenetic programming associated with early onset of chronic physical aggression: Studies in humans and animals

References

• Afifi TO, Mota N, MacMillan HL, Sareen J. 2013. Harsh physical punishment in childhood and adult physical health. Pediatrics. 132:e333–e340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed AA, Ma W, Ni Y, Zhou Q, Zhao R. 2014. Embryonic exposure to corticosterone modifies aggressive behavior through alterations of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and the serotonergic system in the chicken. Horm Behav. 65:97–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aiello AE, Dowd JB, Jayabalasingham B, Feinstein L, Uddin M, Simanek AM, Cheng CK, Galea S, Wildman DE, Koenen K, et al. 2016. PTSD is associated with an increase in aged T cell phenotypes in adults living in Detroit. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 67:133–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alleva E, Cirulli F, Bianchi M, Bondiolotti GP, Chiarotti F, De Acetis L, Panerai AE. 1998. Behavioural characterization of interleukin-6 overexpressing or deficient mice during agonistic encounters. Eur J Neurosci. 10:3664–3672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allfrey VG, Faulkner R, Mirsky AE. 1964. Acetylation and methylation of histones and their possible role in the regulation of RNA synthesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 51:786–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arborelius L, Eklund MB. 2007. Both long and brief maternal separation produces persistent changes in tissue levels of brain monoamines in middle-aged female rats. Neuroscience. 145:738–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arzt E, Kovalovsky D, Igaz LM, Costas M, Plazas P, Refojo D, Páez-Pereda M, Reul JM, Stalla G, Holsboer F. 2000. Functional cross-talk among cytokines, T-cell receptor, and glucocorticoid receptor transcriptional activity and action. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 917:672–677.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asahina K, Watanabe K, Duistermars BJ, Hoopfer E, González CR, Eyjólfsdóttir EA, Perona P, Anderson DJ. 2014. Tachykinin-expressing neurons control male-specific aggressive arousal in Drosophila. Cell. 156:221–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagot RC, Zhang TY, Wen X, Nguyen TT, Nguyen HB, Diorio J, Wong TP, Meaney MJ. 2012. Variations in postnatal maternal care and the epigenetic regulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 expression and hippocampal function in the rat. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 109:17200–17207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillargeon RH, Zoccolillo M, Keenan K, Côté S, Pérusse D, Wu HX, Boivin M, Tremblay RE. 2007. Gender differences in physical aggression: a prospective population-based survey of children before and after 2 years of age. Dev Psychol. 43:13–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker ED, Séguin JR, White HR, Bates ME, Lacourse E, Carbonneau R, Tremblay RE. 2007. Developmental trajectories of male physical violence and theft: relations to neurocognitive performance. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 64:592–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker ED, Boivin M, Brendgen M, Fontaine N, Arseneault L, Vitaro F, Bissonnette C, Tremblay RE. 2008. Predictive validity and early predictors of peer-victimization trajectories in preschool. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 65:1185–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr CS, Newman TK, Becker ML, Parker CC, Champoux M, Lesch KP, Goldman D, Suomi SJ, Higley JD. 2003. The utility of the non-human primate; model for studying gene by environment interactions in behavioral research. Genes Brain Behav. 2:336–340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beach SR, Brody GH, Todorov AA, Gunter TD, Philibert RA. 2011. Methylation at 5HTT mediates the impact of child sex abuse on women’s antisocial behavior: an examination of the Iowa adoptee sample. Psychosom Med. 73:83–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaver KM, Wright JP, Boutwell PP, Barnes JC, DeLisi M, Vaughn MG. 2013. Exploring the association between the 2-repeat allele of the MAOA gene promoter polymorphism and psychopathic personality traits, arrests, incarceration, and lifetime antisocial behavior. Pers Individ Dif. 54:164–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellavance MA, Rivest S. 2014. The HPA – immune axis and the immunomodulatory actions of glucocorticoids in the brain. Front Immunol. 5:136
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett AJ, Lesch KP, Heils A, Long JC, Lorenz JG, Shoaf SE, Champoux M, Suomi SJ, Linnoila MV, Higley JD. 2002. Early experience and serotonin transporter gene variation interact to influence primate CNS function. Mol Psychiatry. 7:118–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger SL. 2007. The complex language of chromatin regulation during transcription. Nature. 447:407–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bick J, Naumova O, Hunter S, Barbot B, Lee M, Luthar SS, Raefski A, Grigorenko EL. 2012. Childhood adversity and DNA methylation of genes involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system: whole-genome and candidate-gene associations. Dev Psychopathol. 24:1417–1425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biran A, Meshorer E. 2012. Concise review: chromatin and genome organization in reprogramming. Stem Cells. 30:1793–1799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaze J, Scheuing L, Roth TL. 2013. Differential methylation of genes in the medial prefrontal cortex of developing and adult rats following exposure to maltreatment or nurturing care during infancy. Dev Neurosci. 35:306–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Boer SF, Koolhaas JM. 2005. 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B receptor agonists and aggression: a pharmacological challenge of the serotonin deficiency hypothesis. Eur J Pharmacol. 526:125–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booij L, Tremblay RE, Leyton M, Séguin JR, Vitaro F, Gravel P, Perreau-Linck E, Lévesque ML, Durand F, Diksic M, et al. 2010. Brain serotonin synthesis in adult males characterized by physical aggression during childhood: a 21-year longitudinal study. PLoS One. 5:e11255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booij L, Benkelfat C, Leyton M, Vitaro F, Gravel P, Lévesque ML, Arseneault L, Diksic M, Tremblay RE. 2012. Perinatal effects on in vivo measures of human brain serotonin synthesis in adulthood: a 27-year longitudinal study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 22:419–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booij L, Tremblay RE, Szyf M, Benkelfat C. 2015. Genetic and early environmental influences on the serotonin system: consequences for brain development and risk for psychopathology. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 40:5–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghol N, Suderman M, McArdle W, Racine A, Hellett M, Pembrey M, Hertzman C, Power C, Szyf M. 2012. Associations with early-life socio-economic position in adult DNA methylation. Int J Epidemiol. 41:62–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrelli E, Nestler EJ, Allis CD, Sassone-Corsi P. 2008. Decoding the epigenetic language of neuronal plasticity. Neuron. 60:961–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brame B, Nagin DS, Tremblay RE. 2001. Developmental trajectories of physical aggression from school entry to late adolescence. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 42:503–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bredy TW, Zhang TY, Grant RJ, Diorio J, Meaney MJ. 2004. Peripubertal environmental enrichment reverses the effects of maternal care on hippocampal development and glutamate receptor subunit expression. Eur J Neurosci. 20:1355–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brendgen M, Vitaro F, Boivin M, Dionne G, Pérusse D. 2006. Examining genetic and environmental effects on reactive versus proactive aggression. Dev Psychol. 42:1299–1312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broidy LM, Nagin DS, Tremblay RE, Bates JE, Brame B, Dodge KA, Fergusson D, Horwood JL, Loeber R, Laird R, et al. 2003. Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: a six-site, cross-national study. Dev Psychol. 39:222–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrd AL, Manuck SB. 2014. MAOA, childhood maltreatment, and antisocial behavior: meta-analysis of a gene-environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 75:9–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell SB, Spieker S, Burchinal M, Poe MD, NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. 2006. Trajectories of aggression from toddlerhood to age 9 predict academic and social functioning through age 12. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 47:791–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell SB, Spieker S, Vandergrift N, Belsky J, Burchinal M. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. 2010. Predictors and sequelae of trajectories of physical aggression in school-age boys and girls. Dev Psychopathol. 22:133–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capuron L, Miller AH. 2011. Immune system to brain signaling: neuropsychopharmacological implications. Pharmacol Ther. 130:226–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caramaschi D, de Boer SF, Koolhaas JM. 2007. Differential role of the 5-HT1A receptor in aggressive and non-aggressive mice: an across-strain comparison. Physiol Behav. 90:590–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caspi A, McClay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, Taylor A, Poulton R. 2002. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science 297:851–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cattaneo A, Riva MA. 2016. Stress-induced mechanisms in mental illness: a role for glucocorticoid signalling. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 160:169–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Champoux M, Bennett A, Shannon C, Higley JD, Lesch KP, Suomi SJ. 2002. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism, differential early rearing, and behavior in rhesus monkey neonates. Mol Psychiatry. 7:1058–1063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checknita D, Maussion G, Labonté B, Comai S, Tremblay RE, Vitaro F, Turecki N, Bertazzo A, Gobbi G, Côté G, et al. 2015. Monoamine oxidase A gene promoter methylation and transcriptional downregulation in an offender population with antisocial personality disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 206:216–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen TJ, Blum K, Mathews D, Fisher L, Schnautz N, Braverman ER, Schoolfield J, Downs BW, Comings DE. 2005. Are dopaminergic genes involved in a predisposition to pathological aggression? Hypothesizing the importance of “super normal controls” in psychiatricgenetic research of complex behavioral disorders. Med Hypotheses. 65:703–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicchetti D, Rogosch FA. 2001. Diverse patterns of neuroendocrine activity in maltreated children. Dev Psychopathol. 13:677–693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppieters N, Dieriks BV, Lill C, Faull RL, Curtis MA, Dragunow M. 2014. Global changes in DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation in Alzheimer’s disease human brain. Neurobiol Aging. 35:1334–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comai S, Bertazzo A, Vachon J, Daigle M, Toupin J, Côté G, Turecki G, Gobbi G. 2016. Tryptophan via serotonin/kynurenine pathways abnormalities in a large cohort of aggressive inmates: markers for aggression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 70:8–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordero MI, Ansermet F, Sandi C. 2013. Long-term programming of enhanced aggression by peripuberty stress in female rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38:2758–2769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté SM. 2007. Sex differences in physical and indirect aggression: a developmental perspective. Eur J Crim Policy Res. 13:183–200.
   Google Scholar
• Côté SM, Vaillancourt T, LeBlanc JC, Nagin DS, Tremblay RE. 2006. The development of physical aggression from toddlerhood to pre-adolescence: a nationwide longitudinal study of Canadian children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 34:71–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damen D, Heumann R. 2013. MeCP2 phosphorylation in the brain: from transcription to behavior. Biol Chem. 394:1595–1605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dammann G, Teschler S, Haag T, Altmuller F, Tuczek S, Damann RH. 2011. Increased DNA methylation of neuropsychiatric genes occurs in borderline personality disorder. Epigenetics. 6:1454–1462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darnaudéry M, Maccari S. 2008. Epigenetic programming of the stress response in male and female rats by prenatal restraint stress. Brain Res Rev. 57:571–585.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Ruijter AJ, van Gennip AH, Caron HN, Kemp S, van Kuilenburg AB. 2003. Histone deacetylases (HDACs): characterization of the classical HDAC family. Biochem J. 370:737–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrova E, Turberfield AH, Klose RJ. 2015. Histone demethylases in chromatin biology and beyond. EMBO Rep. 16:1620–1639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorfman HM, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Buckholtz JW. 2014. Neurobiological mechanisms for impulsive-aggression: the role of MAOA. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 17:297–313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dunn AJ. 2000. Cytokine activation of the HPA axis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 917:608–617.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott E, Ezra-Nevo G, Regev L, Neufeld-Cohen A, Chen A. 2010. Resilience to social stress coincides with functional DNA methylation of the Crf gene in adult mice. Nat Neurosci. 13:1351–1353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essex MJ, Boyce WT, Hertzman C, Lam LL, Armstrong JM, Neumann SM, Kobor MS. 2013. Epigenetic vestiges of early developmental adversity: childhood stress exposure and DNA methylation in adolescence. Child Dev. 84:58–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinn R, Nellissery M, Kranzler HR. 2005. Meta-analysis of the association of a functional serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism with alcohol dependence. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 133B:79–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontaine N, Carbonneau R, Barker ED, Vitaro F, Hébert M, Côté SM, Nagin DS, Zoccolillo M, Tremblay RE. 2007. Girls’ hyperactivity and physical aggression during childhood and adjustment problems in early adulthood: a 15-year longitudinal study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 65:320–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin TB, Russig H, Weiss IC, Gräff J, Linder N, Michalon A, Vizi S, Mansuy IM. 2010. Epigenetic transmission of the impact of early stress across generations. Biol Psychiatry. 68:408–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fyffe SL, Neul JL, Samaco RC, Chao HT, Ben-Shachar S, Moretti P, McGill BE, Goulding EH, Sullivan E, Tecott LH, et al. 2008. Deletion of Mecp2 in Sim1-expressing neurons reveals a critical role for MeCP2 in feeding behavior, aggression, and the response to stress. Neuron 59:947–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glick AR. 2015. The role of serotonin in impulsive aggression, suicide, and homicide in adolescents and adults: a literature review. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 27:143–150.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grant PA, Berger SL. 1999. Histone acetyltransferase complexes. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 10:169–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra VS, Asher SR, DeRosier ME. 2004. Effect of children’s perceived rejection on physical aggression. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 32:551–563.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillemin C, Provençal N, Suderman M, Côté SM, Vitaro F, Hallett M, Tremblay RE, Szyf M. 2014. DNA methylation signature of childhood chronic physical aggression in T cells of both men and women. PLoS One. 9:e86822.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo G, Ou XM, Roettger M, Shih JC. 2008. The VNTR 2 repeat in MAOA and delinquent behavior in adolescence and young adulthood: associations and MAOA promoter activity. Eur J Hum Genet. 16:626–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haller J. 2013. The neurobiology of abnormal manifestations of aggression–a review of hypothalamic mechanisms in cats, rodents, and humans. Brain Res Bull 93:97–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassanain M, Bhatt S, Zalcman S, Siegel A. 2005. Potentiating role of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and IL-1beta type 1 receptors in the medial hypothalamus in defensive rage behavior in the cat. Brain Res. 1048:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hata K, Okano M, Lei H, Li E. 2002. Dnmt3L cooperates with the Dnmt3 family of de novo DNA methyltransferases to establish maternal imprints in mice. Development. 129:1983–1993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellstrom IC, Dhir SK, Diorio JC, Meaney MJ. 2012. Maternal licking regulates hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor transcription through a thyroid hormone-serotonin-NGFI-A signalling cascade. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 367:2495–2510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higley JD, Mehlman PT, Poland RE, Taub DM, Vickers J, Suomi SJ, Linnoila M. 1996. CSF testosterone and 5-HIAA correlate with different types of aggressive behaviors. Biol Psychiatry. 40:1067–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes A, Murphy DL, Crawley JN. 2002. Reduced aggression in mice lacking the serotonin transporter. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 161:160–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holz N, Boecker R, Buchmann AF, Blomeyer D, Baumeister S, Hohmann S, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Wolf I, Rietschel M, Witt SH, et al. 2016. Evidence for a sex-dependent MAOA × childhood stress interaction in the neural circuitry of aggression. Cereb Cortex. 26:904–914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu XZ, Lipsky RH, Zhu G, Akhtar LA, Taubman J, Greenberg BD, Xu K, Arnold PD, Richter MA, Kennedy JL, et al. 2006. Serotonin transporter promoter gain-of-function genotypes are linked to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Hum Genet. 78:815–826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijbregts SC, Séguin JR, Zoccolillo M, Boivin M, Tremblay RE. 2007. Associations of maternal prenatal smoking with early childhood physical aggression, hyperactivity-impulsivity, and their co-occurrence. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 35:203–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijbregts SC, Séguin JR, Zoccolillo M, Boivin M, Tremblay RE. 2008. Maternal prenatal smoking, parental antisocial behavior, and early childhood physical aggression. Dev Psychopathol. 20:437–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichise M, Vines DC, Gura T, Anderson GM, Suomi SJ, Higley JD, Innis RB. 2006. Effects of early life stress on [11C]DASB positron emission tomography imaging of serotonin transporters in adolescent peer- and mother-reared rhesus monkeys. J Neurosci. 26:4638–4643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imran N, Azeem MW, Sattar A, Bhatti MR. 2015. Frequency of ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis in children with intellectual disability in Lahore, Pakistan & Caregivers Perspective. Pak J Med Sci. 31:285–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo A, Schneider R. 2010. Chatting histone modifications in mammals. Brief Funct Genomics. 9:429–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson L, Sapolsky R. 1991. The role of the hippocampus in feedback regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Endocr Rev. 12:118–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones-Parker H. 2012. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with HIV disease: a guide for nurse practitioners. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 23:124–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpova NN, Sales AJ, Joca SR. 2016. Epigenetic basis of neuronal and synaptic plasticity. Curr Top Med Chem. 17:771–793.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato T, Iwamoto K. 2014. Comprehensive DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation analysis in the human brain and its implication in mental disorders. Neuropharmacology. 80:133–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck ME, Wigger A, Welt T, Müller MB, Gesing A, Reul JM, Holsboer F, Landgraf R, Neumann ID. 2002. Vasopressin mediates the response of the combined dexamethasone/CRH test in hyper-anxious rats: implications for pathogenesis of affective disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 26:94–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerestes G, Milanović A. 2006. Relations between different types of children’s aggressive behavior and sociometric status among peers of the same and opposite gender. Scand J Psychol. 47:477–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnally EL. 2014. Epigenetic plasticity following early stress predicts long-term health outcomes in rhesus macaques. Am J Phys Anthropol. 155:192–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnally EL, Capitanio JP, Leibel R, Deng L, LeDuc C, Haghighi F, Mann JJ. 2010. Epigenetic regulation of serotonin transporter expression and behavior in infant rhesus macaques. Genes Brain Behav. 9:575–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnally EL, Feinberg C, Kim D, Ferguson K, Leibel R, Coplan JD, John Mann J. 2011. DNA methylation as a risk factor in the effects of early life stress. Brain Behav Immun. 25:1548–1553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klengel T, Mehta D, Anacker C, Rex-Haffner M, Pruessner JC, Pariante CM, Pace TW, Mercer KB, Mayberg HS, Bradley B, et al. 2013. Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene-childhood trauma interactions. Nat Neurosci. 16:33–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klengel T, Pape J, Binder EB, Mehta D. 2014. The role of DNA methylation in stress-related psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology. 80:115–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohli RM, Zhang Y. 2013. TET enzymes, TDG and the dynamics of DNA demethylation. Nature. 502:472–479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kokko K, Pulkkinen L, Huesmann LR, Dubow EF, Boxer P. 2009. Intensity of aggression in childhood as a predictor of different forms of adult aggression: a two-country (Finland and United States) analysis. J Res Adolesc. 19:9–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kornberg RD. 1974. Chromatin structure: a repeating unit of histones and DNA. Science. 184:868–871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kouzarides T. 2007. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell. 128:693–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labonté B, Suderman M, Maussion G, Navaro L, Yerko V, Mahar I, Bureau A, Mechawar N, Szyf M, Meaney MJ, et al. 2012. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation by early-life trauma. 2012. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 69:722–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakshmaiah KC, Jacob LA, Aparna S, Lokanatha D, Saldanha SC. 2014. Epigenetic therapy of cancer with histone deacetylase inhibitors. J Cancer Res Ther. 10:469–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson JM, Qiu S, Weeber EJ. 2008. The role of reelin in adult synaptic function and the genetic and epigenetic regulation of the reelin gene. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1779:422–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levitt P, Harvey JA, Friedman E, Simansky K, Murphy EH. 1997. New evidence for neurotransmitter influences on brain development. Trends Neurosci. 20:269–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loney BR, Butler MA, Lima EN, Counts CA, Eckel LA. 2006. The relation between salivary cortisol, callous-unemotional traits, and conduct problems in an adolescent non-referred sample. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 47:30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Duran NL, Olson SL, Hajal NJ, Felt BT, Vazquez DM. 2009. Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis functioning in reactive and proactive aggression in children. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 37:169–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loscalzo J, Handy DE. 2014. Epigenetic modifications: basic mechanisms and role in cardiovascular disease (2013 Grover Conference series). Pulm Circ. 4:169–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma S, Shipston MJ, Morilak D, Russell JA. 2005. Reduced hypothalamic vasopressin secretion underlies attenuated adrenocorticotropin stress responses in pregnant rats. Endocrinology. 146:1626–1637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maes HH, Silberg JL, Neale MC, Eaves LJ. 2007. Genetic and cultural transmission of antisocial behavior: an extended twin parent model. Twin Res Hum Genet. 10:136–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariga A, Mitre M, Chao MV. 2016. Consequences of brain-derived neurotrophic factor withdrawal in CNS neurons and implications in disease. Neurobiol Dis. 97:73–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Márquez C, Poirier GL, Cordero MI, Larsen MH, Groner A, Marquis J, Magistretti PJ, Trono D, Sandi C. 2013. Peripuberty stress leads to abnormal aggression, altered amygdala and orbitofrontal reactivity and increased prefrontal MAOA gene expression. Transl Psychiatry. 3:e216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martín-Blanco A, Ferrer M, Soler J, Salazar J, Vega D, Andión O, Sanchez-Mora C, Arranz MJ, Ribases M, Feliu-Soler A, et al. 2014. Association between methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, childhood maltreatment, and clinical severity in borderline personality disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 57:34–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massart R, Suderman M, Provencal N, Yi C, Bennett AJ, Suomi S, Szyf M. 2014. Hydroxymethylation and DNA methylation profiles in the prefrontal cortex of the non-human primate rhesus macaque and the impact of maternal deprivation on hydroxymethylation. Neuroscience. 268:139–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meaburn EL, Schalkwyk LC, Mill J. 2010. Allele-specific methylation in the human genome: implications for genetic studies of complex disease. Epigenetics. 5:578–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta D, Klengel T, Conneely KN, Smith AK, Altmann A, Pace TW, Rex-Haffner M, Loeschner A, Gonik M, Mercer KB, et al. 2013. Childhood maltreatment is associated with distinct genomic and epigenetic profiles in posttraumatic stress disorder. PProc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110:8302–8307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miczek KA, de Almeida RM, Kravitz EA, Rissman EF, de Boer SF, Raine A. 2007. Neurobiology of escalated aggression and violence. J Neurosci. 27:11803–11806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller AH, Haroon E, Raison CL, Felger JC. 2013. Cytokine targets in the brain: impact on neurotransmitters and neurocircuits. Depress Anxiety. 30:297–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller DB, O’Callaghan JP. 2005. Aging, stress and the hippocampus. Ageing Res Rev. 4:123–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min J, Feng Q, Li Z, Zhang Y, Xu RM. 2003. Structure of the catalytic domain of human DOT1L, a non-SET domain nucleosomal histone methyltransferase. Cell. 112:711–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan KN, Chaillet JR. 2013. Cell and molecular biology of DNA methyltransferase 1. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 306:1–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore LD, Le T, Fan G. 2013. DNA methylation and its basic function. Neuropsychopharmacology. 38:23–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murgatroyd CA, Nephew BC. 2013. Effects of early life social stress on maternal behavior and neuroendocrinology. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38:219–228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murgatroyd C, Patchev AV, Wu Y, Micale V, Bockmühl Y, Fischer D, Holsboer F, Wotjak CT, Almeida OF, Spengler D. 2009. Dynamic DNA methylation programs persistent adverse effects of early-life stress. Nat Neurosci. 12:1559–1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murgatroyd C, Spengler D. 2011. Epigenetic programming of the HPA axis: early life decides. Stress. 14:581–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murgatroyd C, Spengler D. 2014. Polycomb binding precedes early-life stress responsive DNA methylation at the Avp enhancer. PLoS One. 9:e90277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murgatroyd CA, Taliefar M, Bradburn S, Carini LM, Babb JA, Nephew BC. 2015. Social stress during lactation, depressed maternal care, and neuropeptidergic gene expression. Behav Pharmacol. 26:642–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myint AM, Kim YK. 2014. Network beyond IDO in psychiatric disorders: revisiting neurodegeneration hypothesis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 48:304–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagin D, Tremblay RE. 1999. Trajectories of boys’ physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and nonviolent juvenile delinquency. Child Dev. 70:1181–1196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagin DS, Tremblay RE. 2001. Parental and early childhood predictors of persistent physical aggression in boys from kindergarten to high school. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 58:389–394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumova OY, Lee M, Koposov R, Szyf M, Dozier M, Grigorenko EL. 2012. Differential patterns of whole-genome DNA methylation in institutionalized children and children raised by their biological parents. Dev Psychopathol. 24:143–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman TK, Syagailo YV, Barr CS, Wendland JR, Champoux M, Graessle M, Suomi SJ, Higley JD, Lesch KP. 2005. Monoamine oxidase A gene promoter variation and rearing experience influences aggressive behavior in rhesus monkeys. Biol Psychiatry. 57:167–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogryzko VV, Schiltz RL, Russanova V, Howard BH, Nakatani Y. 1996. The transcriptional coactivators p300 and CBP are histone acetyltransferases. Cell. 87:953–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okano M, Bell DW, Haber DA, Li E. 1999. DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are essential for de novo methylation and mammalian development. Cell. 99:247–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouellet-Morin I, Danese A, Bowes L, Shakoor S, Ambler A, Pariante CM, Papadopoulos AS, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Arseneault L. 2011. A discordant monozygotic twin design shows blunted cortisol reactivity among bullied children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 50:574–582.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouellet-Morin I, Wong CC, Danese A, Pariante CM, Papadopoulos AS, Mill J, Arseneault L. 2013. Increased serotonin transporter gene (SERT) DNA methylation is associated with bullying victimization and blunted cortisol response to stress in childhood: a longitudinal study of discordant monozygotic twins. Psychol Med. 43:1813–1823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palma-Gudiel H, Córdova-Palomera A, Leza JC, Fañanás L. 2015. Glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) methylation processes as mediators of early adversity in stress-related disorders causality: A critical review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 55:520–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pardon MC. 2010. Role of neurotrophic factors in behavioral processes: implications for the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Vitam Horm. 82:185–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JM, Ostler T, Fertig A. 2015. Physical and psychological aggression towards a child among homeless, doubled-up, and other low-income families. J Soc Serv Res. 41:413–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlov KA, Chistiakov DA, Chekhonin VP. 2012. Genetic determinants of aggression and impulsivity in humans. J Appl Genet. 53:61–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perroud N, Paoloni-Giacobino A, Prada P, Olié E, Salzmann A, Nicastro R, Guillaume S, Mouthon D, Stouder C, Dieben K, et al. 2011. Increased methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment: a link with the severity and type of trauma. Transl Psychiatry. 1:e59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesce M, Speranza L, Franceschelli S, Ialenti V, Patruno A, Febo MA, De Lutiis MA, Felaco M, Grilli A. 2011. Biological role of interleukin-1beta in defensive-aggressive behaviour. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents. 25:323–329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philibert R, Madan A, Andersen A, Cadoret R, Packer H, Sandhu H. 2007. Serotonin transporter mRNA levels are associated with the methylation of an upstream CpG island. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 144B:101–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philibert RA, Sandhu H, Hollenbeck N, Gunter T, Adams W, Madan A. 2008. The relationship of 5HTT (SLC6A4) methylation and genotype on mRNA expression and liability to major depression and alcohol dependence in subjects from the Iowa Adoption Studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 147B:543–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philibert RA, Wernett P, Plume J, Packer H, Brody GH, Beach SR. 2011. Gene environment interactions with a novel variable Monoamine Oxidase A transcriptional enhancer are associated with antisocial personality disorder. Biol Psychol. 87:366–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinsonneault JK, Papp AC, Sadée W. 2006. Allelic mRNA expression of X-linked monoamine oxidase a (MAOA) in human brain: dissection of epigenetic and genetic factors. Hum Mol Genet. 15:2636–2649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popma A, Vermeiren R, Geluk CA, Rinne T, van den Brink W, Knol DL, Jansen LM, van Engeland H, Doreleijers TA. 2007. Cortisol moderates the relationship between testosterone and aggression in delinquent male adolescents. Biol Psychiatry. 61:405–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provençal N, Booij L, Tremblay RE. 2015. The developmental origins of chronic physical aggression: biological pathways triggered by early life adversity. J Exp Biol. 218:123–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provençal N, Suderman MJ, Caramaschi D, Wang D, Hallett M, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE, Szyf M. 2013a. Differential DNA methylation regions in cytokine and transcription factor genomic loci associate with childhood physical aggression. PLoS One. 8:e71691
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provençal N, Suderman MJ, Guillemin C, Massart R, Ruggiero A, Wang D, Bennett AJ, Pierre PJ, Friedman DP, Côté SM, et al. 2012. The signature of maternal rearing in the methylome in rhesus macaque prefrontal cortex and T cells. J Neurosci. 32:15626–15642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provençal N, Suderman MJ, Guillemin C, Vitaro F, Côté SM, Hallett M, Tremblay RE, Szyf M. 2014. Association of childhood chronic physical aggression with a DNA methylation signature in adult human T cells. PLoS One. 9:e89839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provençal N, Suderman MJ, Vitaro F, Szyf M, Tremblay RE. 2013b. Childhood chronic physical aggression associates with adult cytokine levels in plasma. PLoS One. 8:e69481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radtke KM, Schauer M, Gunter HM, Ruf-Leuschner M, Sill J, Meyer A, Elbert T. 2015. Epigenetic modifications of the glucocorticoid receptor gene are associated with the vulnerability to psychopathology in childhood maltreatment. Transl Psychiatry. 5:e571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raison CL, Dantzer R, Kelley KW, Lawson MA, Woolwine BJ, Vogt G, Spivey JR, Saito K, Miller AH. 2010. CSF concentrations of brain tryptophan and kynurenines during immune stimulation with IFN-alpha: relationship to CNS immune responses and depression. Mol Psychiatry. 15:393–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramboz S, Saudou F, Amara DA, Belzung C, Segu L, Misslin R, Buhot MC, Hen R. 1996. 5-HT1B receptor knock out-behavioral consequences. Behav Brain Res. 73:305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray A, LaForge KS, Sehgal PB. 1990. On the mechanism for efficient repression of the interleukin-6 promoter by glucocorticoids: enhancer, TATA box, and RNA start site (Inr motif) occlusion. Mol Cell Biol. 10:5736–4576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Regev L, Neufeld-Cohen A, Tsoory M, Kuperman Y, Getselter D, Gil S, Chen A. 2011. Prolonged and site-specific over-expression of corticotropin-releasing factor reveals differential roles for extended amygdala nuclei in emotional regulation. Mol Psychiatry. 16:714–728.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reif A, Weber H, Domschke K, Klauke B, Baumann C, Jacob CP, Ströhle A, Gerlach AL, Alpers GW, Pauli P, et al. 2012. Meta-analysis argues for a female-specific role of MAOA-uVNTR in panic disorder in four European populations. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 159B:786–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee SH, Waldman ID. 2002. Genetic and environmental influences on antisocial behavior: a meta-analysis of twin and adoption studies. Psychol Bull. 128:490–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosell DR, Siever LJ. 2015. The neurobiology of aggression and violence. CNS Spectr. 20:254–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roth TL, Lubin FD, Funk AJ, Sweatt JD. 2009. Lasting epigenetic influence of early-life adversity on the BDNF gene. Biol Psychiatry. 65:760–769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki A, de Vega WC, McGowan PO. 2013. Biological embedding in mental health: an epigenomic perspective. Biochem Cell Biol. 91:14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saudou F, Amara DA, Dierich A, LeMeur M, Ramboz S, Segu L, Buhot MC, Hen R. 1994. Enhanced aggressive behavior in mice lacking 5-HT1B receptor. Science. 265:1875–1878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scerbo AS, Kolko DJ. 1994. Salivary testosterone and cortisol in disruptive children: relationship to aggressive, hyperactive, and internalizing behaviors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 33:1174–1184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwer B, Verdin E. 2008. Conserved metabolic regulatory functions of sirtuins. Cell Metab. 7:104–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvi RB, Kundu TK. 2009. Reversible acetylation of chromatin: implication in regulation of gene expression, disease and therapeutics. Biotechnol J. 4:375–390.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shirtcliff EA, Granger DA, Booth A, Johnson D. 2005. Low salivary cortisol levels and externalizing behavior problems in youth. Dev Psychopathol. 17:167–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumay E, Fowler JS. 2010. Identification and characterization of putative methylation targets in the MAOA locus using bioinformatic approaches. Epigenetics. 5:325–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shumay E, Logan J, Volkow ND, Fowler JS. 2012. Evidence that the methylation state of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene predicts brain activity of MAO A enzyme in healthy men. Epigenetics. 7:1151–1160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegel A, Bhatt S, Bhatt R, Zalcman SS. 2007. The neurobiological bases for development of pharmacological treatments of aggressive disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol. 5:135–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siever LJ. 2008. Neurobiology of aggression and violence. Am J Psychiatry. 165:429–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöberg RL, Ducci F, Barr CS, Newman TK, Dell’osso L, Virkkunen M, Goldman D. 2008. A non-additive interaction of a functional MAO-A VNTR and testosterone predicts antisocial behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology. 33:425–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sjöberg RL, Nilsson KW, Wargelius HL, Leppert J, Lindstrom L, Oreland L. 2007. Adolescent girls and criminal activity: role of MAOA-LPR genotype and psychosocial factors. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 144B:159–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith AK, Conneely KN, Kilaru V, Mercer KB, Weiss TE, Bradley B, Tang Y, Gillespie CF, Cubells JF, Ressler KJ. 2011. Differential immune system DNA methylation and cytokine regulation in post-traumatic stress disorder. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 156B:700–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spinelli S, Chefer S, Carson RE, Jagoda E, Lang L, Heilig M, Barr CS, Suomi SJ, Higley JD, Stein EA. 2010. Effects of early-life stress on serotonin(1A) receptors in juvenile Rhesus monkeys measured by positron emission tomography. Biol Psychiatry. 67:1146–1153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokes PE, Sikes CR. 1991. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in psychiatric disorders. Annu Rev Med. 42:519–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strahl BD, Allis CD. 2000. The language of covalent histone modifications. Nature. 403:41–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suderman M, Borghol N, Pappas JJ, Pinto Pereira SM, Pembrey M, Hertzman C, Power C, Szyf M. 2014. Childhood abuse is associated with methylation of multiple loci in adult DNA. BMC Med Genomics. 7:13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sui L, Wang Y, Ju LH, Chen M. 2012. Epigenetic regulation of reelin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor genes in long-term potentiation in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 97:425–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun H, Kennedy PJ, Nestler EJ. 2013. Epigenetics of the depressed brain: role of histone acetylation and methylation. Neuropsychopharmacology. 38:124–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suomi SJ. 1991. Early stress and adult emotional reactivity in rhesus monkeys. Ciba Found Symp. 156:171–188.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szyf M. 2013. DNA methylation, behavior and early life adversity. J Genet Genomics. 40:331–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarullo AR, Gunnar MR. 2006. Child maltreatment and the developing HPA axis. Horm Behav. 50:632–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taunton J, Hassig CA, Schreiber SL. 1996. A mammalian histone deacetylase related to the yeast transcriptional regulator Rpd3p. Science. 272:408–411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas AL, Davis SM, Dierick HA. 2015. Of fighting flies, mice, and men: Are some of the molecular and neuronal mechanisms of aggression universal in the animal kingdom? PLoS Genet. 11:e1005416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tognini P, Napoli D, Pizzorusso T. 2015. Dynamic DNA methylation in the brain: a new epigenetic mark for experience-dependent plasticity. Front Cell Neurosci. 9:331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay RE. 2010. Developmental origins of disruptive behaviour problems: the ‘original sin’ hypothesis, epigenetics and their consequences for prevention. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 51:341–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay RE, Nagin DS, Séguin JR, Zoccolillo M, Zelazo PD, Boivin M, Pérusse D, Japel C. 2004. Physical aggression during early childhood: trajectories and predictors. Pediatrics. 114:e43–e50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay RE, Nagin DS, Séguin JR, Zoccolillo M, Zelazo PD, Boivin M, Pérusse D, Japel C. 2005. Physical aggression during early childhood: trajectories and predictors. Can Child Adolesc Psychiatr Rev. 14:3–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tse C, Sera T, Wolffe AP, Hansen JC. 1998. Disruption of higher-order folding by core histone acetylation dramatically enhances transcription of nucleosomal arrays by RNA polymerase III. Mol Cell Biol. 18:4629–4638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuvblad C, Raine A, Zheng M, Baker LA. 2009. Genetic and environmental stability differs in reactive and proactive aggression. Aggress Behav. 35:437–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tycko B. 2010. Allele-specific DNA methylation: beyond imprinting. Hum Mol Genet. 19:R210–R220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyrka AR, Price LH, Marsit C, Walters OC, Carpenter LL. 2012. Childhood adversity and epigenetic modulation of the leukocyte glucocorticoid receptor: preliminary findings in healthy adults. PLoS One. 7:e30148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uddin M, Aiello AE, Wildman DE, Koenen KC, Pawelec G, de Los Santos R, Goldmann E, Galea S. 2010. Epigenetic and immune function profiles associated with posttraumatic stress disorder. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:9470–9475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaillancourt T, Miller JL, Fagbemi J, Côté S, Tremblay RE. 2007. Trajectories and predictors of indirect aggression: results from a nationally representative longitudinal study of Canadian children aged 2-10. Aggress Behav. 33:314–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bokhoven I, Van Goozen SH, van Engeland H, Schaal B, Arseneault L, Séguin JR, Nagin DS, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE. 2005. Salivary cortisol and aggression in a population-based longitudinal study of adolescent males. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 112:1083–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenema AH, Blume A, Niederle D, Buwalda B, Neumann ID. 2006. Effects of early life stress on adult male aggression and hypothalamic vasopressin and serotonin. Eur J Neurosci. 24:1711–1720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veenema AH, Bredewold R, Neumann ID. 2007. Opposite effects of maternal separation on intermale and maternal aggression in C57BL/6 mice: link to hypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin immunoreactivity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 32:437–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoeven FE, Booij L, Kruijt AW, Cerit H, Antypa N, Does W. 2012. The effects of MAOA genotype, childhood trauma, and sex on trait and state-dependent aggression. Brain Behav. 2:806–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veroude K, Zhang-James Y, Fernandez-Castillo N, Bakker MJ, Cormand B, Faraone SV. 2016. Genetics of aggressive behavior: an overview. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 171B:3–43.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Villalba K, Attonito J, Mendy A, Devieux JG, Gasana J, Dorak TM. 2015. A meta-analysis of the associations between the SLC6A4 promoter polymorphism (5HTTLPR) and the risk for alcohol dependence. Psychiatr Genet. 25:47–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltes R, Chiocchetti AG, Freitag CM. 2016. The neurobiological basis of human aggression: a review on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 171:650–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Szyf M, Benkelfat C, Provençal N, Turecki G, Caramaschi D, Côté SM, Vitaro F, Tremblay RE, Booij L. 2012. Peripheral SLC6A4 DNA methylation is associated with in vivo measures of human brain serotonin synthesis and childhood physical aggression. PLoS One. 7:e39501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Zang C, Rosenfeld JA, Schones DE, Barski A, Cuddapah S, Cui K, Roh TY, Peng W, Zhang MQ, et al. 2008. Combinatorial patterns of histone acetylations and methylations in the human genome. Nat Genet. 40:897–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver IC, Cervoni N, Champagne FA, D'Alessio AC, Sharma S, Seckl JR, Dymov S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ. 2004. Epigenetic programming by maternal behavior. Nat Neurosci. 7:847–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver IC, D'Alessio AC, Brown SE, Hellstrom IC, Dymov S, Sharma S, Szyf M, Meaney MJ. 2007. The transcription factor nerve growth factor-inducible protein a mediates epigenetic programming: altering epigenetic marks by immediate-early genes. J Neurosci. 27:1756–1768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver IC, Hellstrom IC, Brown SE, Andrews SD, Dymov S, Diorio J, Zhang TY, Szyf M, Meaney MJ. 2014. The methylated-DNA binding protein MBD2 enhances NGFI-A (egr-1)-mediated transcriptional activation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 369:pii: 20130513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weder N, Yang BZ, Douglas-Palumberi H, Massey J, Krystal JH, Gelernter J, Kaufman J. 2009. MAOA genotype, maltreatment, and aggressive behavior: the changing impact of genotype at varying levels of trauma. Biol Psychiatry. 65:417–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen L, Tang F. 2014. Genomic distribution and possible functions of DNA hydroxymethylation in the brain. Genomics. 104:341–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westergaard GC, Suomi SJ, Higley JD, Mehlman PT. 1999. CSF 5-HIAA and aggression in female macaque monkeys: species and interindividual differences. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 146:440–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widom CS, Brzustowicz LM. 2006. MAOA and the “cycle of violence:” childhood abuse and neglect, MAOA genotype, and risk for violent and antisocial behavior. Biol Psychiatry. 60:684–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolffe AP, Hayes JJ. 1999. Chromatin disruption and modification. Nucleic Acids Res. 27:711–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu H, Zhang Y. 2014. Reversing DNA methylation: mechanisms, genomics, and biological functions. Cell. 156:45–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young KA, Berry ML, Mahaffey CL, Saionz JR, Hawes NL, Chang B, Zheng QY, Smith RS, Bronson RT, Nelson RJ, et al. 2002. Fierce: a new mouse deletion of Nr2e1; violent behaviour and ocular abnormalities are background-dependent. Behav Brain Res. 132:145–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang TY, Hellstrom IC, Bagot RC, Wen X, Diorio J, Meaney MJ. 2010. Maternal care and DNA methylation of a glutamic acid decarboxylase 1 promoter in rat hippocampus. J Neurosci. 30:13130–13137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmermann CA, Hoffmann A, Raabe F, Spengler D. 2015. Role of mecp2 in experience-dependent epigenetic programming. Genes (Basel). 6:60–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar