Advanced search
Publication Cover
The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry Volume 19, 2018 - Issue 4
Submit an article Journal homepage
18,738
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
WFSBP Consensus Paper

Cerebrospinal fluid and blood biomarkers for neurodegenerative dementias: An update of the Consensus of the Task Force on Biological Markers in Psychiatry of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry

Piotr LewczukDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; ;Department of Neurodegeneration Diagnostics, Medical University of Białystok, and Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, University Hospital of Białystok, Białystok, Poland; Correspondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-8101-6535View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Peter RiedererCenter of Mental Health, Clinic and Policlinic of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; View further author information
,
Sid E. O’BryantInstitute for Healthy Aging, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; View further author information
,
Marcel M. VerbeekDepartment of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; ;Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4635-7876View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Bruno DuboisInstitut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Salpêtrièrie Hospital, INSERM UMR-S 975 (ICM), Paris 6 University, Paris, France; View further author information
,
Pieter Jelle VisserDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; ;Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Centre, Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; View further author information
,
Kurt A. JellingerInstitute of Clinical Neurobiology, Vienna, Austria; View further author information
,
Sebastiaan EngelborghsReference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; ;Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken, Antwerp, Belgium; View further author information
,
Alfredo RamirezDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; ;Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; ;Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-4991-763XView further author information
ORCID Icon,
Lucilla ParnettiSection of Neurology, Center for Memory Disturbances, Lab of Clinical Neurochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-5722-3967View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Clifford R. Jack JrDepartment of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0001-7916-622XView further author information
ORCID Icon,
Charlotte E. TeunissenNeurochemistry Lab and Biobank, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; View further author information
,
Harald HampelAXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France; View further author information
,
Alberto LleóDepartment of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; ;Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-2568-5478View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Frank JessenDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; ;German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE), Bonn, Germany; View further author information
,
Lidia GlodzikCenter for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; View further author information
,
Mony J. de LeonCenter for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; View further author information
,
Anne M. FaganKnight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; ;Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; View further author information
,
José Luis MolinuevoBarcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; ;Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; View further author information
,
Willemijn J. JansenDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; View further author information
,
Bengt WinbladKarolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden; View further author information
,
Leslie M. ShawDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; View further author information
,
Ulf AndreassonClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; ;Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; View further author information
,
Markus OttoDepartment of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; View further author information
,
Brit MollenhauerParacelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel and University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Neurology, Göttingen, Germany; View further author information
,
Jens WiltfangDepartment of Psychiatry & Psychotherapy, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; ;German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany; ;iBiMED, Medical Sciences Department, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; View further author information
,
Martin R. TurnerNuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; View further author information
,
Inga ZerrGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany; ;Clinical Dementia Centre, Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany; View further author information
,
Ron HandelsDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; ;Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-0630View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Alexander G. ThompsonNuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-1063-3277View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Gunilla JohanssonKarolinska Institutet, Department NVS, Center for Alzheimer Research, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Huddinge, Sweden; View further author information
,
Natalia ErmannDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; View further author information
,
John Q. TrojanowskiDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-9239-8794View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Ilker KaracaDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; View further author information
,
Holger WagnerDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany; View further author information
,
Patrick OecklDepartment of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany; View further author information
,
Linda van Waalwijk van DoornDepartment of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; ;Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; View further author information
,
Maria BjerkeReference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; View further author information
,
Dimitrios KapogiannisLaboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging/National Institutes of Health (NIA/NIH), Baltimore, MD, USA; View further author information
,
H. Bea KuiperijDepartment of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; ;Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; View further author information
,
Lucia FarottiSection of Neurology, Center for Memory Disturbances, Lab of Clinical Neurochemistry, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy; View further author information
,
Yi LiCenter for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; View further author information
,
Brian A. GordonKnight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; ;Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-2109-2955View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Stéphane EpelbaumInstitut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Salpêtrièrie Hospital, INSERM UMR-S 975 (ICM), Paris 6 University, Paris, France; View further author information
,
Stephanie J. B. VosDepartment of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Alzheimer Center Limburg, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; View further author information
,
Catharina J. M. KlijnDepartment of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; View further author information
,
William E. Van NostrandDepartment of Neurosurgery, HSC T-12/086, Stony Brook University, New York, NY, USA; View further author information
,
Carolina MinguillonBarcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; View further author information
,
Matthias SchmitzGerman Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany; ;Clinical Dementia Centre, Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Göttingen, Germany; View further author information
,
Carla GalloDepartamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares/Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru; View further author information
,
Andrea Lopez MatoChair of Psychoneuroimmunoendocrinology, Maimonides University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; View further author information
,
Florence ThibautDepartment of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cochin-Site Tarnier 89 rue d’Assas, INSERM 894, Faculty of Medicine Paris Descartes, Paris, France; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-0204-5435View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Simone ListaAXA Research Fund & UPMC Chair, Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d’Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l’hôpital, Paris, France; View further author information
,
Daniel AlcoleaDepartment of Neurology, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau - Hospital de Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; ;Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, CIBERNED, Spain; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-3819-3245View further author information
ORCID Icon,
Henrik ZetterbergClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; ;Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; ;Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UKView further author information
,
Kaj BlennowClinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; View further author information
,
Johannes KornhuberDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany; ORCID Iconhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-8096-3987View further author information
ORCID Icon & on Behalf of the Members of the WFSBP Task Force Working on this Topic: Peter Riederer, Carla Gallo, Dimitrios Kapogiannis, Andrea Lopez Mato, Florence Thibaut show all
Pages 244-328 | Received 03 Aug 2017, Accepted 21 Aug 2017, Published online: 27 Oct 2017

References

  • Adler CH, Beach TG, Hentz JG, Shill HA, Caviness JN, Driver-Dunckley E, Sabbagh MN, Sue LI, Jacobson SA, Belden CM, et al. 2014. Low clinical diagnostic accuracy of early vs advanced Parkinson disease: clinicopathologic study. Neurology. 83:406–412.
  • Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, et al. 2011. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the national Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 7:270–279.
  • Alcolea D, Carmona-Iragui M, Suarez-Calvet M, Sanchez-Saudinos MB, Sala I, Anton-Aguirre S, Blesa R, Clarimon J, Fortea J, Lleo A. 2014. Relationship between beta-Secretase, inflammation and core cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 42:157–167.
  • Alcolea D, Martinez-Lage P, Sanchez-Juan P, Olazaran J, Antunez C, Izagirre A, Ecay-Torres M, Estanga A, Clerigue M, Guisasola MC, et al. 2015. Amyloid precursor protein metabolism and inflammation markers in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 85:626–633.
  • Alexopoulos P, Guo LH, Tsolakidou A, Kratzer M, Grimmer T, Westerteicher C, Jiang M, Bujo H, Diehl-Schmid J, Kurz A, et al. 2012. Interrelations between CSF soluble AbetaPPbeta, amyloid-beta 1-42, SORL1, and tau levels in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 28:543–552.
  • Aluise CD, Sowell RA, Butterfield DA. 2008. Peptides and proteins in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid as biomarkers for the prediction, diagnosis, and monitoring of therapeutic efficacy of Alzheimer’s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1782:549–558.
  • Amariglio RE, Mormino EC, Pietras AC, Marshall GA, Vannini P, Johnson KA, Sperling RA, Rentz DM. 2015. Subjective cognitive concerns, amyloid-beta, and neurodegeneration in clinically normal elderly. Neurology. 85:56–62.
  • Andreasen N, Hesse C, Davidsson P, Minthon L, Wallin A, Winblad B, Vanderstichele H, Vanmechelen E, Blennow K. 1999. Cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid(1-42) in Alzheimer disease: differences between early- and late-onset Alzheimer disease and stability during the course of disease. Arch Neurol. 56:673–680.
  • Andreasson U, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. 2016. Update on ultrasensitive technologies to facilitate research on blood biomarkers for central nervous system disorders. Alzheimer’s Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 3:98–102.
  • Andreasson U, Lautner R, Schott JM, Mattsson N, Hansson O, Herukka SK, Helisalmi S, Ewers M, Hampel H, Wallin A, et al. 2014. CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer’s pathology and the effect size of APOE ɛ4. Mol Psychiatry. 19:148–149.
  • Antonell A, Fortea J, Rami L, Bosch B, Balasa M, Sanchez-Valle R, Iranzo A, Molinuevo JL, Llado A. 2011. Different profiles of Alzheimer’s disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in controls and subjects with subjective memory complaints. J Neural Transmission. 118:259–262.
  • Armstrong MJ, Litvan I, Lang AE, Bak TH, Bhatia KP, Borroni B, Boxer AL, Dickson DW, Grossman M, Hallett M, et al. 2013. Criteria for the diagnosis of corticobasal degeneration. Neurology. 80:496–503.
  • Arvanitakis Z, Leurgans SE, Wang Z, Wilson RS, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. 2011. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy pathology and cognitive domains in older persons. Ann Neurol. 69:320–327.
  • [AsDI] Alzheimer’s Disease International. 2009. World Alzheimer Report 2009.
  • Atarashi R, Satoh K, Sano K, Fuse T, Yamaguchi N, Ishibashi D, Matsubara T, Nakagaki T, Yamanaka H, Shirabe S, et al. 2011. Ultrasensitive human prion detection in cerebrospinal fluid by real-time quaking-induced conversion. Nat Med. 17:175–178.
  • Atarashi R, Wilham JM, Christensen L, Hughson AG, Moore RA, Johnson LM, Onwubiko HA, Priola SA, Caughey B. 2008. Simplified ultrasensitive prion detection by recombinant PrP conversion with shaking. Nature Methods. 5:211–212.
  • Attems J, Jellinger K, Thal DR, Van Nostrand W. 2011. Review: sporadic cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 37:75–93.
  • Attems J, Jellinger KA. 2004. Only cerebral capillary amyloid angiopathy correlates with Alzheimer pathology–a pilot study. Acta Neuropathol. 107:83–90.
  • Babapour Mofrad R, Bouwman FH, Slot RER, Timmers T, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE. 2017. Lumbar puncture in patients with neurologic conditions. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 8:108–110.
  • Bacioglu M, Maia LF, Preische O, Schelle J, Apel A, Kaeser SA, Schweighauser M, Eninger T, Lambert M, Pilotto A, et al. 2016. Neurofilament light chain in blood and csf as marker of disease progression in mouse models and in neurodegenerative diseases. Neuron. 91:494–496.
  • Bacskai BJ, Frosch MP, Freeman SH, Raymond SB, Augustinack JC, Johnson KA, Irizarry MC, Klunk WE, Mathis CA, Dekosky ST, et al. 2007. Molecular imaging with pittsburgh compound B confirmed at autopsy: a case report. Arch Neurol. 64:431–434.
  • Baldeiras I, Santana I, Leitao MJ, Ribeiro MH, Pascoal R, Duro D, Lemos R, Santiago B, Almeida MR, Oliveira CR. 2015. Cerebrospinal fluid Abeta40 is similarly reduced in patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Sci. 358:308–316.
  • Ballatore C, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. 2007. Tau-mediated neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease and related disorders. Nat Rev Neurosci. 8:663–672.
  • Bang J, Spina S, Miller BL. 2015. Frontotemporal dementia. Lancet (London, England). 386:1672–1682.
  • Barbour R, Kling K, Anderson JP, Banducci K, Cole T, Diep L, Fox M, Goldstein JM, Soriano F, Seubert P, et al. 2008. Red blood cells are the major source of alpha-synuclein in blood. Neuro-Degener Dis. 5:55–59.
  • Bateman RJ, Siemers ER, Mawuenyega KG, Wen G, Browning KR, Sigurdson WC, Yarasheski KE, Friedrich SW, Demattos RB, May PC, et al. 2009. A gamma-secretase inhibitor decreases amyloid-beta production in the central nervous system. Ann Neurol. 66:48–54.
  • Bateman RJ, Wen G, Morris JC, Holtzman DM. 2007. Fluctuations of CSF amyloid-beta levels: implications for a diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker. Neurology. 68:666–669.
  • Bateman RJ, Xiong C, Benzinger TL, Fagan AM, Goate A, Fox NC, Marcus DS, Cairns NJ, Xie X, Blazey TM, et al. 2012. Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 367:795–804.
  • Beach TG, Adler CH, Dugger BN, Serrano G, Hidalgo J, Henry-Watson J, Shill HA, Sue LI, Sabbagh MN, Akiyama H. 2013. Submandibular gland biopsy for the diagnosis of Parkinson disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 72:130–136.
  • Beard RL, Neary TM. 2013. Making sense of nonsense: experiences of mild cognitive impairment. Sociol Health Ill. 35:130–146.
  • Beaufils E, Dufour-Rainfray D, Hommet C, Brault F, Cottier JP, Ribeiro MJ, Mondon K, Guilloteau D. 2013. Confirmation of the amyloidogenic process in posterior cortical atrophy: value of the Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 33:775–780.
  • Beckett LA, Harvey DJ, Gamst A, Donohue M, Kornak J, Zhang H, Kuo JH. 2010. The Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative: annual change in biomarkers and clinical outcomes. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 6:257–264.
  • Bell J, O’Neill B, Brodney M, Hajos-Korcsok E, Lu Y, Riddell D, Ito K, Ueckert S, Nicholas T. 2013. A novel BACE inhibitor (PF-05297909): a two-part adaptive design to evaluate safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics for modifying beta-amyloid in a first-in-human study. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 9:P287.
  • Bellou V, Belbasis L, Tzoulaki I, Middleton LT, Ioannidis JP, Evangelou E. 2016. Systematic evaluation of the associations between environmental risk factors and dementia: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 13:406–418.
  • Bennett MC. 2005. The role of alpha-synuclein in neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 105:311–331.
  • Bertolotto A, Malentacchi M, Capobianco M, di Sapio A, Malucchi S, Motuzova Y, Pulizzi A, Berchialla P, Sperli F. 2016. The use of the 25 Sprotte needle markedly reduces post-dural puncture headache in routine neurological practice. Cephalalgia. 36:131–138.
  • Beyer K, Ariza A. 2013. alpha-Synuclein posttranslational modification and alternative splicing as a trigger for neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol. 47:509–524.
  • Bian H, Van Swieten JC, Leight S, Massimo L, Wood E, Forman M, Moore P, de Koning I, Clark CM, Rosso S, et al. 2008. CSF biomarkers in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with known pathology. Neurology. 70:1827–1835.
  • Biasutti M, Dufour N, Ferroud C, Dab W, Temime L. 2012. Cost-effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging with a new contrast agent for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 7:e35559.
  • Billings AG, Moos RH. 1985. Life stressors and social resources affect posttreatment outcomes among depressed patients. J Abnorm Psychol. 94:140–153.
  • Bittner T, Zetterberg H, Teunissen CE, Ostlund RE Jr, Militello M, Andreasson U, Hubeek I, Gibson D, Chu DC, Eichenlaub U, et al. 2016. Technical performance of a novel, fully automated electrochemiluminescence immunoassay for the quantitation of beta-amyloid (1-42) in human cerebrospinal fluid. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 12:517–526.
  • Bjerke M, Andreasson U, Kuhlmann J, Portelius E, Pannee J, Lewczuk P, Umek RM, Vanmechelen E, Vanderstichele H, Stoops E, et al. 2016. Assessing the commutability of reference material formats for the harmonization of amyloid-beta measurements. Clin Chem Lab Med. 54:1177–1191.
  • Bjerke M, Portelius E, Minthon L, Wallin A, Anckarsater H, Anckarsater R, Andreasen N, Zetterberg H, Andreasson U, Blennow K. 2010. Confounding factors influencing amyloid Beta concentration in cerebrospinal fluid. Int J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2010:986310.
  • Blennow K, de Leon MJ, Zetterberg H. 2006. Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet (London, England). 368:387–403.
  • Blennow K, Hampel H. 2003. CSF markers for incipient Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2:605–613.
  • Blennow K, Hampel H, Weiner M, Zetterberg H. 2010. Cerebrospinal fluid and plasma biomarkers in Alzheimer disease. Nat Rev Neurol. 6:131–144.
  • Blennow K, Hampel H, Zetterberg H. 2014. Biomarkers in amyloid-beta immunotherapy trials in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropsychopharmacology. 39:189–201.
  • Blennow K, Vanmechelen E, Hampel H. 2001. CSF total tau, Abeta42 and phosphorylated tau protein as biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurobiol. 24:87–97.
  • Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Rinne JO, Salloway S, Wei J, Black R, Grundman M, Liu E. 2012. Effect of immunotherapy with bapineuzumab on cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 69:1002–1010.
  • Boada M, Antunez C, Ramirez-Lorca R, DeStefano AL, Gonzalez-Perez A, Gayan J, Lopez-Arrieta J, Ikram MA, Hernandez I, Marin J, et al. 2014. ATP5H/KCTD2 locus is associated with Alzheimer’s disease risk. Mol Psychiatry. 19:682–687.
  • Boot BP, Orr CF, Ahlskog JE, Ferman TJ, Roberts R, Pankratz VS, Dickson DW, Parisi J, Aakre JA, Geda YE, et al. 2013. Risk factors for dementia with Lewy bodies: a case-control study. Neurology. 81:833–840.
  • Bornebroek M, De Jonghe C, Haan J, Kumar-Singh S, Younkin S, Roos R, Van Broeckhoven C. 2003. Hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis Dutch type (AbetaPP 693): decreased plasma amyloid-beta 42 concentration. Neurobiol Dis. 14:619–623.
  • Bossuyt PMM, McCaffery K. 2009. AHRQ methods for effective health care additional patient outcomes and pathways in evaluations of testing. In: Medical tests-white paper series. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
  • Boylan KB, Glass JD, Crook JE, Yang C, Thomas CS, Desaro P, Johnston A, Overstreet K, Kelly C, Polak M, et al. 2013. Phosphorylated neurofilament heavy subunit (pNF-H) in peripheral blood and CSF as a potential prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 84:467–472.
  • Boyle PA, Yu L, Nag S, Leurgans S, Wilson RS, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. 2015. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cognitive outcomes in community-based older persons. Neurology. 85:1930–1936.
  • Braak H, Bohl JR, Muller CM, Rub U, de Vos RA, Del Tredici K. 2006. Stanley fahn lecture 2005: the staging procedure for the inclusion body pathology associated with sporadic Parkinson’s disease reconsidered. Move Disord. 21:2042–2051.
  • Braak H, Braak E. 1991a. Demonstration of amyloid deposits and neurofibrillary changes in whole brain sections. Brain Pathol. 1:213–216.
  • Braak H, Braak E. 1991b. Neuropathological stageing of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathologica. 82:239–259.
  • Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, de Vos RA, Jansen Steur EN, Braak E. 2003. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 24:197–211.
  • Brandner S, Thaler C, Lelental N, Buchfelder M, Kleindienst A, Maler JM, Kornhuber J, Lewczuk P. 2014. Ventricular and lumbar cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in patients with normal pressure hydrocephalus and posttraumatic hydrocephalus. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 41:1057–1062.
  • Brettschneider J, Petzold A, Sussmuth SD, Ludolph AC, Tumani H. 2006. Axonal damage markers in cerebrospinal fluid are increased in ALS. Neurology. 66:852–856.
  • Breydo L, Wu JW, Uversky VN. 2012. Α-synuclein misfolding and Parkinson’s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1822:261–285.
  • Brier MR, Gordon B, Friedrichsen K, McCarthy J, Stern A, Christensen J, Owen C, Aldea P, Su Y, Hassenstab J, et al. 2016. Tau and abeta imaging, CSF measures, and cognition in Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Transl Med. 8:338ra366.
  • Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C. 1998. Projections of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am J Publ Health. 88:1337–1342.
  • Buckley RF, Maruff P, Ames D, Bourgeat P, Martins RN, Masters CL, Rainey-Smith S, Lautenschlager N, Rowe CC, Savage G, et al. 2016. Subjective memory decline predicts greater rates of clinical progression in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 12:796–804.
  • Buckner RL, Snyder AZ, Shannon BJ, LaRossa G, Sachs R, Fotenos AF, Sheline YI, Klunk WE, Mathis CA, Morris JC, et al. 2005. Molecular, structural, and functional characterization of Alzheimer’s disease: evidence for a relationship between default activity, amyloid, and memory. J Neurosci. 25:7709–7717.
  • Buee L, Bussiere T, Buee-Scherrer V, Delacourte A, Hof PR. 2000. Tau protein isoforms, phosphorylation and role in neurodegenerative disorders. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 33:95–130.
  • Buerger K, Ewers M, Pirttila T, Zinkowski R, Alafuzoff I, Teipel SJ, DeBernardis J, Kerkman D, McCulloch C, Soininen H, et al. 2006. CSF phosphorylated tau protein correlates with neocortical neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 129:3035–3041.
  • Burnham SC, Bourgeat P, Dore V, Savage G, Brown B, Laws S, Maruff P, Salvado O, Ames D, Martins RN, et al. 2016. Clinical and cognitive trajectories in cognitively healthy elderly individuals with suspected non-Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology (SNAP) or Alzheimer’s disease pathology: a longitudinal study. Lancet Neurol. 15:1044–1053.
  • Burnham SC, Faux NG, Wilson W, Laws SM, Ames D, Bedo J, Bush AI, Doecke JD, Ellis KA, Head R, et al. 2014. A blood-based predictor for neocortical Abeta burden in Alzheimer’s disease: results from the AIBL study. Mol Psychiatry. 19:519–526.
  • Cairns NJ, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. 2004. The cytoskeleton in neurodegenerative diseases. J Pathol. 204:438–449.
  • Cairns NJ, Perrin RJ, Franklin EE, Carter D, Vincent B, Xie M, Bateman RJ, Benzinger T, Friedrichsen K, Brooks WS, et al. 2015. Neuropathologic assessment of participants in two multi-center longitudinal observational studies: the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) and the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN). Neuropathology. 35:390–400.
  • Carlsson CM. 2010. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 20:711–722.
  • Caroli A, Prestia A, Galluzzi S, Ferrari C, van der Flier WM, Ossenkoppele R, Van Berckel B, Barkhof F, Teunissen C, Wall AE, et al. 2015. Mild cognitive impairment with suspected nonamyloid pathology (SNAP): prediction of progression. Neurology. 84:508–515.
  • Carrillo MC, Blennow K, Soares H, Lewczuk P, Mattsson N, Oberoi P, Umek R, Vandijck M, Salamone S, Bittner T, et al. 2013. Global standardization measurement of cerebral spinal fluid for Alzheimer’s disease: an update from the Alzheimer’s association global biomarkers consortium. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 9:137–140.
  • Casanova R, Varma S, Simpson B, Kim M, An Y, Saldana S, Riveros C, Moscato P, Griswold M, Sonntag D, et al. 2016. Blood metabolite markers of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease in two longitudinally followed cohorts of older individuals. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 12:815–822.
  • Castellani RJ, Colucci M, Xie Z, Zou W, Li C, Parchi P, Capellari S, Pastore M, Rahbar MH, Chen SG, et al. 2004. Sensitivity of 14-3-3 protein test varies in subtypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology. 63:436–442.
  • Cavedo E, Lista S, Khachaturian Z, Aisen P, Amouyel P, Herholz K, Jack CR Jr, Sperling R, Cummings J, Blennow K, et al. 2014. The road Ahead to cure Alzheimer’s disease: development of biological markers and neuroimaging methods for prevention trials across all stages and target populations. J Prevent Alzheimer’s Dis. 1:181–202.
  • Cersosimo MG, Perandones C, Micheli FE, Raina GB, Beron AM, Nasswetter G, Radrizzani M, Benarroch EE. 2011. Alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity in minor salivary gland biopsies of Parkinson’s disease patients. Move Disord. 26:188–190.
  • Charidimou A, Linn J, Vernooij MW, Opherk C, Akoudad S, Baron JC, Greenberg SM, Jager HR, Werring DJ. 2015. Cortical superficial siderosis: detection and clinical significance in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and related conditions. Brain. 138:2126–2139.
  • Chen SJ, Sweatt JD, Klann E. 1997. Enhanced phosphorylation of the postsynaptic protein kinase C substrate RC3/neurogranin during long-term potentiation. Brain Res. 749:181–187.
  • Cheng L, Doecke JD, Sharples RA, Villemagne VL, Fowler CJ, Rembach A, Martins RN, Rowe CC, Macaulay SL, Masters CL, et al. 2015. Prognostic serum miRNA biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s disease shows concordance with neuropsychological and neuroimaging assessment. Mol Psychiatry. 20:1188–1196.
  • Chetelat G. 2013. Alzheimer disease: abeta-independent processes-rethinking preclinical AD. Nat Rev Neurol. 9:123–124.
  • Chhatwal JP, Schultz AP, Marshall GA, Boot B, Gomez-Isla T, Dumurgier J, LaPoint M, Scherzer C, Roe AD, Hyman BT, et al. 2016. Temporal T807 binding correlates with CSF tau and phospho-tau in normal elderly. Neurology. 87:920–926.
  • Chieh JJ, Yang SY, Jian ZF, Wang WC, Horng HE, Yang HC, Hong C-Y. 2008. Hyper-high-sensitivity wash-free magnetoreduction assay on biomolecules using high-Tc superconducting quantum interference devices. J Appl Phys. 103:014703.
  • Chien DT, Bahri S, Szardenings AK, Walsh JC, Mu F, Su MY, Shankle WR, Elizarov A, Kolb HC. 2013. Early clinical PET imaging results with the novel PHF-tau radioligand [F-18]-T807. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 34:457–468.
  • Chitravas N, Jung RS, Kofskey DM, Blevins JE, Gambetti P, Leigh RJ, Cohen ML. 2011. Treatable neurological disorders misdiagnosed as Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol. 70:437–444.
  • Cicognola C, Chiasserini D, Eusebi P, Andreasson U, Vanderstichele H, Zetterberg H, Parnetti L, Blennow K. 2016. No diurnal variation of classical and candidate biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease in CSF. Mol Neurodegener. 11:65.
  • Cirrito JR, Yamada KA, Finn MB, Sloviter RS, Bales KR, May PC, Schoepp DD, Paul SM, Mennerick S, Holtzman DM. 2005. Synaptic activity regulates interstitial fluid amyloid-beta levels in vivo. Neuron. 48:913–922.
  • Citron M, Diehl TS, Gordon G, Biere AL, Seubert P, Selkoe DJ. 1996. Evidence that the 42- and 40-amino acid forms of amyloid beta protein are generated from the beta-amyloid precursor protein by different protease activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93:13170–13175.
  • Colby DW, Zhang Q, Wang S, Groth D, Legname G, Riesner D, Prusiner SB. 2007. Prion detection by an amyloid seeding assay. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 104:20914–20919.
  • Collins MA, An J, Hood BL, Conrads TP, Bowser RP. 2015. Label-free LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid identifies protein/pathway alterations and candidate biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Proteome Res. 14:4486–4501.
  • Colonna M, Wang Y. 2016. TREM2 variants: new keys to decipher Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci. 17:201–207.
  • Consensus Report of the Working Group. 1998. Molecular and biochemical markers of Alzheimer’s disease. The Ronald and Nancy Reagan Research Institute of the Alzheimer’s Association and the National Institute on Aging Working Group. Neurobiol Aging. 19:109–116.
  • Cooper C, Li R, Lyketsos C, Livingston G. 2013. Treatment for mild cognitive impairment: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 203:255–264.
  • Corder EH, Saunders AM, Risch NJ, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC Jr, Rimmler JB, Locke PA, Conneally PM, Schmader KE, et al. 1994. Protective effect of apolipoprotein E type 2 allele for late onset Alzheimer disease. Nat Genet. 7:180–184.
  • Corder EH, Saunders AM, Strittmatter WJ, Schmechel DE, Gaskell PC, Small GW, Roses AD, Haines JL, Pericak-Vance MA. 1993. Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in late onset families. Science. 261:921–923.
  • Coric V, Salloway S, van Dyck CH, Dubois B, Andreasen N, Brody M, Curtis C, Soininen H, Thein S, Shiovitz T, et al. 2015. Targeting prodromal Alzheimer disease with avagacestat: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 72:1324–1333.
  • Cramm M, Schmitz M, Karch A, Mitrova E, Kuhn F, Schroeder B, Raeber A, Varges D, Kim YS, Satoh K, et al. 2016. Stability and reproducibility underscore utility of RT-QuIC for diagnosis of creutzfeldt-jakob disease. Mol Neurobiol. 53:1896–1904.
  • Crary JF, Trojanowski JQ, Schneider JA, Abisambra JF, Abner EL, Alafuzoff I, Arnold SE, Attems J, Beach TG, Bigio EH, et al. 2014. Primary age-related tauopathy (PART): a common pathology associated with human aging. Acta Neuropathol. 128:755–766.
  • Cruchaga C, Haller G, Chakraverty S, Mayo K, Vallania FL, Mitra RD, Faber K, Williamson J, Bird T, Diaz-Arrastia R, et al. 2012. Rare variants in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 increase risk for AD in late-onset Alzheimer’s disease families. PLoS One. 7:e31039.
  • Cummings JL. 2011. Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease drug development. Alzheimers Dementia. 7:e13–e44.
  • Cure S, Abrams K, Belger M, Dell’agnello G, Happich M. 2014. Systematic literature review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy in Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia using autopsy as standard of truth. J Alzheimer’s Disease. 42:169–182.
  • Davidsson P, Blennow K. 1998. Neurochemical dissection of synaptic pathology in Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr. 10:11–23.
  • de Jong D, Jansen RW, Pijnenburg YA, van Geel WJ, Borm GF, Kremer HP, Verbeek MM. 2007. CSF neurofilament proteins in the differential diagnosis of dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 78:936–938.
  • de Lau LM, Breteler MM. 2006. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 5:525–535.
  • de Leon MJ, Convit A, Wolf OT, Tarshish CY, DeSanti S, Rusinek H, Tsui W, Kandil E, Scherer AJ, Roche A, et al. 2001. Prediction of cognitive decline in normal elderly subjects with 2-[(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose/poitron-emission tomography (FDG/PET). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98:10966–10971.
  • de Leon MJ, George AE, Stylopoulos LA, Smith G, Miller DC. 1989. Early marker for Alzheimer’s disease: the atrophic hippocampus. Lancet (London, England). 2:672–673.
  • de Leon MJ, McRae T, Tsai JR, George AE, Marcus DL, Freedman M, Wolf AP, McEwen B. 1988. Abnormal cortisol response in Alzheimer’s disease linked to hippocampal atrophy. Lancet (London, England). 2:391–392.
  • de Souza Silva MA, Lenz B, Rotter A, Biermann T, Peters O, Ramirez A, Jessen F, Maier W, Hull M, Schroder J, et al. 2013. Neurokinin3 receptor as a target to predict and improve learning and memory in the aged organism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110:15097–15102.
  • De Strooper B, Karran E. 2016. The cellular phase of Alzheimer’s disease. Cell. 164:603–615.
  • De Vos A, Jacobs D, Struyfs H, Fransen E, Andersson K, Portelius E, Andreasson U, De Surgeloose D, Hernalsteen D, Sleegers K, et al. 2015. C-terminal neurogranin is increased in cerebrospinal fluid but unchanged in plasma in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:1461–1469.
  • Deane R, Bell RD, Sagare A, Zlokovic BV. 2009. Clearance of amyloid-beta peptide across the blood-brain barrier: implication for therapies in Alzheimer’s disease. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 8:16–30.
  • DeJesus-Hernandez M, Mackenzie IR, Boeve BF, Boxer AL, Baker M, Rutherford NJ, Nicholson AM, Finch NA, Flynn H, Adamson J, et al. 2011. Expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in noncoding region of C9ORF72 causes chromosome 9p-linked FTD and ALS. Neuron. 72:245–256.
  • del Campo M, Mollenhauer B, Bertolotto A, Engelborghs S, Hampel H, Simonsen AH, Kapaki E, Kruse N, Le Bastard N, Lehmann S, et al. 2012. Recommendations to standardize preanalytical confounding factors in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers: an update. Biomark Med. 6:419–430.
  • Del Tredici K, Hawkes CH, Ghebremedhin E, Braak H. 2010. Lewy pathology in the submandibular gland of individuals with incidental lewy body disease and sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 119:703–713.
  • Delacourte A. 2006. The natural and molecular history of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 9:187–194.
  • DeMarshall CA, Han M, Nagele EP, Sarkar A, Acharya NK, Godsey G, Goldwaser EL, Kosciuk M, Thayasivam U, Belinka B, et al. 2015. Potential utility of autoantibodies as blood-based biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Immunol Lett. 168:80–88.
  • DeMarshall CA, Nagele EP, Sarkar A, Acharya NK, Godsey G, Goldwaser EL, Kosciuk M, Thayasivam U, Han M, Belinka B, et al. 2016. Detection of Alzheimer’s disease at mild cognitive impairment and disease progression using autoantibodies as blood-based biomarkers. Alzheimer’s Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 3:51–62.
  • Devic I, Hwang H, Edgar JS, Izutsu K, Presland R, Pan C, Goodlett DR, Wang Y, Armaly J, Tumas V, et al. 2011. Salivary alpha-synuclein and DJ-1: potential biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 134:e178.
  • Dierckx E, Engelborghs S, De Raedt R, Van Buggenhout M, De Deyn PP, Verté D, Ponjaert-Kristoffersen I. 2009. Verbal cued recall as a predictor of conversion to Alzheimer’s disease in mild cognitive impairment. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 24:1094–1100.
  • Dimitrov M, Alattia JR, Lemmin T, Lehal R, Fligier A, Houacine J, Hussain I, Radtke F, Dal Peraro M, Beher D, et al. 2013. Alzheimer’s disease mutations in APP but not γ-secretase modulators affect epsilon-cleavage-dependent AICD production. Nat Commun. 4:2246.
  • Dobrowolska JA, Kasten T, Huang Y, Benzinger TL, Sigurdson W, Ovod V, Morris JC, Bateman RJ. 2014. Diurnal patterns of soluble amyloid precursor protein metabolites in the human central nervous system. PLoS One. 9:e89998.
  • Doecke JD, Laws SM, Faux NG, Wilson W, Burnham SC, Lam CP, Mondal A, Bedo J, Bush AI, Brown B, et al. 2012. Blood-based protein biomarkers for diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 69:1318–1325.
  • Donadio V, Incensi A, Leta V, Giannoccaro MP, Scaglione C, Martinelli P, Capellari S, Avoni P, Baruzzi A, Liguori R. 2014. Skin nerve alpha-synuclein deposits: a biomarker for idiopathic Parkinson disease. Neurology. 82:1362–1369.
  • Doody RS, Raman R, Farlow M, Iwatsubo T, Vellas B, Joffe S, Kieburtz K, He F, Sun X, Thomas RG, et al. 2013. A phase 3 trial of semagacestat for treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 369:341–350.
  • Doody RS, Raman R, Sperling RA, Seimers E, Sethuraman G, Mohs R, Farlow M, Iwatsubo T, Vellas B, Sun X, et al. 2015. Peripheral and central effects of gamma-secretase inhibition by semagacestat in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 7:36.
  • Doody RS, Thomas RG, Farlow M, Iwatsubo T, Vellas B, Joffe S, Kieburtz K, Raman R, Sun X, Aisen PS, et al. 2014. Phase 3 trials of solanezumab for mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 370:311–321.
  • Dorey A, Perret-Liaudet A, Tholance Y, Fourier A, Quadrio I. 2015. Cerebrospinal fluid Aβ40 improves the interpretation of Aβ42 concentration for diagnosing Alzheimer’s Disease. Front Neurol. 6:247.
  • Dorey A, Tholance Y, Vighetto A, Perret-Liaudet A, Lachman I, Krolak-Salmon P, Wagner U, Struyfs H, De Deyn PP, El-Moualij B, et al. 2015. Association of cerebrospinal fluid prion protein levels and the distinction between Alzheimer disease and creutzfeldt-jakob disease. JAMA Neurol. 72:267–275.
  • Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP, Biglan KM, Holloway RG, Kieburtz K, Marshall FJ, Ravina BM, Schifitto G, Siderowf A, et al. 2007. Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology. 68:384–386.
  • Dubois B, Albert ML. 2004. Amnestic MCI or prodromal Alzheimer’s disease? Lancet Neurol. 3:246–248.
  • Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Cummings JL, Dekosky ST, Barberger-Gateau P, Delacourte A, Frisoni G, Fox NC, Galasko D, et al. 2010. Revising the definition of Alzheimer’s disease: a new lexicon. Lancet Neurol. 9:1118–1127.
  • Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Dekosky ST, Barberger-Gateau P, Cummings J, Delacourte A, Galasko D, Gauthier S, Jicha G, et al. 2007. Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria. Lancet Neurol. 6:734–746.
  • Dubois B, Feldman HH, Jacova C, Hampel H, Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, DeKosky ST, Gauthier S, Selkoe D, Bateman R, et al. 2014. Advancing research diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease: the IWG-2 criteria. Lancet Neurol. 13:614–629.
  • Dubois B, Padovani A, Scheltens P, Rossi A, Dell’Agnello G. 2015. Timely diagnosis for Alzheimer’s disease: a literature review on benefits and challenges. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 49:617–631.
  • Dubois B, Touchon J, Portet F, Ousset PJ, Vellas B, Michel B. 2002. [“The 5 words”: a simple and sensitive test for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease]. Presse Medicale (Paris, France: 1983). 31:1696–1699.
  • Duits FH, Martinez-Lage P, Paquet C, Engelborghs S, Lleo A, Hausner L, Molinuevo JL, Stomrud E, Farotti L, Ramakers IH, et al. 2016. Performance and complications of lumbar puncture in memory clinics: results of the multicenter lumbar puncture feasibility study. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 12:154–163.
  • Duits FH, Prins ND, Lemstra AW, Pijnenburg YA, Bouwman FH, Teunissen CE, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM. 2015. Diagnostic impact of CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease in a tertiary memory clinic. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:523–532.
  • Duncan MR, Lee JM, Warchol MP. 1995. Influence of surfactants upon protein/peptide adsorption to glass and polypropylene. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 120:179–188.
  • Edwards M, Hall J, Williams B, Johnson L, O’Bryant S. 2015. Molecular markers of amnestic mild cognitive impairment among Mexican Americans. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 49:221–228.
  • El-Agnaf OM, Salem SA, Paleologou KE, Cooper LJ, Fullwood NJ, Gibson MJ, Curran MD, Court JA, Mann DM, Ikeda S, et al. 2003. Alpha-synuclein implicated in Parkinson’s disease is present in extracellular biological fluids, including human plasma. Faseb J. 17:1945–1947.
  • El-Agnaf OM, Salem SA, Paleologou KE, Curran MD, Gibson MJ, Court JA, Schlossmacher MG, Allsop D. 2006. Detection of oligomeric forms of alpha-synuclein protein in human plasma as a potential biomarker for Parkinson’s disease. Faseb J. 20:419–425.
  • EMA. 2016. Draft guideline on the clinical investigation of medicines for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias.
  • Emanuel EJ, Wendler D, Grady C. 2000. What makes clinical research ethical? JAMA. 283:2701–2711.
  • Engelborghs S, De Vreese K, Van de Casteele T, Vanderstichele H, Van Everbroeck B, Cras P, Martin JJ, Vanmechelen E, De Deyn PP. 2008. Diagnostic performance of a CSF-biomarker panel in autopsy-confirmed dementia. Neurobiol Aging. 29:1143–1159.
  • Engelborghs S, Niemantsverdriet E, Struyfs H, Blennow K, Brouns R, Comabella M, Dujmovic I, van der Flier W, Frölich L, Galimberti D, et al. 2017. Consensus guidelines for lumbar puncture in patients with neurological diseases. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 8:111–126.
  • Escott-Price V, Sims R, Bannister C, Harold D, Vronskaya M, Majounie E, Badarinarayan N, Morgan K, Passmore P, Holmes C, et al. 2015. Common polygenic variation enhances risk prediction for Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 138:3673–3684.
  • Estevez-Gonzalez A, Kulisevsky J, Boltes A, Otermin P, Garcia-Sanchez C. 2003. Rey verbal learning test is a useful tool for differential diagnosis in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease: comparison with mild cognitive impairment and normal aging. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 18:1021–1028.
  • Evangelou E, Ioannidis JPA. 2013. Meta-analysis methods for genome-wide association studies and beyond. Nat Rev Genet. 14:379–389.
  • Evans DA, Hebert LE, Beckett LA, Scherr PA, Albert MS, Chown MJ, Pilgrim DM, Taylor JO. 1997. Education and other measures of socioeconomic status and risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a defined population of older persons. Arch Neurol. 54:1399–1405.
  • Evans MC, Couch Y, Sibson N, Turner MR. 2013. Inflammation and neurovascular changes in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Mol Cell Neurosci. 53:34–41.
  • Ewers M, Mattsson N, Minthon L, Molinuevo JL, Antonell A, Popp J, Jessen F, Herukka SK, Soininen H, Maetzler W, et al. 2015. CSF biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a large-scale international multicenter study. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:1306–1315.
  • Fagan AM, Mintun MA, Shah AR, Aldea P, Roe CM, Mach RH, Marcus D, Morris JC, Holtzman DM. 2009. Cerebrospinal fluid tau and ptau(181) increase with cortical amyloid deposition in cognitively normal individuals: implications for future clinical trials of Alzheimer’s disease. EMBO Mol Med. 1:371–380.
  • Fagan AM, Xiong C, Jasielec MS, Bateman RJ, Goate AM, Benzinger TL, Ghetti B, Martins RN, Masters CL, Mayeux R, et al. 2014. Longitudinal change in CSF biomarkers in autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease. Sci Transl Med. 6:226ra230.
  • Fairfoul G, McGuire LI, Pal S, Ironside JW, Neumann J, Christie S, Joachim C, Esiri M, Evetts SG, Rolinski M, et al. 2016. Alpha-synuclein RT-QuIC in the CSF of patients with alpha-synucleinopathies. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 3:812–818.
  • Fang P, Li X, Luo JJ, Wang H, Yang XF. 2013. A Double-edged sword: uric acid and neurological disorders. Brain Disord Ther. 2:109.
  • Farlow M, Arnold SE, van Dyck CH, Aisen PS, Snider BJ, Porsteinsson AP, Friedrich S, Dean RA, Gonzales C, Sethuraman G, et al. 2012. Safety and biomarker effects of solanezumab in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 8:261–271.
  • Farrer LA, Cupples LA, Haines JL, Hyman B, Kukull WA, Mayeux R, Myers RH, Pericak-Vance MA, Risch N, van Duijn CM. 1997. Effects of age, sex, and ethnicity on the association between apolipoprotein E genotype and Alzheimer disease. A meta-analysis. APOE and Alzheimer Disease Meta Analysis Consortium. JAMA. 278:1349–1356.
  • Fedorov NB, Pasinelli P, Oestreicher AB, DeGraan PN, Reymann KG. 1995. Antibodies to postsynaptic PKC substrate neurogranin prevent long-term potentiation in hippocampal CA1 neurons. Eur J Neurosci. 7:819–822.
  • Feneberg E, Steinacker P, Lehnert S, Neumann M, Otto M. 2012. Recent biomarker approaches in the diagnosis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration/Neurochemische Ansätze in der Diagnose der Frontotemporalen Lobärdegeneration. In: Laboratoriums Medizin. p. 3.
  • Feneberg E, Steinacker P, Lehnert S, Schneider A, Walther P, Thal DR, Linsenmeier M, Ludolph AC, Otto M. 2014. Limited role of free TDP-43 as a diagnostic tool in neurodegenerative diseases. Amyotrophic Lateral Scler Frontotemp Degener. 15:351–356.
  • Ferrante di Ruffano L, Hyde CJ, McCaffery KJ, Bossuyt PM, Deeks JJ. 2012. Assessing the value of diagnostic tests: a framework for designing and evaluating trials. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed). 344:e686.
  • Fiandaca MS, Kapogiannis D, Mapstone M, Boxer A, Eitan E, Schwartz JB, Abner EL, Petersen RC, Federoff HJ, Miller BL, et al. 2015. Identification of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease by a profile of pathogenic proteins in neurally derived blood exosomes: a case-control study. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:600–607.e601.
  • Fleisher AS, Raman R, Siemers ER, Becerra L, Clark CM, Dean RA, Farlow MR, Galvin JE, Peskind ER, Quinn JF, et al. 2008. Phase 2 safety trial targeting amyloid beta production with a gamma-secretase inhibitor in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 65:1031–1038.
  • Fowler KS, Saling MM, Conway EL, Semple JM, Louis WJ. 2002. Paired associate performance in the early detection of DAT. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 8:58–71.
  • Frank L, Lloyd A, Flynn JA, Kleinman L, Matza LS, Margolis MK, Bowman L, Bullock R. 2006. Impact of cognitive impairment on mild dementia patients and mild cognitive impairment patients and their informants. Int Psychogeriatr. 18:151–162.
  • Frank RA, Galasko D, Hampel H, Hardy J, de Leon MJ, Mehta PD, Rogers J, Siemers E, Trojanowski JQ. 2003. Biological markers for therapeutic trials in Alzheimer’s disease. Proceedings of the biological markers working group; NIA initiative on neuroimaging in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 24:521–536.
  • Fredriksson S, Gullberg M, Jarvius J, Olsson C, Pietras K, Gustafsdottir SM, Ostman A, Landegren U. 2002. Protein detection using proximity-dependent DNA ligation assays. Nat Biotechnol. 20:473–477.
  • Furukawa T, Matsui N, Fujita K, Nodera H, Shimizu F, Miyamoto K, Takahashi Y, Kanda T, Kusunoki S, Izumi Y, et al. 2015. CSF cytokine profile distinguishes multifocal motor neuropathy from progressive muscular atrophy. Neurol (R) Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2:e138.
  • Gabelle A, Roche S, Geny C, Bennys K, Labauge P, Tholance Y, Quadrio I, Tiers L, Gor B, Boulanghien J, et al. 2011. Decreased sAbetaPPbeta, Abeta38, and Abeta40 cerebrospinal fluid levels in frontotemporal dementia. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 26:553–563.
  • Galasko D, Chang L, Motter R, Clark CM, Kaye J, Knopman D, Thomas R, Kholodenko D, Schenk D, Lieberburg I, et al. 1998. High cerebrospinal fluid tau and low amyloid beta42 levels in the clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer disease and relation to apolipoprotein E genotype. Arch Neurol. 55:937–945.
  • Galasko DR, Graff-Radford N, May S, Hendrix S, Cottrell BA, Sagi SA, Mather G, Laughlin M, Zavitz KH, Swabb E, et al. 2007. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and abeta levels after short-term administration of R-flurbiprofen in healthy elderly individuals. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 21:292–299.
  • Ganesalingam J, An J, Shaw CE, Shaw G, Lacomis D, Bowser R. 2011. Combination of neurofilament heavy chain and complement C3 as CSF biomarkers for ALS. J Neurochem. 117:528–537.
  • Gatz M, Pedersen NL, Berg S, Johansson B, Johansson K, Mortimer JA, Posner SF, Viitanen M, Winblad B, Ahlbom A. 1997. Heritability for Alzheimer’s disease: the study of dementia in Swedish twins. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 52:M117–M125.
  • Gatz M, Reynolds CA, Fratiglioni L, Johansson B, Mortimer JA, Berg S, Fiske A, Pedersen NL. 2006. Role of genes and environments for explaining Alzheimer disease. Arch Gener Psychiatry. 63:168–174.
  • Gauthier S, Leuzy A, Racine E, Rosa-Neto P. 2013. Diagnosis and management of Alzheimer’s disease: past, present and future ethical issues. Progr Neurobiol. 110:102–113.
  • Genin E, Hannequin D, Wallon D, Sleegers K, Hiltunen M, Combarros O, Bullido MJ, Engelborghs S, De Deyn P, Berr C, et al. 2011. APOE and Alzheimer disease: a major gene with semi-dominant inheritance. Mol Psychiatry. 16:903–907.
  • Gerlach M, Maetzler W, Broich K, Hampel H, Rems L, Reum T, Riederer P, Stoffler A, Streffer J, Berg D. 2012. Biomarker candidates of neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease for the evaluation of disease-modifying therapeutics. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 119:39–52.
  • Geschwind MD. 2016. Rapidly progressive dementia. Continuum (Minneapolis, Minn). 22:510–537.
  • Ghidoni R, Benussi L, Glionna M, Franzoni M, Binetti G. 2008. Low plasma progranulin levels predict progranulin mutations in frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Neurology. 71:1235–1239.
  • Gilman S, Koller M, Black RS, Jenkins L, Griffith SG, Fox NC, Eisner L, Kirby L, Rovira MB, Forette F, et al. 2005. Clinical effects of abeta immunization (AN1792) in patients with AD in an interrupted trial. Neurology. 64:1553–1562.
  • Glodzik-Sobanska L, Rusinek H, Mosconi L, Li Y, Zhan J, de Santi S, Convit A, Rich K, Brys M, de Leon MJ. 2005. The role of quantitative structural imaging in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroimag Clin North Am. 15:803–826.
  • Glodzik L, Randall C, Rusinek H, de Leon MJ. 2013. Cerebrovascular reactivity to carbon dioxide in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 35:427–440.
  • Glodzik L, Sollberger M, Gass A, Gokhale A, Rusinek H, Babb JS, Hirsch JG, Amann M, Monsch AU, Gonen O. 2015. Global N-acetylaspartate in normal subjects, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis. 43:939–947.
  • Gmitterova K, Heinemann U, Bodemer M, Krasnianski A, Meissner B, Kretzschmar HA, Zerr I. 2009. 14-3-3 CSF levels in sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease differ across molecular subtypes. Neurobiol Aging. 30:1842–1850.
  • Gmitterova K, Heinemann U, Krasnianski A, Gawinecka J, Zerr I. 2016. Cerebrospinal fluid markers in the differentiation of molecular subtypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Eur J Neurol. 23:1126–1133.
  • Goate A, Chartier-Harlin MC, Mullan M, Brown J, Crawford F, Fidani L, Giuffra L, Haynes A, Irving N, James L, et al. 1991. Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 349:704–706.
  • Goetzl EJ, Boxer A, Schwartz JB, Abner EL, Petersen RC, Miller BL, Carlson OD, Mustapic M, Kapogiannis D. 2015a. Low neural exosomal levels of cellular survival factors in Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2:769–773.
  • Goetzl EJ, Boxer A, Schwartz JB, Abner EL, Petersen RC, Miller BL, Kapogiannis D. 2015b. Altered lysosomal proteins in neural-derived plasma exosomes in preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 85:40–47.
  • Goetzl EJ, Kapogiannis D, Schwartz JB, Lobach IV, Goetzl L, Abner EL, Jicha GA, Karydas AM, Boxer A, Miller BL. 2016. Decreased synaptic proteins in neuronal exosomes of frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. FASEB J. 30:4141–4148.
  • Goetzl EJ, Mustapic M, Kapogiannis D, Eitan E, Lobach IV, Goetzl L, Schwartz JB, Miller BL. 2016. Cargo proteins of plasma astrocyte-derived exosomes in Alzheimer’s disease. FASEB J. 30:3853–3859.
  • Gold LS, Klein G, Carr L, Kessler L, Sullivan SD. 2012. The emergence of diagnostic imaging technologies in breast cancer: discovery, regulatory approval, reimbursement, and adoption in clinical guidelines. Cancer Imaging. 12:13–24.
  • Goldman JS, Hahn SE, Catania JW, LaRusse-Eckert S, Butson MB, Rumbaugh M, Strecker MN, Roberts JS, Burke W, Mayeux R, et al. 2011. Genetic counseling and testing for Alzheimer disease: joint practice guidelines of the American college of medical genetics and the national society of genetic counselors. Genet Med. 13:597–605.
  • Goos JD, Kester MI, Barkhof F, Klein M, Blankenstein MA, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM. 2009. Patients with Alzheimer disease with multiple microbleeds: relation with cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cognition. Stroke. 40:3455–3460.
  • Goos JD, Teunissen CE, Veerhuis R, Verwey NA, Barkhof F, Blankenstein MA, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM. 2012. Microbleeds relate to altered amyloid-beta metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 33:1011.e1011–1019.
  • Gordon BA, Blazey T, Su Y, Fagan AM, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Benzinger TL. 2016. Longitudinal beta-amyloid deposition and hippocampal volume in preclinical alzheimer disease and suspected non-Alzheimer disease pathophysiology. JAMA Neurol. 73:1192–1200.
  • Gordon BA, Friedrichsen K, Brier M, Blazey T, Su Y, Christensen J, Aldea P, McConathy J, Holtzman DM, Cairns NJ, et al. 2016. The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid markers of Alzheimer pathology and positron emission tomography tau imaging. Brain. 139:2249–2260.
  • Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, Kertesz A, Mendez M, Cappa SF, Ogar JM, Rohrer JD, Black S, Boeve BF, et al. 2011. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 76:1006–1014.
  • Grabowski TJ, Cho HS, Vonsattel JP, Rebeck GW, Greenberg SM. 2001. Novel amyloid precursor protein mutation in an Iowa family with dementia and severe cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ann Neurol. 49:697–705.
  • Graff-Radford NR, Crook JE, Lucas J, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, Younkin LH, Petersen RC, Younkin SG. 2007. Association of low plasma abeta42/abeta40 ratios with increased imminent risk for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 64:354–362.
  • Green RC, Roberts JS, Cupples LA, Relkin NR, Whitehouse PJ, Brown T, Eckert SL, Butson M, Sadovnick AD, Quaid KA, et al. 2009. Disclosure of APOE genotype for risk of Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 361:245–254.
  • Greenberg SM, Vonsattel JP. 1997. Diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Sensitivity and specificity of cortical biopsy. Stroke. 28:1418–1422.
  • Grober E, Buschke H, Crystal H, Bang S, Dresner R. 1988. Screening for dementia by memory testing. Neurology. 38:900–903.
  • Group F-NBW. 2016. BEST (Biomarkers, EndpointS, and other Tools) Resource. Maryland: Food and Drug Administration (US)/National Institutes of Health (US).
  • Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K, Tung YC, Quinlan M, Wisniewski HM, Binder LI. 1986. Abnormal phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau (tau) in Alzheimer cytoskeletal pathology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 83:4913–4917.
  • Guadano-Ferraz A, Vinuela A, Oeding G, Bernal J, Rausell E. 2005. RC3/neurogranin is expressed in pyramidal neurons of motor and somatosensory cortex in normal and denervated monkeys. J Compar Neurol. 493:554–570.
  • Guerreiro R, Wojtas A, Bras J, Carrasquillo M, Rogaeva E, Majounie E, Cruchaga C, Sassi C, Kauwe JS, Younkin S, et al. 2013. TREM2 variants in Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 368:117–127.
  • Gunnarsson M, Malmestrom C, Axelsson M, Sundstrom P, Dahle C, Vrethem M, Olsson T, Piehl F, Norgren N, Rosengren L, et al. 2011. Axonal damage in relapsing multiple sclerosis is markedly reduced by natalizumab. Ann Neurol. 69:83–89.
  • Guo S, Getsios D, Hernandez L, Cho K, Lawler E, Altincatal A, Lanes S, Blankenburg M. 2012. Florbetaben PET in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a discrete event simulation to explore its potential value and key data gaps. Int J Alzheimer’s Dis. 2012:548157.
  • Gurol ME, Irizarry MC, Smith EE, Raju S, Diaz-Arrastia R, Bottiglieri T, Rosand J, Growdon JH, Greenberg SM. 2006. Plasma beta-amyloid and white matter lesions in AD, MCI, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 66:23–29.
  • Halbgebauer S, Ockl P, Wirth K, Steinacker P, Otto M. 2016. Protein biomarkers in Parkinson’s disease: focus on cerebrospinal fluid markers and synaptic proteins. Move Disord. 31:848–860.
  • Hall S, Ohrfelt A, Constantinescu R, Andreasson U, Surova Y, Bostrom F, Nilsson C, Hakan W, Decraemer H, Nagga K, et al. 2012. Accuracy of a panel of 5 cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of patients with dementia and/or parkinsonian disorders. Arch Neurol. 69:1445–1452.
  • Hamlett ED, Goetzl EJ, Ledreux A, Vasilevko V, Boger HA, LaRosa A, Clark D, Carroll SL, Carmona-Iragui M, Fortea J, et al. 2016. Neuronal exosomes reveal Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in Down syndrome. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 13:541–549.
  • Hampel H, Buerger K, Zinkowski R, Teipel SJ, Goernitz A, Andreasen N, Sjoegren M, DeBernardis J, Kerkman D, Ishiguro K, et al. 2004. Measurement of phosphorylated tau epitopes in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. A comparative cerebrospinal fluid study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 61:95–102.
  • Hampel H, Frank R, Broich K, Teipel SJ, Katz RG, Hardy J, Herholz K, Bokde AL, Jessen F, Hoessler YC, et al. 2010. Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: academic, industry and regulatory perspectives. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 9:560–574.
  • Hampel H, Lista S, Khachaturian ZS. 2012. Development of biomarkers to chart all Alzheimer’s disease stages: the royal road to cutting the therapeutic Gordian knot. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 8:312–336.
  • Hampel H, Lista S, Teipel SJ, Garaci F, Nistico R, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Bertram L, Duyckaerts C, Bakardjian H, et al. 2014. Perspective on future role of biological markers in clinical therapy trials of Alzheimer’s disease: a long-range point of view beyond 2020. Biochem Pharmacol. 88:426–449.
  • Handels RL, Joore MA, Tran-Duy A, Wimo A, Wolfs CA, Verhey FR, Severens JL. 2015. Early cost-utility analysis of general and cerebrospinal fluid-specific Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers for hypothetical disease-modifying treatment decision in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:896–905.
  • Handels RL, Joore MA, Vos SJ, Aalten P, Ramakers IH, Rikkert MO, Scheltens P, Jansen WJ, Visser PJ, van Berckel BM, et al. 2016. Added prognostic value of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in predicting decline in memory clinic patients in a prospective cohort. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 52:875–885.
  • Handels RL, Wolfs CA, Aalten P, Joore MA, Verhey FR, Severens JL. 2014. Diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review of economic evaluations. Alzheimers Dement. 10:225–237.
  • Hansson O, Hall S, Ohrfelt A, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Minthon L, Nagga K, Londos E, Varghese S, Majbour NK, et al. 2014. Levels of cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein oligomers are increased in Parkinson’s disease with dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies compared to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 6:25.
  • Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Buchhave P, Andreasson U, Londos E, Minthon L, Blennow K. 2007. Prediction of Alzheimer’s disease using the CSF Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 23:316–320.
  • Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Buchhave P, Londos E, Blennow K, Minthon L. 2006. Association between CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer’s disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment: a follow-up study. Lancet Neurol. 5:228–234.
  • Hardy J, Singleton A. 2009. Genomewide association studies and human disease. N Engl J Med. 360:1759–1768.
  • Harold D, Abraham R, Hollingworth P, Sims R, Gerrish A, Hamshere ML, Pahwa JS, Moskvina V, Dowzell K, Williams A, et al. 2009. Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and PICALM associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet. 41:1088–1093.
  • Heilmann S, Drichel D, Clarimon J, Fernandez V, Lacour A, Wagner H, Thelen M, Hernandez I, Fortea J, Alegret M, et al. 2015. PLD3 in non-familial Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 520:E3–E5.
  • Heinemann U, Krasnianski A, Meissner B, Varges D, Kallenberg K, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Steinhoff BJ, Grasbon-Frodl EM, Kretzschmar HA, Zerr I. 2007. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Germany: a prospective 12-year surveillance. Brain. 130:1350–1359.
  • Henriksen K, O’Bryant SE, Hampel H, Trojanowski JQ, Montine TJ, Jeromin A, Blennow K, Lonneborg A, Wyss-Coray T, Soares H, et al. 2014. The future of blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 10:115–131.
  • Herms J, Dorostkar MM. 2016. Dendritic spine pathology in neurodegenerative diseases. Annu Rev Pathol. 11:221–250.
  • Hernandez-Guillamon M, Delgado P, Penalba A, Rodriguez-Luna D, Molina CA, Rovira A, Alvarez-Sabin J, Boada M, Montaner J. 2012. Plasma beta-amyloid levels in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-associated hemorrhagic stroke. Neuro-Degener Dis. 10:320–323.
  • Heslegrave A, Heywood W, Paterson R, Magdalinou N, Svensson J, Johansson P, Ohrfelt A, Blennow K, Hardy J, Schott J, et al. 2016. Increased cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 concentration in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 11:3.
  • Hessen E, Nordlund A, Stalhammar J, Eckerstrom M, Bjerke M, Eckerstrom C, Gothlin M, Fladby T, Reinvang I, Wallin A. 2015. T-Tau is associated with objective memory decline over two years in persons seeking help for subjective cognitive decline: a report from the gothenburg-oslo MCI study. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 47:619–628.
  • Hofman A, Ott A, Breteler MM, Bots ML, Slooter AJ, van Harskamp F, van Duijn CN, Van Broeckhoven C, Grobbee DE. 1997. Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in the rotterdam study. Lancet (London, England). 349:151–154.
  • Hogan DB, Jette N, Fiest KM, Roberts JI, Pearson D, Smith EE, Roach P, Kirk A, Pringsheim T, Maxwell CJ. 2016. The Prevalence and incidence of frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review. Can J Neurol Sci. (Le Journal Canadien Des Sciences Neurologiques). 43(Suppl 1):S96–s109.
  • Hoglund K, Kern S, Zettergren A, Borjesson-Hansson A, Zetterberg H, Skoog I, Blennow K, 2017. Preclinical amyloid pathology biomarker positivity: effects on tau pathology and neurodegeneration. Transl Psychiatry. 7:e995.
  • Hollingworth P, Harold D, Sims R, Gerrish A, Lambert JC, Carrasquillo MM, Abraham R, Hamshere ML, Pahwa JS, Moskvina V, et al. 2011. Common variants at ABCA7, MS4A6A/MS4A4E, EPHA1, CD33 and CD2AP are associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet. 43:429–435.
  • Holtta M, Dean RA, Siemers E, Mawuenyega KG, Sigurdson W, May PC, Holtzman DM, Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Bateman RJ, et al. 2016. A single dose of the gamma-secretase inhibitor semagacestat alters the cerebrospinal fluid peptidome in humans. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 8:11.
  • Hong Z, Shi M, Chung KA, Quinn JF, Peskind ER, Galasko D, Jankovic J, Zabetian CP, Leverenz JB, Baird G, et al. 2010. DJ-1 and alpha-synuclein in human cerebrospinal fluid as biomarkers of Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 133:713–726.
  • Horng HE, Yang SY, Hong C-Y, Liu CM, Tsai PS, Yang HC, Wu CC. 2006. Biofunctionalized magnetic nanoparticles for high-sensitivity immunomagnetic detection of human C-reactive protein. Appl Phys Lett. 88:252506.
  • Houi K, Kobayashi T, Kato S, Mochio S, Inoue K. 2002. Increased plasma TGF-beta1 in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 106:299–301.
  • Hu WT, Holtzman DM, Fagan AM, Shaw LM, Perrin R, Arnold SE, Grossman M, Xiong C, Craig-Schapiro R, Clark CM, et al. 2012. Plasma multianalyte profiling in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 79:897–905.
  • Hulstaert F, Blennow K, Ivanoiu A, Schoonderwaldt HC, Riemenschneider M, De Deyn PP, Bancher C, Cras P, Wiltfang J, Mehta PD, et al. 1999. Improved discrimination of AD patients using beta-amyloid(1-42) and tau levels in CSF. Neurology. 52:1555–1562.
  • Humpel C. 2011. Identifying and validating biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease. Trends Biotechnol. 29:26–32.
  • Hye A, Riddoch-Contreras J, Baird AL, Ashton NJ, Bazenet C, Leung R, Westman E, Simmons A, Dobson R, Sattlecker M, et al. 2014. Plasma proteins predict conversion to dementia from prodromal disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 10:799–807.e792.
  • Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA, Benveniste H, Vates GE, Deane R, Goldman SA, et al. 2012. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid beta. Sci Transl Med. 4:147ra111.
  • Ilzecka J, Stelmasiak Z, Dobosz B. 2002. Transforming growth factor-Beta 1 (tgf-Beta 1) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cytokine. 20:239–243.
  • Imbimbo BP, Frigerio E, Breda M, Fiorentini F, Fernandez M, Sivilia S, Giardino L, Calza L, Norris D, Casula D, et al. 2013. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CHF5074 after short-term administration in healthy subjects. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 27:278–286.
  • Ingelsson M, Fukumoto H, Newell KL, Growdon JH, Hedley-Whyte ET, Frosch MP, Albert MS, Hyman BT, Irizarry MC. 2004. Early abeta accumulation and progressive synaptic loss, gliosis, and tangle formation in AD brain. Neurology. 62:925–931.
  • [IGAP] International Genomics of Alzheimer’s Disease Consortium. 2015. Convergent genetic and expression data implicate immunity in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:658–671.
  • Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I, Zaidi T, Merz PA, Wen GY, Shaikh SS, Wisniewski HM, Alafuzoff I, Winblad B. 1986. Defective brain microtubule assembly in Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet (London, England). 2:421–426.
  • Irwin DJ, Cairns NJ, Grossman M, McMillan CT, Lee EB, Van Deerlin VM, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. 2015. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: defining phenotypic diversity through personalized medicine. Acta Neuropathol. 129:469–491.
  • Irwin DJ, Grossman M, Weintraub D, Hurtig HI, Duda JE, Xie SX, Lee EB, Van Deerlin VM, Lopez OL, Kofler JK, et al. 2017. Neuropathological and genetic correlates of survival and dementia onset in synucleinopathies: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Neurol. 16:55–65.
  • Irwin DJ, White MT, Toledo JB, Xie SX, Robinson JL, Van Deerlin V, Lee VM, Leverenz JB, Montine TJ, Duda JE, et al. 2012. Neuropathologic substrates of Parkinson disease dementia. Ann Neurol. 72:587–598.
  • Ivanoiu A, Dricot L, Gilis N, Grandin C, Lhommel R, Quenon L, Hanseeuw B. 2015. Classification of non-demented patients attending a memory clinic using the new diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease with disease-related biomarkers. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 43:835–847.
  • Jack CR. 2014. PART and SNAP. Acta Neuropathol. 128:773–776.
  • Jack CR Jr, Albert MS, Knopman DS, McKhann GM, Sperling RA, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH. 2011. Introduction to the recommendations from the national institute on aging-Alzheimer’s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 7:257–262.
  • Jack CR Jr, Bennett DA, Blennow K, Carrillo MC, Feldman HH, Frisoni GB, Hampel H, Jagust WJ, Johnson KA, Knopman DS, et al. 2016. A/T/N: an unbiased descriptive classification scheme for Alzheimer disease biomarkers. Neurology. 87:539–547.
  • Jack CR Jr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Weiner MW, Aisen PS, Shaw LM, Vemuri P, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, et al. 2013. Tracking pathophysiological processes in Alzheimer’s disease: an updated hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers. Lancet Neurol. 12:207–216.
  • Jack CR Jr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Shaw LM, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, Petersen RC, Trojanowski JQ. 2010. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer’s pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol. 119–128. 9.
  • Jack CR Jr, Knopman DS, Weigand SD, Wiste HJ, Vemuri P, Lowe V, Kantarci K, Gunter JL, Senjem ML, Ivnik RJ, et al. 2012. An operational approach to national institute on aging-Alzheimer’s association criteria for preclinical Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 71:765–775.
  • Jack CR Jr, Lowe VJ, Weigand SD, Wiste HJ, Senjem ML, Knopman DS, Shiung MM, Gunter JL, Boeve BF, Kemp BJ, et al. 2009. Serial PIB and MRI in normal, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: implications for sequence of pathological events in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 132:1355–1365.
  • Jack CR Jr, Therneau TM, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Knopman DS, Lowe VJ, Mielke MM, Vemuri P, Roberts RO, Machulda MM, et al. 2016. Transition rates between amyloid and neurodegeneration biomarker states and to dementia: a population-based, longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 15:56–64.
  • Jack CR Jr, Wiste HJ, Knopman DS, Vemuri P, Mielke MM, Weigand SD, Senjem ML, Gunter JL, Lowe V, Gregg BE, et al. 2014. Rates of beta-amyloid accumulation are independent of hippocampal neurodegeneration. Neurology. 82:1605–1612.
  • Jack CR Jr, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Knopman DS, Mielke MM, Vemuri P, Lowe V, Senjem ML, Gunter JL, Reyes D, et al. 2015. Different definitions of neurodegeneration produce similar amyloid/neurodegeneration biomarker group findings. Brain. 138:3747–3759.
  • Jack CR Jr, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Rocca WA, Knopman DS, Mielke MM, Lowe VJ, Senjem ML, Gunter JL, Preboske GM, et al. 2014. Age-specific population frequencies of cerebral beta-amyloidosis and neurodegeneration among people with normal cognitive function aged 50-89 years: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol. 13:997–1005.
  • Jacobi C, Arlt S, Reiber H, Westner I, Kretzschmar HA, Poser S, Zerr I. 2005. Immunoglobulins and virus-specific antibodies in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Acta Neurol Scand. 111:185–190.
  • Jacobsson J, Jonsson PA, Andersen PM, Forsgren L, Marklund SL. 2001. Superoxide dismutase in CSF from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with and without CuZn-superoxide dismutase mutations. Brain. 124:1461–1466.
  • Janelidze S, Hertze J, Zetterberg H, Landqvist Waldo M, Santillo A, Blennow K, Hansson O. 2016. Cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin and YKL-40 as biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 3:12–20.
  • Janelidze S, Zetterberg H, Mattsson N, Palmqvist S, Vanderstichele H, Lindberg O, van Westen D, Stomrud E, Minthon L, Blennow K, et al. 2016. CSF Abeta42/Abeta40 and Abeta42/Abeta38 ratios: better diagnostic markers of Alzheimer disease. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 3:154–165.
  • Jang H, Arce FT, Ramachandran S, Capone R, Azimova R, Kagan BL, Nussinov R, Lal R. 2010. Truncated beta-amyloid peptide channels provide an alternative mechanism for Alzheimer’s disease and down syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107:6538–6543.
  • Jansen WJ, Ossenkoppele R, Knol DL, Tijms BM, Scheltens P, Verhey FR, Visser PJ, Aalten P, Aarsland D, Alcolea D, et al. 2015. Prevalence of cerebral amyloid pathology in persons without dementia: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 313:1924–1938.
  • Jedenius E, Wimo A, Stromqvist J, Jonsson L, Andreasen N. 2010. The cost of diagnosing dementia in a community setting. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 25:476–482.
  • Jelic V, Kivipelto M, Winblad B. 2006. Clinical trials in mild cognitive impairment: lessons for the future. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 77:429–438.
  • Jellinger KA. 2014. Neuropathology of dementia disorders. J Alzheimers Dis Parkinson. 4:1–17.
  • Jellinger KA, Attems J. 2015. Challenges of multimorbidity of the aging brain: a critical update. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 122:505–521.
  • Jessen F, Amariglio RE, van Boxtel M, Breteler M, Ceccaldi M, Chetelat G, Dubois B, Dufouil C, Ellis KA, van der Flier WM, et al. 2014. A conceptual framework for research on subjective cognitive decline in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 10:844–852.
  • Jessen F, Lewczuk P, Gür O, Block W, Ende G, Frölich L, Hammen T, Arlt S, Kornhuber J, Kucinski T, et al. 2011. Association of N-acetylaspartate and cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42 in dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 27:393–399.
  • Jicha GA, Parisi JE, Dickson DW, Johnson K, Cha R, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Boeve BF, Knopman DS, Braak H, et al. 2006. Neuropathologic outcome of mild cognitive impairment following progression to clinical dementia. Arch Neurol. 63:674–681.
  • Jimenez CR, Koel-Simmelink M, Pham TV, van der Voort L, Teunissen CE. 2007. Endogeneous peptide profiling of cerebrospinal fluid by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: optimization of magnetic bead-based peptide capture and analysis of preanalytical variables. PROTEOMICS Clin Appl. 1:1385–1392.
  • Johnson KA, Fox NC, Sperling RA, Klunk WE. 2012. Brain imaging in Alzheimer disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect Med. 2:a006213.
  • Johnson KA, Schultz A, Betensky RA, Becker JA, Sepulcre J, Rentz D, Mormino E, Chhatwal J, Amariglio R, Papp K, et al. 2016. Tau positron emission tomographic imaging in aging and early Alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 79:110–119.
  • Johnson R, Harkins K, Cary M, Sankar P, Karlawish J. 2015. The relative contributions of disease label and disease prognosis to Alzheimer’s stigma: a vignette-based experiment. Social Sci Med (1982). 143:117–127.
  • Jones L, Holmans PA, Hamshere ML, Harold D, Moskvina V, Ivanov D, Pocklington A, Abraham R, Hollingworth P, Sims R, et al. 2010. Genetic evidence implicates the immune system and cholesterol metabolism in the aetiology of Alzheimer’s disease. PLoS One. 5:e13950.
  • Jonsson T, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Jonsdottir I, Jonsson PV, Snaedal J, Bjornsson S, Huttenlocher J, Levey AI, Lah JJ, et al. 2013. Variant of TREM2 associated with the risk of Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 368:107–116.
  • Joosten-Weyn Banningh L, Vernooij-Dassen M, Rikkert MO, Teunisse JP. 2008. Mild cognitive impairment: coping with an uncertain label. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 23:148–154.
  • Jorm AF, Jolley D. 1998. The incidence of dementia: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 51:728–733.
  • Kaiser E, Schonknecht P, Thomann PA, Hunt A, Schroder J. 2007. Influence of delayed CSF storage on concentrations of phospho-tau protein (181), total tau protein and beta-amyloid (1-42). Neurosci Lett. 417:193–195.
  • Kalaria RN. 2016. Neuropathological diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia with implications for Alzheimer’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 131:659–685.
  • Kaneko N, Nakamura A, Washimi Y, Kato T, Sakurai T, Arahata Y, Bundo M, Takeda A, Niida S, Ito K, et al. 2014. Novel plasma biomarker surrogating cerebral amyloid deposition. Proc Japan Acad Ser B Phys Biol Sci. 90:353–364.
  • Kang J, Lemaire HG, Unterbeck A, Salbaum JM, Masters CL, Grzeschik KH, Multhaup G, Beyreuther K, Muller-Hill B. 1987. The precursor of Alzheimer’s disease amyloid A4 protein resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature. 325:733–736.
  • Kang JH, Irwin DJ, Chen-Plotkin AS, Siderowf A, Caspell C, Coffey CS, Waligorska T, Taylor P, Pan S, Frasier M, et al. 2013. Association of cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 1-42, T-tau, P-tau181, and alpha-synuclein levels with clinical features of drug-naive patients with early Parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 70:1277–1287.
  • Kang JH, Korecka M, Figurski MJ, Toledo JB, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Waligorska T, Brylska M, Fields L, Shah N, et al. 2015. The Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative 2 biomarker core: a review of progress and plans. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:772–791.
  • Kang JH, Mollenhauer B, Coffey CS, Toledo JB, Weintraub D, Galasko DR, Irwin DJ, Van Deerlin V, Chen-Plotkin AS, Caspell-Garcia C, et al. 2016. CSF biomarkers associated with disease heterogeneity in early Parkinson’s disease: the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative study. Acta Neuropathol. 131:935–949.
  • Kapogiannis D, Boxer A, Schwartz JB, Abner EL, Biragyn A, Masharani U, Frassetto L, Petersen RC, Miller BL, Goetzl EJ. 2015. Dysfunctionally phosphorylated type 1 insulin receptor substrate in neural-derived blood exosomes of preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. FASEB J. 29:589–596.
  • Karch A, Hermann P, Ponto C, Schmitz M, Arora A, Zafar S, Llorens F, Muller-Heine A, Zerr I. 2015. Cerebrospinal fluid tau levels are a marker for molecular subtype in sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease. Neurobiol Aging. 36:1964–1968.
  • Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Lelental N, Adamska A, Nikolajuk A, Kowalska I, Gorska M, Zimmermann R, Kornhuber J, Straczkowski M, Lewczuk P. 2013. The influence of insulin infusion on the metabolism of amyloid beta peptides in plasma. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 9:400–405.
  • Kasai T, Tokuda T, Ishigami N, Sasayama H, Foulds P, Mitchell DJ, Mann DM, Allsop D, Nakagawa M. 2009. Increased TDP-43 protein in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol. 117:55–62.
  • Keizman D, Ish-Shalom M, Berliner S, Maimon N, Vered Y, Artamonov I, Tsehori J, Nefussy B, Drory VE. 2009. Low uric acid levels in serum of patients with ALS: further evidence for oxidative stress? J Neurol Sci. 285:95–99.
  • Kelley BJ, Boeve BF, Josephs KA. 2009. Cognitive and noncognitive neurological features of young-onset dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 27:564–571.
  • Kester MI, Goos JD, Teunissen CE, Benedictus MR, Bouwman FH, Wattjes MP, Barkhof F, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM. 2014. Associations between cerebral small-vessel disease and Alzheimer disease pathology as measured by cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. JAMA Neurol. 71:855–862.
  • Kester MI, Teunissen CE, Crimmins DL, Herries EM, Ladenson JH, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM, Morris JC, Holtzman DM, Fagan AM. 2015. Neurogranin as a cerebrospinal fluid biomarker for synaptic loss in symptomatic Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol. 72:1275–1280.
  • Kiernan MC, Vucic S, Cheah BC, Turner MR, Eisen A, Hardiman O, Burrell JR, Zoing MC. 2011. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet (London, England). 377:942–955.
  • Kim SY, Karlawish J, Berkman BE. 2015. Ethics of genetic and biomarker test disclosures in neurodegenerative disease prevention trials. Neurology. 84:1488–1494.
  • Kirkwood TB. 1977. Predicting the stability of biological standards and products. Biometrics. 33:736–742.
  • Klafki H, Abramowski D, Swoboda R, Paganetti PA, Staufenbiel M. 1996. The carboxyl termini of beta-amyloid peptides 1-40 and 1-42 are generated by distinct gamma-secretase activities. J Biol Chem. 271:28655–28659.
  • Klunk WE, Engler H, Nordberg A, Wang Y, Blomqvist G, Holt DP, Bergstrom M, Savitcheva I, Huang GF, Estrada S, et al. 2004. Imaging brain amyloid in Alzheimer’s disease with pittsburgh compound-B. Ann Neurol. 55:306–319.
  • Klunk WE, Wang Y, Huang GF, Debnath ML, Holt DP, Shao L, Hamilton RL, Ikonomovic MD, DeKosky ST, Mathis CA. 2003. The binding of 2-(4’-methylaminophenyl)benzothiazole to postmortem brain homogenates is dominated by the amyloid component. J Neurosci. 23:2086–2092.
  • Knapp M. 2015. The cost-effectiveness challenge: is it worth it? Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 7:10.
  • Knopman DS, Jack CR Jr, Lundt ES, Weigand SD, Vemuri P, Lowe VJ, Kantarci K, Gunter JL, Senjem ML, Mielke MM, et al. 2016. Evolution of neurodegeneration-imaging biomarkers from clinically normal to dementia in the Alzheimer disease spectrum. Neurobiol Aging. 46:32–42.
  • Knopman DS, Jack CR Jr, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Vemuri P, Lowe V, Kantarci K, Gunter JL, Senjem ML, Ivnik RJ, et al. 2012. Short-term clinical outcomes for stages of NIA-AA preclinical Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 78:1576–1582.
  • Knopman DS, Parisi JE, Salviati A, Floriach-Robert M, Boeve BF, Ivnik RJ, Smith GE, Dickson DW, Johnson KA, Petersen LE, et al. 2003. Neuropathology of cognitively normal elderly. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 62:1087–1095.
  • Koopman K, Le Bastard N, Martin JJ, Nagels G, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S. 2009. Improved discrimination of autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease (AD) from non-AD dementias using CSF P-tau(181P). Neurochem Int. 55:214–218.
  • Korecka M, Waligorska T, Figurski M, Toledo JB, Arnold SE, Grossman M, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM. 2014. Qualification of a surrogate matrix-based absolute quantification method for amyloid-beta(4)(2) in human cerebrospinal fluid using 2D UPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 41:441–451.
  • Kornhuber J, Schmidtke K, Frölich L, Perneczky R, Wolf S, Hampel H, Jessen F, Heuser I, Peters O, Weih M, et al. 2009. Early and differential diagnosis of dementia and mild cognitive impairment: design and cohort baseline characteristics of the German dementia competence network. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 27:404–417.
  • Kovacs GG. 2016. Molecular pathological classification of neurodegenerative diseases: turning towards precision medicine. Int J Mol Sci. 17:E189.
  • Kuhlmann J, Andreasson U, Pannee J, Bjerke M, Portelius E, Leinenbach A, Bittner T, Korecka M, Jenkins RG, Vanderstichele H, et al. 2016. CSF Abeta1-42 - an excellent but complicated Alzheimer’s biomarker - a route to standardisation. Clinica Chim Acta. 467:27–33.
  • Kuntz KM, Kokmen E, Stevens JC, Miller P, Offord KP, Ho MM. 1992. Post-lumbar puncture headaches: experience in 501 consecutive procedures. Neurology. 42:1884–1887.
  • Kvartsberg H, Duits FH, Ingelsson M, Andreasen N, Ohrfelt A, Andersson K, Brinkmalm G, Lannfelt L, Minthon L, Hansson O, et al. 2015. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of the synaptic protein neurogranin correlates with cognitive decline in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:1180–1190.
  • Kvartsberg H, Portelius E, Andreasson U, Brinkmalm G, Hellwig K, Lelental N, Kornhuber J, Hansson O, Minthon L, Spitzer P, et al. 2015. Characterization of the postsynaptic protein neurogranin in paired cerebrospinal fluid and plasma samples from Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy controls. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 7:40.
  • Lacour A, Espinosa A, Louwersheimer E, Heilmann S, Hernandez I, Wolfsgruber S, Fernandez V, Wagner H, Rosende-Roca M, Mauleon A, et al. 2016. Genome-wide significant risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease: role in progression to dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease among subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Mol Psychiatry. 22:153–160.
  • Lambert JC, Amouyel P. 2011. Genetics of Alzheimer’s disease: new evidences for an old hypothesis? Curr Opin Genet Dev. 21:295–301.
  • Lambert JC, Heath S, Even G, Campion D, Sleegers K, Hiltunen M, Combarros O, Zelenika D, Bullido MJ, Tavernier B, et al. 2009. Genome-wide association study identifies variants at CLU and CR1 associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet. 41:1094–1099.
  • Lambert JC, Ibrahim-Verbaas CA, Harold D, Naj AC, Sims R, Bellenguez C, DeStafano AL, Bis JC, Beecham GW, Grenier-Boley B, et al. 2013. Meta-analysis of 74,046 individuals identifies 11 new susceptibility loci for Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet. 45:1452–1458.
  • Landau SM, Lu M, Joshi AD, Pontecorvo M, Mintun MA, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, Jagust WJ. 2013. Comparing positron emission tomography imaging and cerebrospinal fluid measurements of beta-amyloid. Ann Neurol. 74:826–836.
  • Landen JW, Zhao Q, Cohen S, Borrie M, Woodward M, Billing CB Jr, Bales K, Alvey C, McCush F, Yang J, et al. 2013. Safety and pharmacology of a single intravenous dose of ponezumab in subjects with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer disease: a phase I, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, dose-escalation study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 36:14–23.
  • Landqvist Waldo M, Frizell Santillo A, Passant U, Zetterberg H, Rosengren L, Nilsson C, Englund E. 2013. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain protein levels in subtypes of frontotemporal dementia. BMC Neurol. 13:54.
  • Le Bastard N, Coart E, Vanderstichele H, Vanmechelen E, Martin JJ, Engelborghs S. 2013. Comparison of two analytical platforms for the clinical qualification of Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in pathologically-confirmed dementia. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 33:117–131.
  • Le Bastard N, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S. 2015. Importance and impact of preanalytical variables on Alzheimer disease biomarker concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 61:734–743.
  • Le Bastard N, Martin JJ, Vanmechelen E, Vanderstichele H, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S. 2010. Added diagnostic value of CSF biomarkers in differential dementia diagnosis. Neurobiol Aging. 31:1867–1876.
  • Lebouvier T, Chaumette T, Damier P, Coron E, Touchefeu Y, Vrignaud S, Naveilhan P, Galmiche JP, Bruley des Varannes S, Derkinderen P, et al. 2008. Pathological lesions in colonic biopsies during Parkinson’s disease. Gut. 57:1741–1743.
  • Lebouvier T, Neunlist M, Bruley des Varannes S, Coron E, Drouard A, N’Guyen JM, Chaumette T, Tasselli M, Paillusson S, Flamand M, et al. 2010. Colonic biopsies to assess the neuropathology of Parkinson’s disease and its relationship with symptoms. PLoS One. 5:e12728.
  • Lee PH, Lee G, Park HJ, Bang OY, Joo IS, Huh K. 2006. The plasma alpha-synuclein levels in patients with Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy. J Neural Transm. 113:1435–1439.
  • Leinenbach A, Pannee J, Dulffer T, Huber A, Bittner T, Andreasson U, Gobom J, Zetterberg H, Kobold U, Portelius E, et al. 2014. Mass spectrometry-based candidate reference measurement procedure for quantification of amyloid-beta in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem. 60:987–994.
  • Leitao MJ, Baldeiras I, Almeida MR, Ribeiro MH, Santos AC, Ribeiro M, Tomas J, Rocha S, Santana I, Oliveira CR. 2016. Sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease diagnostic accuracy is improved by a new CSF ELISA 14-3-3gamma assay. Neuroscience. 322:398–407.
  • Leitao MJ, Baldeiras I, Herukka SK, Pikkarainen M, Leinonen V, Simonsen AH, Perret-Liaudet A, Fourier A, Quadrio I, Veiga PM, et al. 2015. Chasing the effects of pre-analytical confounders – a multicenter study on CSF-AD biomarkers. Front Neurol. 6:153.
  • Lelental N, Brandner S, Kofanova O, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Andreasson U, Engelborghs S, Mroczko B, Gabryelewicz T, Teunissen C, et al. 2016. Comparison of different matrices as potential quality control samples for neurochemical dementia diagnostics. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 52:51–64.
  • Levy E, Carman MD, Fernandez-Madrid IJ, Power MD, Lieberburg I, van Duinen SG, Bots GT, Luyendijk W, Frangione B. 1990. Mutation of the Alzheimer’s disease amyloid gene in hereditary cerebral hemorrhage, Dutch type. Science. 248:1124–1126.
  • Lewczuk P, Beck G, Esselmann H, Bruckmoser R, Zimmermann R, Fiszer M, Bibl M, Maler JM, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. 2006. Effect of sample collection tubes on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of tau proteins and amyloid beta peptides. Clin Chem. 52:332–334.
  • Lewczuk P, Esselmann H, Groemer TW, Bibl M, Maler JM, Steinacker P, Otto M, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. 2004. Amyloid β peptides in cerebrospinal fluid as profiled with surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: evidence of novel biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease. Biol Psychiatry. 55:524–530.
  • Lewczuk P, Esselmann H, Meyer M, Wollscheid V, Neumann M, Otto M, Maler JM, Rüther E, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. 2003. The amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide pattern in cerebrospinal fluid in Alzheimer’s disease: evidence of a novel carboxyterminally elongated Aβ peptide. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 17:1291–1296.
  • Lewczuk P, Esselmann H, Otto M, Maler JM, Henkel AW, Henkel MK, Eikenberg O, Antz C, Krause WR, Reulbach U, et al. 2004. Neurochemical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s dementia by CSF Abeta42, Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio and total tau. Neurobiol Aging. 25:273–281.
  • Lewczuk P, Kamrowski-Kruck H, Peters O, Heuser I, Jessen F, Popp J, Bürger K, Hampel H, Frölich L, Wolf S, et al. 2010. Soluble amyloid precursor proteins in the cerebrospinal fluid as novel potential biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease: a multicenter study. Mol Psychiatry. 15:138–145.
  • Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J. 2011. Neurochemical dementia diagnostics in Alzheimer’s disease: where are we now and where are we going? Expert Rev Proteom. 8:447–458.
  • Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Toledo JB, Trojanowski JQ, Knapik-Czajka M, Peters O, Wiltfang J, Shaw LM. 2015. Validation of the erlangen score algorithm for the prediction of the development of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease in pre-dementia subjects. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 48:433–441.
  • Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Vanmechelen E, Peters O, Heuser I, Maier W, Jessen F, Bürger K, Hampel H, Frölich L, et al. 2010. Amyloid beta peptides in plasma in early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a multicenter study with multiplexing. Exp Neurol. 223:366–370.
  • Lewczuk P, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J. 2006. The German Competence Net Dementias: standard operating procedures for the neurochemical dementia diagnostics. J Neural Transm. 113:1075–1080.
  • Lewczuk P, Lelental N, Spitzer P, Maler JM, Kornhuber J. 2015. Amyloid β 42/40 CSF concentration ratio in the diagnostics of Alzheimer’s Disease: validation of two novel assays. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 43:183–191.
  • Lewczuk P, Matzen A, Blennow K, Parnetti L, Molinuevo JL, Eusebi P, Kornhuber J, Morris JC, Fagan AM. 2017. Cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42/40 corresponds better than Abeta42 to amyloid PET in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 55:813–822.
  • Lewczuk P, Popp J, Lelental N, Kölsch H, Maier W, Kornhuber J, Jessen F. 2012. Cerebrospinal fluid soluble amyloid-beta protein precursor as a potential novel biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 28:119–125.
  • Lewczuk P, Wiltfang J. 2008. Neurochemical dementia diagnostics: state of the art and research perspectives. Proteomics. 8:1292–1301.
  • Lewczuk P, Zimmermann R, Wiltfang J, Kornhuber J. 2009. Neurochemical dementia diagnostics: a simple algorithm for interpretation of the CSF biomarkers. J Neural Transm. 116:1163–1167.
  • Li D, Misialek JR, Boerwinkle E, Gottesman RF, Sharrett AR, Mosley TH, Coresh J, Wruck LM, Knopman DS, Alonso A. 2016. Plasma phospholipids and prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and/or dementia in the ARIC neurocognitive study (ARIC-NCS). Alzheimer’s Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 3:73–82.
  • Li QX, Mok SS, Laughton KM, McLean CA, Cappai R, Masters CL, Culvenor JG, Horne MK. 2007. Plasma alpha-synuclein is decreased in subjects with Parkinson’s disease. Exp Neurol. 204:583–588.
  • Lichtenthaler SF, Beher D, Grimm HS, Wang R, Shearman MS, Masters CL, Beyreuther K. 2002. The intramembrane cleavage site of the amyloid precursor protein depends on the length of its transmembrane domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 99:1365–1370.
  • Lijmer JG, Leeflang M, Bossuyt PM. 2009. Proposals for a phased evaluation of medical tests. Med Decision Making. 29:E13–E21.
  • Lingler JH, Klunk WE. 2013. Disclosure of amyloid imaging results to research participants: has the time come? Alzheimer’s Dementia. 9:741–744.e742.
  • Lingler JH, Nightingale MC, Erlen JA, Kane AL, Reynolds CF, 3rd, Schulz R, DeKosky ST. 2006. Making sense of mild cognitive impairment: a qualitative exploration of the patient’s experience. The Gerontologist. 46:791–800.
  • Linn J, Halpin A, Demaerel P, Ruhland J, Giese AD, Dichgans M, van Buchem MA, Bruckmann H, Greenberg SM. 2010. Prevalence of superficial siderosis in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 74:1346–1350.
  • Lippi G, Chance JJ, Church S, Dazzi P, Fontana R, Giavarina D, Grankvist K, Huisman W, Kouri T, Palicka V, et al. 2011. Preanalytical quality improvement: from dream to reality. Clin Chem Lab Med. 49:1113–1126.
  • Lista S, Faltraco F, Prvulovic D, Hampel H. 2013. Blood and plasma-based proteomic biomarker research in Alzheimer’s disease. Progr Neurobiol. 101-102:1–17.
  • Lista S, Hampel H. 2016. Synaptic degeneration and neurogranin in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother. 17:47–57.
  • Lista S, Khachaturian ZS, Rujescu D, Garaci F, Dubois B, Hampel H. 2016. Application of systems theory in longitudinal studies on the origin and progression of Alzheimer’s disease. Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, NJ). 1303:49–67.
  • Lista S, O’Bryant SE, Blennow K, Dubois B, Hugon J, Zetterberg H, Hampel H. 2015. Biomarkers in sporadic and familial Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 47:291–317.
  • Litvan I, Agid Y, Calne D, Campbell G, Dubois B, Duvoisin RC, Goetz CG, Golbe LI, Grafman J, Growdon JH, et al. 1996. Clinical research criteria for the diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (Steele-Richardson-Olszewski syndrome): report of the NINDS-SPSP international workshop. Neurology. 47:1–9.
  • Liu CC, Kanekiyo T, Xu H, Bu G. 2013. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy. Nature Rev Neurol. 9:106–118.
  • Liu J, Gao L, Zang D. 2015. Elevated levels of IFN-gamma in CSF and serum of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One. 10:e0136937.
  • Lleo A, Cavedo E, Parnetti L, Vanderstichele H, Herukka SK, Andreasen N, Ghidoni R, Lewczuk P, Jeromin A, Winblad B, et al. 2015. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in trials for Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. Nature Rev Neurol. 11:41–55.
  • Lleo A, Saura CA. 2011. gamma-secretase substrates and their implications for drug development in Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Topics Med Chem. 11:1513–1527.
  • Lo RY, Hubbard AE, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Petersen RC, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, Jagust WJ. 2011. Longitudinal change of biomarkers in cognitive decline. Arch Neurol. 68:1257–1266.
  • Louwersheimer E, Wolfsgruber S, Espinosa A, Lacour A, Heilmann-Heimbach S, Alegret M, Hernandez I, Rosende-Roca M, Tarraga L, Boada M, et al. 2016. Alzheimer’s disease risk variants modulate endophenotypes in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 12:872–881.
  • Lowndes GJ, Saling MM, Ames D, Chiu E, Gonzalez LM, Savage GR. 2008. Recall and recognition of verbal paired associates in early Alzheimer’s disease. J Int Neuropsycholo Soc. 14:591–600.
  • Lu CH, Macdonald-Wallis C, Gray E, Pearce N, Petzold A, Norgren N, Giovannoni G, Fratta P, Sidle K, Fish M, et al. 2015. Neurofilament light chain: a prognostic biomarker in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 84:2247–2257.
  • Lu CH, Petzold A, Topping J, Allen K, Macdonald-Wallis C, Clarke J, Pearce N, Kuhle J, Giovannoni G, Fratta P, et al. 2015. Plasma neurofilament heavy chain levels and disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: insights from a longitudinal study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86:565–573.
  • Luchsinger JA, Reitz C, Honig LS, Tang MX, Shea S, Mayeux R. 2005. Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 65:545–551.
  • Lundberg M, Thorsen SB, Assarsson E, Villablanca A, Tran B, Gee N, Knowles M, Nielsen BS, Gonzalez Couto E, Martin R, et al. 2011. Multiplexed homogeneous proximity ligation assays for high-throughput protein biomarker research in serological material. Mol Cell Proteom. 10:M110.004978.
  • Mackenzie IRA, Bigio EH, Ince PG, Geser F, Neumann M, Cairns NJ, Kwong LK, Forman MS, Ravits J, Stewart H, et al. 2007. Pathological TDP-43 distinguishes sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with SOD1 mutations. Ann Neurol. 61:427–434.
  • Magdalinou NK, Paterson RW, Schott JM, Fox NC, Mummery C, Blennow K, Bhatia K, Morris HR, Giunti P, Warner TT, et al. 2015. A panel of nine cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers may identify patients with atypical parkinsonian syndromes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86:1240–1247.
  • Majbour NK, Vaikath NN, van Dijk KD, Ardah MT, Varghese S, Vesterager LB, Montezinho LP, Poole S, Safieh-Garabedian B, Tokuda T, et al. 2016. Oligomeric and phosphorylated alpha-synuclein as potential CSF biomarkers for Parkinson’s disease. Mol Neurodegener. 11:7.
  • Mandelkow E, von Bergen M, Biernat J, Mandelkow EM. 2007. Structural principles of tau and the paired helical filaments of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Pathol. 17:83–90.
  • Mapstone M, Cheema AK, Fiandaca MS, Zhong X, Mhyre TR, MacArthur LH, Hall WJ, Fisher SG, Peterson DR, Haley JM, et al. 2014. Plasma phospholipids identify antecedent memory impairment in older adults. Nature Med. 20:415–418.
  • Mathis CA, Mason NS, Lopresti BJ, Klunk WE. 2012. Development of positron emission tomography beta-amyloid plaque imaging agents. Semin Nuclear Med. 42:423–432.
  • Matthews F, Brayne C. 2005. The incidence of dementia in England and Wales: findings from the five identical sites of the MRC CFA study. PLoS Med. 2:e193.
  • Mattsson N, Andreasson U, Persson S, Arai H, Batish SD, Bernardini S, Bocchio-Chiavetto L, Blankenstein MA, Carrillo MC, Chalbot S, et al. 2011. The Alzheimer’s Association external quality control program for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 7:386–395.e386.
  • Mattsson N, Andreasson U, Persson S, Carrillo MC, Collins S, Chalbot S, Cutler N, Dufour-Rainfray D, Fagan AM, Heegaard NH, et al. 2013. CSF biomarker variability in the Alzheimer’s association quality control program. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 9:251–261.
  • Mattsson N, Carrillo MC, Dean RA, Devous MD, Sr., Nikolcheva T, Pesini P, Salter H, Potter WZ, Sperling RS, Bateman RJ, et al. 2015. Revolutionizing Alzheimer’s disease and clinical trials through biomarkers. Alzheimer’s Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 1:412–419.
  • Mattsson N, Insel PS, Donohue M, Jagust W, Sperling R, Aisen P, Weiner MW. 2015. Predicting reduction of cerebrospinal fluid β-amyloid 42 in cognitively healthy controls. JAMA Neurol. 72:554–560.
  • Mattsson N, Portelius E, Rolstad S, Gustavsson M, Andreasson U, Stridsberg M, Wallin A, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. 2012. Longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers over four years in mild cognitive impairment. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 30:767–778.
  • Mattsson N, Rajendran L, Zetterberg H, Gustavsson M, Andreasson U, Olsson M, Brinkmalm G, Lundkvist J, Jacobson LH, Perrot L, et al. 2012. BACE1 inhibition induces a specific cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid pattern that identifies drug effects in the central nervous system. PLoS One. 7:e31084.
  • Mattsson N, Zetterberg H, Hansson O, Andreasen N, Parnetti L, Jonsson M, Herukka SK, van der Flier WM, Blankenstein MA, Ewers M, et al. 2009. CSF biomarkers and incipient Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. JAMA. 302:385–393.
  • Mawal-Dewan M, Henley J, Van de Voorde A, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM. 1994. The phosphorylation state of tau in the developing rat brain is regulated by phosphoprotein phosphatases. J Biol Chem. 269:30981–30987.
  • May PC, Willis BA, Lowe SL, Dean RA, Monk SA, Cocke PJ, Audia JE, Boggs LN, Borders AR, Brier RA, et al. 2015. The potent BACE1 inhibitor LY2886721 elicits robust central abeta pharmacodynamic responses in mice, dogs, and humans. J Neurosci. 35:1199–1210.
  • McGuire LI, Peden AH, Orru CD, Wilham JM, Appleford NE, Mallinson G, Andrews M, Head MW, Caughey B, Will RG, et al. 2012. Real time quaking-induced conversion analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol. 72:278–285.
  • McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. 1984. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of department of health and human services task force on Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology. 34:939–944.
  • McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CR Jr, Kawas CH, Klunk WE, Koroshetz WJ, Manly JJ, Mayeux R, et al. 2011. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the national institute on aging-Alzheimer’s association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 7:263–269.
  • Medina M, Avila J. 2014. New perspectives on the role of tau in Alzheimer’s disease. Implications for therapy. Biochem Pharmacol. 88:540–547.
  • Meeter LH, Dopper EG, Jiskoot LC, Sanchez-Valle R, Graff C, Benussi L, Ghidoni R, Pijnenburg YA, Borroni B, Galimberti D, et al. 2016. Neurofilament light chain: a biomarker for genetic frontotemporal dementia. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 3:623–636.
  • Meijs AP, Claassen JA, Rikkert MG, Schalk BW, Meulenbroek O, Kessels RP, Melis RJ. 2015. How does additional diagnostic testing influence the initial diagnosis in patients with cognitive complaints in a memory clinic setting? Age Ageing. 44:72–77.
  • Menke RA, Gray E, Lu CH, Kuhle J, Talbot K, Malaspina A, Turner MR. 2015. CSF neurofilament light chain reflects corticospinal tract degeneration in ALS. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2:748–755.
  • Michaelson DM. 2014. APOE epsilon4: the most prevalent yet understudied risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 10:861–868.
  • Miners JS, Barua N, Kehoe PG, Gill S, Love S. 2011. Abeta-degrading enzymes: potential for treatment of Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 70:944–959.
  • Mitchell AJ, Beaumont H, Ferguson D, Yadegarfar M, Stubbs B. 2014. Risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in older people with subjective memory complaints: meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatrica Scand. 130:439–451.
  • Mitchell RM, Freeman WM, Randazzo WT, Stephens HE, Beard JL, Simmons Z, Connor JR. 2009. A CSF biomarker panel for identification of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 72:14–19.
  • Mitchell RM, Simmons Z, Beard JL, Stephens HE, Connor JR. 2010. Plasma biomarkers associated with ALS and their relationship to iron homeostasis. Muscle Nerve. 42:95–103.
  • Miyoshi I, Fujimoto Y, Yamada M, Abe S, Zhao Q, Cronenberger C, Togo K, Ishibashi T, Bednar MM, Kupiec JW, et al. 2013. Safety and pharmacokinetics of PF-04360365 following a single-dose intravenous infusion in Japanese subjects with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 51:911–923.
  • Moghekar A, Goh J, Li M, Albert M, O’Brien RJ. 2012. Cerebrospinal fluid Abeta and tau level fluctuation in an older clinical cohort. Arch Neurol. 69:246–250.
  • Molinuevo JL, Blennow K, Dubois B, Engelborghs S, Lewczuk P, Perret-Liaudet A, Teunissen CE, Parnetti L. 2014. The clinical use of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker testing for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis: a consensus paper from the Alzheimer’s biomarkers standardization initiative. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 10:808–817.
  • Molinuevo JL, Cami J, Carne X, Carrillo MC, Georges J, Isaac MB, Khachaturian Z, Kim SY, Morris JC, Pasquier F, et al. 2016. Ethical challenges in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease observational studies and trials: results of the barcelona summit. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 12:614–622.
  • Mollenhauer B, Cullen V, Kahn I, Krastins B, Outeiro TF, Pepivani I, Ng J, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Kretzschmar HA, McLean PJ, et al. 2008. Direct quantification of CSF alpha-synuclein by ELISA and first cross-sectional study in patients with neurodegeneration. Exp Neurol. 213:315–325.
  • Mollenhauer B, Locascio JJ, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Sixel-Doring F, Trenkwalder C, Schlossmacher MG. 2011. alpha-Synuclein and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid of patients presenting with parkinsonism: a cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 10:230–240.
  • Mollenhauer B, Parnetti L, Rektorova I, Kramberger MG, Pikkarainen M, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Aarsland D, Svenningsson P, Farotti L, Verbeek MM, et al. 2016. Biological confounders for the values of cerebrospinal fluid proteins in Parkinson’s disease and related disorders. J Neurochem./ 139(Suppl 1):290–317.
  • Mollenhauer B, Trautmann E, Otte B, Ng J, Spreer A, Lange P, Sixel-Doring F, Hakimi M, Vonsattel JP, Nussbaum R, et al. 2012. Alpha-Synuclein in human cerebrospinal fluid is principally derived from neurons of the central nervous system. J Neural Transm. 119:739–746.
  • Montine TJ, Phelps CH, Beach TG, Bigio EH, Cairns NJ, Dickson DW, Duyckaerts C, Frosch MP, Masliah E, Mirra SS, et al. 2012. National institute on aging-Alzheimer’s association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer’s disease: a practical approach. Acta Neuropathol. 123:1–11.
  • Morgen K, Frolich L, Tost H, Plichta MM, Kolsch H, Rakebrandt F, Rienhoff O, Jessen F, Peters O, Jahn H, et al. 2013. APOE-dependent phenotypes in subjects with mild cognitive impairment converting to Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 37:389–401.
  • Mormino EC, Betensky RA, Hedden T, Schultz AP, Amariglio RE, Rentz DM, Johnson KA, Sperling RA. 2014. Synergistic effect of beta-amyloid and neurodegeneration on cognitive decline in clinically normal individuals. JAMA Neurol. 71:1379–1385.
  • Mormino EC, Papp KV, Rentz DM, Schultz AP, LaPoint M, Amariglio R, Hanseeuw B, Marshall GA, Hedden T, Johnson KA, et al. 2016. Heterogeneity in suspected non-Alzheimer disease pathophysiology among clinically normal older individuals. JAMA Neurol. 73:1185–1191.
  • Mormont E, Jamart J, Robaye L. 2012. Validity of the five-word test for the evaluation of verbal episodic memory and dementia in a memory clinic setting. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 25:78–84.
  • Morris E, Chalkidou A, Hammers A, Peacock J, Summers J, Keevil S. 2016. Diagnostic accuracy of (18)F amyloid PET tracers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nuclear Med Mol Imag. 43:374–385.
  • Morris JC, Roe CM, Xiong C, Fagan AM, Goate AM, Holtzman DM, Mintun MA. 2010. APOE predicts amyloid-beta but not tau Alzheimer pathology in cognitively normal aging. Ann Neurol. 67:122–131.
  • Mosconi L. 2005. Brain glucose metabolism in the early and specific diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. FDG-PET studies in MCI and AD. Eur J Nuclear Med Mol Imag. 32:486–510.
  • Mosconi L, De Santi S, Li J, Tsui WH, Li Y, Boppana M, Laska E, Rusinek H, de Leon MJ. 2008. Hippocampal hypometabolism predicts cognitive decline from normal aging. Neurobiol Aging. 29:676–692.
  • Mosconi L, Tsui WH, De Santi S, Li J, Rusinek H, Convit A, Li Y, Boppana M, de Leon MJ. 2005. Reduced hippocampal metabolism in MCI and AD: automated FDG-PET image analysis. Neurology. 64:1860–1867.
  • Motter R, Vigo-Pelfrey C, Kholodenko D, Barbour R, Johnson-Wood K, Galasko D, Chang L, Miller B, Clark C, Green R, et al. 1995. Reduction of beta-amyloid peptide42 in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol. 38:643–648.
  • Mroczko B, Groblewska M, Zboch M, Kulczynska A, Koper OM, Szmitkowski M, Kornhuber J, Lewczuk P. 2014. Concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 40:351–357.
  • Mroczko B, Groblewska M, Zboch M, Muszynski P, Zajkowska A, Borawska R, Szmitkowski M, Kornhuber J, Lewczuk P. 2015. Evaluation of visinin-like protein 1 concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with mild cognitive impairment as a dynamic biomarker of Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 43:1031–1037.
  • Mullan M, Crawford F, Axelman K, Houlden H, Lilius L, Winblad B, Lannfelt L. 1992. A pathogenic mutation for probable Alzheimer’s disease in the APP gene at the N-terminus of beta-amyloid. Nat Genet. 1:345–347.
  • Murray ME, Graff-Radford NR, Ross OA, Petersen RC, Duara R, Dickson DW. 2011. Neuropathologically defined subtypes of Alzheimer’s disease with distinct clinical characteristics: a retrospective study. Lancet Neurol. 10:785–796.
  • Nagele E, Han M, Demarshall C, Belinka B, Nagele R. 2011. Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease based on disease-specific autoantibody profiles in human sera. PLoS One. 6:e23112.
  • Naj AC, Jun G, Beecham GW, Wang LS, Vardarajan BN, Buros J, Gallins PJ, Buxbaum JD, Jarvik GP, Crane PK, et al. 2011. Common variants at MS4A4/MS4A6E, CD2AP, CD33 and EPHA1 are associated with late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Genet. 43:436–441.
  • Nelson PT, Head E, Schmitt FA, Davis PR, Neltner JH, Jicha GA, Abner EL, Smith CD, Van Eldik LJ, Kryscio RJ, et al. 2011. Alzheimer’s disease is not “brain aging”: neuropathological, genetic, and epidemiological human studies. Acta Neuropathol. 121:571–587.
  • Niemantsverdriet E, Goossens J, Struyfs H, Martin JJ, Goeman J, De Deyn PP, Vanderstichele H, Engelborghs S. 2016. Diagnostic impact of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker (Pre-)analytical variability in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 51:97–106.
  • Noel-Storr AH, Flicker L, Ritchie CW, Nguyen GH, Gupta T, Wood P, Walton J, Desai M, Solomon DF, Molena E, et al. 2013. Systematic review of the body of evidence for the use of biomarkers in the diagnosis of dementia. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 9:e96–e105.
  • Noto Y, Shibuya K, Sato Y, Kanai K, Misawa S, Sawai S, Mori M, Uchiyama T, Isose S, Nasu S, et al. 2011. Elevated CSF TDP-43 levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: specificity, sensitivity, and a possible prognostic value. Amyotrophic Lateral Scler. 12:140–143.
  • Noyce AJ, Bestwick JP, Silveira-Moriyama L, Hawkes CH, Giovannoni G, Lees AJ, Schrag A. 2012. Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol. 72:893–901.
  • O’Brien JT, Thomas A. 2015. Vascular dementia. Lancet (London, England). 386:1698–1706.
  • O’Bryant SE, Edwards M, Johnson L, Hall J, Villarreal AE, Britton GB, Quiceno M, Cullum CM, Graff-Radford NR. 2016. A blood screening test for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 3:83–90.
  • O’Bryant SE, Gupta V, Henriksen K, Edwards M, Jeromin A, Lista S, Bazenet C, Soares H, Lovestone S, Hampel H, et al. 2015. Guidelines for the standardization of preanalytic variables for blood-based biomarker studies in Alzheimer’s disease research. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:549–560.
  • O’Bryant SE, Lista S, Rissman RA, Edwards M, Zhang F, Hall J, Zetterberg H, Lovestone S, Gupta V, Graff-Radford N, et al. 2016. Comparing biological markers of Alzheimer’s disease across blood fraction and platforms: comparing apples to oranges. Alzheimer’s Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 3:27–34.
  • O’Bryant SE, Mielke MM, Rissman RA, Lista S, Vanderstichele H, Zetterberg H, Lewczuk P, Posner H, Hall J, Johnson L, et al. 2017. Blood-based biomarkers in Alzheimer disease: current state of the science and a novel collaborative paradigm for advancing from discovery to clinic. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 13:45–58.
  • O’Bryant SE, Xiao G, Barber R, Huebinger R, Wilhelmsen K, Edwards M, Graff-Radford N, Doody R, Diaz-Arrastia R. 2011a. A blood-based screening tool for Alzheimer’s disease that spans serum and plasma: findings from TARC and ADNI. PLoS One. 6:e28092.
  • O’Bryant SE, Xiao G, Barber R, Reisch J, Doody R, Fairchild T, Adams P, Waring S, Diaz-Arrastia R. 2010. A serum protein-based algorithm for the detection of Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol. 67:1077–1081.
  • O’Bryant SE, Xiao G, Barber R, Reisch J, Hall J, Cullum CM, Doody R, Fairchild T, Adams P, Wilhelmsen K, et al. 2011b. A blood-based algorithm for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 32:55–62.
  • O’Bryant SE, Xiao G, Edwards M, Devous M, Gupta VB, Martins R, Zhang F, Barber R. 2013. Biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease among Mexican Americans. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 34:841–849.
  • O’Bryant SE, Xiao G, Zhang F, Edwards M, German DC, Yin X, Como T, Reisch J, Huebinger RM, Graff-Radford N, et al. 2014. Validation of a serum screen for Alzheimer’s disease across assay platforms, species, and tissues. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 42:1325–1335.
  • Oeckl P, Metzger F, Nagl M, von Arnim CA, Halbgebauer S, Steinacker P, Ludolph AC, Otto M. 2016. Alpha-, Beta-, and gamma-synuclein quantification in cerebrospinal fluid by multiple reaction monitoring reveals increased concentrations in alzheimer’s and creutzfeldt-jakob disease but no alteration in synucleinopathies. Mol Cell Proteom. 15:3126–3138.
  • Oeckl P, Steinacker P, Feneberg E, Otto M. 2015. Cerebrospinal fluid proteomics and protein biomarkers in frontotemporal lobar degeneration: current status and future perspectives. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1854:757–768.
  • Oeckl P, Steinacker P, Feneberg E, Otto M. 2016. Neurochemical biomarkers in the diagnosis of frontotemporal lobar degeneration: an update. J Neurochem. 138(Suppl 1):184–192.
  • Oeckl P, Steinacker P, von Arnim CA, Straub S, Nagl M, Feneberg E, Weishaupt JH, Ludolph AC, Otto M. 2014. Intact protein analysis of ubiquitin in cerebrospinal fluid by multiple reaction monitoring reveals differences in Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Proteome Res. 13:4518–4525.
  • Oh SI, Baek S, Park JS, Piao L, Oh KW, Kim SH. 2015. Prognostic role of serum levels of uric acid in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Clin Neurol (Seoul, Korea). 11:376–382.
  • Okamura N, Harada R, Furukawa K, Furumoto S, Tago T, Yanai K, Arai H, Kudo Y. 2016. Advances in the development of tau PET radiotracers and their clinical applications. Ageing Res Rev. 30:107–113.
  • Olsson B, Constantinescu R, Holmberg B, Andreasen N, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. 2013. The glial marker YKL-40 is decreased in synucleinopathies. Move Disord. 28:1882–1885.
  • Olsson B, Lautner R, Andreasson U, Ohrfelt A, Portelius E, Bjerke M, Holtta M, Rosen C, Olsson C, Strobel G, et al. 2016. CSF and blood biomarkers for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 15:673–684.
  • Ossenkoppele R, Jansen WJ, Rabinovici GD, Knol DL, van der Flier WM, van Berckel BN, Scheltens P, Visser PJ, Verfaillie SC, Zwan MD, et al. 2015. Prevalence of amyloid PET positivity in dementia syndromes: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 313:1939–1949.
  • Ott A, Breteler MM, van Harskamp F, Claus JJ, van der Cammen TJ, Grobbee DE, Hofman A. 1995. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia: association with education. The rotterdam study. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed). 310:970–973.
  • Pakpoor J, Seminog OO, Ramagopalan SV, Goldacre MJ. 2015. Clinical associations between gout and multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease and motor neuron disease: record-linkage studies. BMC Neurol. 15:16.
  • Palmqvist S, Mattsson N, Hansson O. 2016. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis detects cerebral amyloid-beta accumulation earlier than positron emission tomography. Brain. 139:1226–1236.
  • Panegyres PK. 1997. The amyloid precursor protein gene: a neuropeptide gene with diverse functions in the central nervous system. Neuropeptides. 31:523–535.
  • Pannee J, Gobom J, Shaw LM, Korecka M, Chambers EE, Lame M, Jenkins R, Mylott W, Carrillo MC, Zegers I, et al. 2016. Round robin test on quantification of amyloid-beta 1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid by mass spectrometry. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 12:55–59.
  • Pannee J, Portelius E, Minthon L, Gobom J, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Hansson O, Blennow K. 2016. Reference measurement procedure for CSF amyloid beta (Abeta)1-42 and the CSF Abeta1-42/Abeta1-40 ratio - a cross-validation study against amyloid PET. J Neurochem. 139:651–658.
  • Pannee J, Portelius E, Oppermann M, Atkins A, Hornshaw M, Zegers I, Hojrup P, Minthon L, Hansson O, Zetterberg H, et al. 2013. A selected reaction monitoring (SRM)-based method for absolute quantification of Abeta38, Abeta40, and Abeta42 in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy controls. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 33:1021–1032.
  • Parchi P, de Boni L, Saverioni D, Cohen ML, Ferrer I, Gambetti P, Gelpi E, Giaccone G, Hauw JJ, Hoftberger R, et al. 2012. Consensus classification of human prion disease histotypes allows reliable identification of molecular subtypes: an inter-rater study among surveillance centres in Europe and USA. Acta Neuropathol. 124:517–529.
  • Parchi P, Strammiello R, Notari S, Giese A, Langeveld JP, Ladogana A, Zerr I, Roncaroli F, Cras P, Ghetti B, et al. 2009. Incidence and spectrum of sporadic creutzfeldt-jakob disease variants with mixed phenotype and co-occurrence of PrPSc types: an updated classification. Acta Neuropathol. 118:659–671.
  • Park MJ, Cheon SM, Bae HR, Kim SH, Kim JW. 2011. Elevated levels of alpha-synuclein oligomer in the cerebrospinal fluid of drug-naive patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Clin Neurol (Seoul, Korea). 7:215–222.
  • Park SA, Kang JH, Kang ES, Ki CS, Roh JH, Youn YC, Kim SY, Kim SY. 2015. A consensus in Korea regarding a protocol to reduce preanalytical sources of variability in the measurement of the cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease. J Clin Neurol (Seoul, Korea). 11:132–141.
  • Parnetti L, Cicognola C, Eusebi P, Chiasserini D. 2016. Value of cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein species as biomarker in Parkinson’s diagnosis and prognosis. Biomark Med. 10:35–49.
  • Parnetti L, Eusebi P, Lleo A. 2016. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for target engagement and efficacy in clinical trials for Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Front Neurol Neurosci. 39:117–123.
  • Paulsen JS, Nance M, Kim JI, Carlozzi NE, Panegyres PK, Erwin C, Goh A, McCusker E, Williams JK. 2013. A review of quality of life after predictive testing for and earlier identification of neurodegenerative diseases. Progr Neurobiol. 110:2–28.
  • Pendlebury ST, Rothwell PM. 2009. Prevalence, incidence, and factors associated with pre-stroke and post-stroke dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 8:1006–1018.
  • Perez A, Morelli L, Cresto JC, Castano EM. 2000. Degradation of soluble amyloid beta-peptides 1-40, 1-42, and the Dutch variant 1-40Q by insulin degrading enzyme from Alzheimer disease and control brains. Neurochem Res. 25:247–255.
  • Perneczky R, Tsolakidou A, Arnold A, Diehl-Schmid J, Grimmer T, Förstl H, Kurz A, Alexopoulos P. 2011. CSF soluble amyloid precursor proteins in the diagnosis of incipient Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 77:35–38.
  • Perret-Liaudet A, Pelpel M, Tholance Y, Dumont B, Vanderstichele H, Zorzi W, Elmoualij B, Schraen S, Moreaud O, Gabelle A, et al. 2012. Risk of Alzheimer’s disease biological misdiagnosis linked to cerebrospinal collection tubes. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 31:13–20.
  • Perrotin A, de Flores R, Lamberton F, Poisnel G, La Joie R, de la Sayette V, Mezenge F, Tomadesso C, Landeau B, Desgranges B, et al. 2015. Hippocampal subfield volumetry and 3D surface mapping in subjective cognitive decline. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 48(Suppl 1):S141–S150.
  • Perrotin A, La Joie R, de La Sayette V, Barré L, Mézenge F, Mutlu J, Guilloteau D, Egret S, Eustache F, Chételat G. 2016. Subjective cognitive decline in cognitively normal elders from the community or from a memory clinic: differential affective and imaging correlates. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 13:550–560.
  • Peskind ER, Li G, Shofer J, Quinn JF, Kaye JA, Clark CM, Farlow MR, DeCarli C, Raskind MA, Schellenberg GD, et al. 2006. Age and apolipoprotein E*4 allele effects on cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 42 in adults with normal cognition. Arch Neurol. 63:936–939.
  • Peter J, Scheef L, Abdulkadir A, Boecker H, Heneka M, Wagner M, Koppara A, Kloppel S, Jessen F. 2014. Gray matter atrophy pattern in elderly with subjective memory impairment. Alzheimer’s Dement. 10:99–108.
  • Petersen RC. 2004. Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. J Intern Med. 256:183–194.
  • Petersen RC, Aisen P, Boeve BF, Geda YE, Ivnik RJ, Knopman DS, Mielke M, Pankratz VS, Roberts R, Rocca WA, et al. 2013a. Criteria for mild cognitive impairment due to alzheimer’s disease in the community. Ann Neurol. 74:199–208.
  • Petersen RC, Aisen P, Boeve BF, Geda YE, Ivnik RJ, Knopman DS, Mielke M, Pankratz VS, Roberts R, Rocca WA, et al. 2013b. Mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer disease in the community. Ann Neurol. 74:199–208.
  • Petersen RC, Smith GE, Waring SC, Ivnik RJ, Tangalos EG, Kokmen E. 1999. Mild cognitive impairment: clinical characterization and outcome. Arch Neurol. 56:303–308.
  • Petzold A. 2005. Neurofilament phosphoforms: surrogate markers for axonal injury, degeneration and loss. J Neurol Sci. 233:183–198.
  • Piazza F, Greenberg SM, Savoiardo M, Gardinetti M, Chiapparini L, Raicher I, Nitrini R, Sakaguchi H, Brioschi M, Billo G, et al. 2013. Anti-amyloid beta autoantibodies in cerebral amyloid angiopathy-related inflammation: implications for amyloid-modifying therapies. Ann Neurol. 73:449–458.
  • Pica-Mendez AM, Tanen M, Dallob A, Tanaka W, Laterza OF. 2010. Nonspecific binding of Abeta42 to polypropylene tubes and the effect of Tween-20. Clin Chim Acta; Int J Clin Chem. 411:1833.
  • Piccio L, Deming Y, Del-Aguila JL, Ghezzi L, Holtzman DM, Fagan AM, Fenoglio C, Galimberti D, Borroni B, Cruchaga C. 2016. Cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 is higher in Alzheimer disease and associated with mutation status. Acta Neuropathol. 131:925–933.
  • Pijnenburg YA, Verwey NA, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P, Teunissen CE. 2015. Discriminative and prognostic potential of cerebrospinal fluid phosphoTau/tau ratio and neurofilaments for frontotemporal dementia subtypes. Alzheimer’s Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 1:505–512.
  • Plebani M. 2006. Errors in clinical laboratories or errors in laboratory medicine? Clin Chem Lab Med. 44:750–759.
  • Poncin-Epaillard F, Mille C, Debarnot D, Zorzi W, El Moualij B, Coudreuse A, Legeay G, Quadrio I, Perret-Liaudet A. 2012. Study of the adhesion of neurodegenerative proteins on plasma-modified and coated polypropylene surfaces. J Biomat Sci Poly Ed. 23:1879–1893.
  • Portelius E, Dean RA, Andreasson U, Mattsson N, Westerlund A, Olsson M, Demattos RB, Racke MM, Zetterberg H, May PC, et al. 2014. beta-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1(BACE1) inhibitor treatment induces Abeta5-X peptides through alternative amyloid precursor protein cleavage. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 6:75.
  • Portelius E, Dean RA, Gustavsson MK, Andreasson U, Zetterberg H, Siemers E, Blennow K. 2010. A novel abeta isoform pattern in CSF reflects gamma-secretase inhibition in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 2:7.
  • Portelius E, Fortea J, Molinuevo JL, Gustavsson MK, Andreasson U, Sanchez-Valle R. 2012. The amyloid-beta isoform pattern in cerebrospinal fluid in familial PSEN1 M139T- and L286P-associated Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Med Rep. 5:1111–1115.
  • Portelius E, Mattsson N, Pannee J, Zetterberg H, Gisslen M, Vanderstichele H, Gkanatsiou E, Crespi GA, Parker MW, Miles LA, et al. 2017. Ex vivo 18O-labeling mass spectrometry identifies a peripheral amyloid beta clearance pathway. Mol Neurodegener. 12:18.
  • Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Dean RA, Marcil A, Bourgeois P, Nutu M, Andreasson U, Siemers E, Mawuenyega KG, Sigurdson WC, et al. 2012. Amyloid-beta(1-15/16) as a marker for gamma-secretase inhibition in Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 31:335–341.
  • Portelius E, Zetterberg H, Skillback T, Tornqvist U, Andreasson U, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Shaw LM, Mattsson N, Blennow K. 2015. Cerebrospinal fluid neurogranin: relation to cognition and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain. 138:3373–3385.
  • Pottier C, Hannequin D, Coutant S, Rovelet-Lecrux A, Wallon D, Rousseau S, Legallic S, Paquet C, Bombois S, Pariente J, et al. 2012. High frequency of potentially pathogenic SORL1 mutations in autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease. Mol Psychiatry. 17:875–879.
  • Prestia A, Caroli A, van der Flier WM, Ossenkoppele R, Van Berckel B, Barkhof F, Teunissen CE, Wall AE, Carter SF, Scholl M, et al. 2013. Prediction of dementia in MCI patients based on core diagnostic markers for Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 80:1048–1056.
  • Prince M, Wimo A, Guerchet M, Ali GC, Wu Y-T, Prina M. 2015. World Alzheimer Report 2015. London.
  • Pringsheim T, Jette N, Frolkis A, Steeves TD. 2014. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Move Disord. 29:1583–1590.
  • Rabinovici GD, Miller BL. 2010. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs. 24:375–398.
  • Racine AM, Koscik RL, Nicholas CR, Clark LR, Okonkwo OC, Oh JM, Hillmer AT, Murali D, Barnhart TE, Betthauser TJ, et al. 2016. Cerebrospinal fluid ratios with Aβ(42) predict preclinical brain β-amyloid accumulation. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 2:27–38.
  • Rademakers R, Neumann M, Mackenzie IR. 2012. Advances in understanding the molecular basis of frontotemporal dementia. Nat Rev Neurol. 8:423–434.
  • Rahkonen T, Eloniemi-Sulkava U, Rissanen S, Vatanen A, Viramo P, Sulkava R. 2003. Dementia with lewy bodies according to the consensus criteria in a general population aged 75 years or older. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 74:720–724.
  • Rahman B, Meiser B, Sachdev P, Barlow-Stewart K, Otlowski M, Zilliacus E, Schofield P. 2012. To know or not to know: an update of the literature on the psychological and behavioral impact of genetic testing for Alzheimer disease risk. Genet Test Mol Biomark. 16:935–942.
  • Ramirez A, van der Flier WM, Herold C, Ramonet D, Heilmann S, Lewczuk P, Popp J, Lacour A, Drichel D, Louwersheimer E, et al. 2014. SUCLG2 identified as both a determinator of CSF Abeta1-42 levels and an attenuator of cognitive decline in Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Mol Genet. 23:6644–6658.
  • Ranganathan S, Williams E, Ganchev P, Gopalakrishnan V, Lacomis D, Urbinelli L, Newhall K, Cudkowicz ME, Brown RH Jr, Bowser R. 2005. Proteomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid identifies biomarkers for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurochem. 95:1461–1471.
  • Raschetti R, Albanese E, Vanacore N, Maggini M. 2007. Cholinesterase inhibitors in mild cognitive impairment: a systematic review of randomised trials. PLoS Med. 4:e338.
  • Rascovsky K, Hodges JR, Knopman D, Mendez MF, Kramer JH, Neuhaus J, van Swieten JC, Seelaar H, Dopper EG, Onyike CU, et al. 2011. Sensitivity of revised diagnostic criteria for the behavioural variant of frontotemporal dementia. Brain. 134:2456–2477.
  • Ratai E, Kirov I, Glodzik L, Gonen O. 2016. Studying aging, dementia, trauma, infection, and developmental disorders of the brain with 1H MRS. In: Handbook of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). New York: Wiley.
  • Rathore S, Habes M, Iftikhar MA, Shacklett A, Davatzikos C. 2017. A review on neuroimaging-based classification studies and associated feature extraction methods for Alzheimer’s disease and its prodromal stages. Neuroimage. 155:530–548.
  • Ray S, Britschgi M, Herbert C, Takeda-Uchimura Y, Boxer A, Blennow K, Friedman LF, Galasko DR, Jutel M, Karydas A, et al. 2007. Classification and prediction of clinical Alzheimer’s diagnosis based on plasma signaling proteins. Nature Med. 1, 1359–1362.
  • Reddy PH, Mani G, Park BS, Jacques J, Murdoch G, Whetsell W Jr, Kaye J, Manczak M. 2005. Differential loss of synaptic proteins in Alzheimer’s disease: implications for synaptic dysfunction. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 7:103–117.
  • Reiber H. 2001. Dynamics of brain-derived proteins in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chim Acta.; Int J Clin Chem. 310:173–186.
  • Reijs BL, Teunissen CE, Goncharenko N, Betsou F, Blennow K, Baldeiras I, Brosseron F, Cavedo E, Fladby T, Froelich L, et al. 2015. The Central biobank and virtual biobank of BIOMARKAPD: a resource for studies on neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurol. 6:216.
  • Reisberg B, Ferris SH, de Leon MJ, Crook T. 1982. The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. Am J Psychiatry. 139:1136–1139.
  • Renard D, Castelnovo G, Wacongne A, Le Floch A, Thouvenot E, Mas J, Gabelle A, Labauge P, Lehmann S. 2012. Interest of CSF biomarker analysis in possible cerebral amyloid angiopathy cases defined by the modified Boston criteria. J Neurol. 259:2429–2433.
  • Renard D, Gabelle A, Hirtz C, Demattei C, Thouvenot E, Lehmann S. 2016. Cerebrospinal fluid Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in isolated supratentorial cortical superficial siderosis. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 54:1291–1295.
  • Rensink AA, de Waal RM, Kremer B, Verbeek MM. 2003. Pathogenesis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 43:207–223.
  • Rentzos M, Rombos A, Nikolaou C, Zoga M, Zouvelou V, Dimitrakopoulos A, Alexakis T, Tsoutsou A, Samakovli A, Michalopoulou M, et al. 2010. Interleukin-17 and interleukin-23 are elevated in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with ALS: a reflection of Th17 cells activation? Acta Neurol Scand. 122:425–429.
  • Represa A, Deloulme JC, Sensenbrenner M, Ben-Ari Y, Baudier J. 1990. Neurogranin: immunocytochemical localization of a brain-specific protein kinase C substrate. J Neurosci. 10:3782–3792.
  • Ridge PG, Hoyt KB, Boehme K, Mukherjee S, Crane PK, Haines JL, Mayeux R, Farrer LA, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, et al. 2016. Assessment of the genetic variance of late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 41:200.e213–200.e220.
  • Ridge PG, Mukherjee S, Crane PK, Kauwe JS. 2013. Alzheimer’s disease: analyzing the missing heritability. PLoS One. 8:e79771.
  • Risacher SL, Kim S, Nho K, Foroud T, Shen L, Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr, Beckett LA, Aisen PS, Koeppe RA, et al. 2015. APOE effect on Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers in older adults with significant memory concern. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:1417–1429.
  • Risacher SL, Saykin AJ. 2013. Neuroimaging and other biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: the changing landscape of early detection. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 9:621–648.
  • Rissin DM, Kan CW, Campbell TG, Howes SC, Fournier DR, Song L, Piech T, Patel PP, Chang L, Rivnak AJ, et al. 2010. Single-molecule enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detects serum proteins at subfemtomolar concentrations. Nat Biotechnol. 28:595–599.
  • Rissin DM, Kan CW, Song L, Rivnak AJ, Fishburn MW, Shao Q, Piech T, Ferrell EP, Meyer RE, Campbell TG, et al. 2013. Multiplexed single molecule immunoassays. Lab Chip. 13:2902–2911.
  • Ritchie C, Smailagic N, Noel-Storr AH, Takwoingi Y, Flicker L, Mason SE, McShane R. 2014. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014:CD008782.
  • Rivnak AJ, Rissin DM, Kan CW, Song L, Fishburn MW, Piech T, Campbell TG, DuPont DR, Gardel M, Sullivan S, et al. 2015. A fully-automated, six-plex single molecule immunoassay for measuring cytokines in blood. J Immunol Methods. 424:20–27.
  • Roberts JS, Dunn LB, Rabinovici GD. 2013. Amyloid imaging, risk disclosure and Alzheimer’s disease: ethical and practical issues. Neurodegener Dis Manage. 3:219–229.
  • Robinson L, Gemski A, Abley C, Bond J, Keady J, Campbell S, Samsi K, Manthorpe J. 2011. The transition to dementia–individual and family experiences of receiving a diagnosis: a review. Int Psychogeriatr. 23:1026–1043.
  • Roe CM, Fagan AM, Grant EA, Hassenstab J, Moulder KL, Maue Dreyfus D, Sutphen CL, Benzinger TL, Mintun MA, Holtzman DM, et al. 2013. Amyloid imaging and CSF biomarkers in predicting cognitive impairment up to 7.5 years later. Neurology. 80:1784–1791.
  • Rogaev EI, Sherrington R, Rogaeva EA, Levesque G, Ikeda M, Liang Y, Chi H, Lin C, Holman K, Tsuda T, et al. 1995. Familial Alzheimer’s disease in kindreds with missense mutations in a gene on chromosome 1 related to the Alzheimer’s disease type 3 gene. Nature. 376:775–778.
  • Rohloff JC, Gelinas AD, Jarvis TC, Ochsner UA, Schneider DJ, Gold L, Janjic N. 2014. Nucleic acid ligands with protein-like side chains: modified aptamers and their use as diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids. 3:e201.
  • Rohrer JD, Woollacott IO, Dick KM, Brotherhood E, Gordon E, Fellows A, Toombs J, Druyeh R, Cardoso MJ, Ourselin S, et al. 2016. Serum neurofilament light chain protein is a measure of disease intensity in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 87:1329–1336.
  • Rosengren LE, Karlsson JE, Karlsson JO, Persson LI, Wikkelso C. 1996. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases have increased levels of neurofilament protein in CSF. J Neurochem. 67:2013–2018.
  • Rosner H, Rebhan M, Vacun G, Vanmechelen E. 1995. Developmental expression of tau proteins in the chicken and rat brain: rapid down-regulation of a paired helical filament epitope in the rat cerebral cortex coincides with the transition from immature to adult tau isoforms. Int J Dev Neurosci. 13:607–617.
  • Rovelet-Lecrux A, Hannequin D, Raux G, Le Meur N, Laquerriere A, Vital A, Dumanchin C, Feuillette S, Brice A, Vercelletto M, et al. 2006. APP locus duplication causes autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer disease with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Nat Genet. 38:24–26.
  • Rowe C, Ellis K, Brown B, Bourgeat P, Faux N, Martins R, Salvado O, Masters C, Ames D, Villemagne V. 2003. Cognition, hippocampal volume and fibrillar Aβ burden as predictors of cognitive decline: three-year follow-up results from AIBL. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 8:P433.
  • Russ TC, Morling JR. 2012. Cholinesterase inhibitors for mild cognitive impairment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12:Cd009132.
  • Ryberg H, An J, Darko S, Lustgarten JL, Jaffa M, Gopalakrishnan V, Lacomis D, Cudkowicz M, Bowser R. 2010. Discovery and verification of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis biomarkers by proteomics. Muscle Nerve. 42:104–111.
  • Saborio GP, Permanne B, Soto C. 2001. Sensitive detection of pathological prion protein by cyclic amplification of protein misfolding. Nature. 411:810–813.
  • Sachdev P, Kalaria R, O’Brien J, Skoog I, Alladi S, Black SE, Blacker D, Blazer DG, Chen C, Chui H, et al. 2014. Diagnostic criteria for vascular cognitive disorders: a VASCOG statement. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 28:206–218.
  • Salloway S, Sperling R, Fox NC, Blennow K, Klunk W, Raskind M, Sabbagh M, Honig LS, Porsteinsson AP, Ferris S, et al. 2014. Two phase 3 trials of bapineuzumab in mild-to-moderate Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 370:322–333.
  • Salvadores N, Shahnawaz M, Scarpini E, Tagliavini F, Soto C. 2014. Detection of misfolded Abeta oligomers for sensitive biochemical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Cell Rep. 7:261–268.
  • Salza R, Oudart JB, Ramont L, Maquart FX, Bakchine S, Thoannes H, Ricard-Blum S. 2015. Endostatin level in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 44:1253–1261.
  • Sanchez-Juan P, Green A, Ladogana A, Cuadrado-Corrales N, Saanchez-Valle R, Mitrovaa E, Stoeck K, Sklaviadis T, Kulczycki J, Hess K, et al. 2006. CSF tests in the differential diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Neurology. 67:637–643.
  • Sano K, Satoh K, Atarashi R, Takashima H, Iwasaki Y, Yoshida M, Sanjo N, Murai H, Mizusawa H, Schmitz M, et al. 2013. Early detection of abnormal prion protein in genetic human prion diseases now possible using real-time QUIC assay. PLoS One. 8:e54915.
  • Schaafsma JD, van der Graaf Y, Rinkel GJ, Buskens E. 2009. Decision analysis to complete diagnostic research by closing the gap between test characteristics and cost-effectiveness. J Clin Epidemiol. 62:1248–1252.
  • Scheltens P, Blennow K, Breteler MM, de Strooper B, Frisoni GB, Salloway S, Van der Flier WM. 2016. Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet (London, England). 388:505–517.
  • Scherl A. 2015. Clinical protein mass spectrometry. Methods (San Diego, CA). 81:3–14.
  • Scherling CS, Hall T, Berisha F, Klepac K, Karydas A, Coppola G, Kramer JH, Rabinovici G, Ahlijanian M, Miller BL, et al. 2014. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament concentration reflects disease severity in frontotemporal degeneration. Ann Neurol. 75:116–126.
  • Scherzer CR, Grass JA, Liao Z, Pepivani I, Zheng B, Eklund AC, Ney PA, Ng J, McGoldrick M, Mollenhauer B, et al. 2008. GATA transcription factors directly regulate the Parkinson’s disease-linked gene alpha-synuclein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 105:10907–10912.
  • Schipke CG, Jessen F, Teipel S, Luckhaus C, Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Frolich L, Maier W, Ruther E, Heppner FL, et al. 2011. Long-term stability of Alzheimer’s disease biomarker proteins in cerebrospinal fluid. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 26:255–262.
  • Schmid AW, Fauvet B, Moniatte M, Lashuel HA. 2013. Alpha-synuclein post-translational modifications as potential biomarkers for Parkinson disease and other synucleinopathies. Mol Cell Proteom. 12:3543–3558.
  • Schmitz M, Cramm M, Llorens F, Muller-Cramm D, Collins S, Atarashi R, Satoh K, Orru CD, Groveman BR, Zafar S, et al. 2016. The real-time quaking-induced conversion assay for detection of human prion disease and study of other protein misfolding diseases. Nature Protocols. 11:2233–2242.
  • Schmitz M, Ebert E, Stoeck K, Karch A, Collins S, Calero M, Sklaviadis T, Laplanche JL, Golanska E, Baldeiras I, et al. 2016. Validation of 14-3-3 protein as a marker in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease diagnostic. Mol Neurobiol. 53:2189–2199.
  • Schneider JA, Aggarwal NT, Barnes L, Boyle P, Bennett DA. 2009. The neuropathology of older persons with and without dementia from community versus clinic cohorts. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 18:691–701.
  • Schneider JA, Boyle PA, Arvanitakis Z, Bienias JL, Bennett DA. 2007. Subcortical infarcts, Alzheimer’s disease pathology, and memory function in older persons. Ann Neurol. 62:59–66.
  • Schneider LS, Mangialasche F, Andreasen N, Feldman H, Giacobini E, Jones R, Mantua V, Mecocci P, Pani L, Winblad B, et al. 2014. Clinical trials and late-stage drug development for Alzheimer’s disease: an appraisal from 1984 to 2014. J Intern Med. 275:251–283.
  • Scholl M, Lockhart SN, Schonhaut DR, O’Neil JP, Janabi M, Ossenkoppele R, Baker SL, Vogel JW, Faria J, Schwimmer HD, et al. 2016. PET Imaging of Tau Deposition in the Aging Human Brain. Neuron. 89:971–982.
  • Schoonenboom NS, Mulder C, Vanderstichele H, Van Elk EJ, Kok A, Van Kamp GJ, Scheltens P, Blankenstein MA. 2005. Effects of processing and storage conditions on amyloid beta (1-42) and tau concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: implications for use in clinical practice. Clin Chem. 51:189–195.
  • Schultz SA, Oh JM, Koscik RL, Dowling NM, Gallagher CL, Carlsson CM, Bendlin BB, LaRue A, Hermann BP, Rowley HA, et al. 2015. Subjective memory complaints, cortical thinning, and cognitive dysfunction in middle-aged adults at risk for AD. Alzheimer’s Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 1:33–40.
  • Schwarz AJ, Yu P, Miller BB, Shcherbinin S, Dickson J, Navitsky M, Joshi AD, Devous MD, Sr, Mintun MS. 2016. Regional profiles of the candidate tau PET ligand 18F-AV-1451 recapitulate key features of Braak histopathological stages. Brain. 139:1539–1550.
  • Seeburger JL, Holder DJ, Combrinck M, Joachim C, Laterza O, Tanen M, Dallob A, Chappell D, Snyder K, Flynn M, et al. 2015. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers distinguish postmortem-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias and healthy controls in the OPTIMA cohort. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 44:525–539.
  • Selkoe DJ, Wolfe MS. 2007. Presenilin: running with scissors in the membrane. Cell. 131:215–221.
  • Seltman RE, Matthews BR. 2012. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis and management. CNS Drugs. 26:841–870.
  • Seshadri S, Fitzpatrick AL, Ikram MA, DeStefano AL, Gudnason V, Boada M, Bis JC, Smith AV, Carassquillo MM, Lambert JC, et al. 2010. Genome-wide analysis of genetic loci associated with Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 303:1832–1840.
  • Shahani N, Brandt R. 2002. Functions and malfunctions of the tau proteins. Cell Mol Life Sci. 59:1668–1680.
  • Shams S, Granberg T, Martola J, Li X, Shams M, Fereshtehnejad SM, Cavallin L, Aspelin P, Kristoffersen-Wiberg M, Wahlund LO. 2016. Cerebrospinal fluid profiles with increasing number of cerebral microbleeds in a continuum of cognitive impairment. J Cereb Blood Flow Metabol. 36:621–628.
  • Shannon KM, Keshavarzian A, Dodiya HB, Jakate S, Kordower JH. 2012. Is alpha-synuclein in the colon a biomarker for premotor Parkinson’s disease? Evidence from 3 cases. Move Disord. 27:716–719.
  • Shaw LM, Korecka M, Clark CM, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ. 2007. Biomarkers of neurodegeneration for diagnosis and monitoring therapeutics. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 6:295–303.
  • Shaw LM, Vanderstichele H, Knapik-Czajka M, Clark CM, Aisen PS, Petersen RC, Blennow K, Soares H, Simon A, Lewczuk P, et al. 2009. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker signature in Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative subjects. Ann Neurol. 65:403–413.
  • Shaw LM, Vanderstichele H, Knapik-Czajka M, Figurski M, Coart E, Blennow K, Soares H, Simon AJ, Lewczuk P, Dean RA, et al. 2011. Qualification of the analytical and clinical performance of CSF biomarker analyses in ADNI. Acta Neuropathol. 121:597–609.
  • Sherrington R, Rogaev EI, Liang Y, Rogaeva EA, Levesque G, Ikeda M, Chi H, Lin C, Li G, Holman K, et al. 1995. Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease. Nature. 375:754–760.
  • Shi M, Liu C, Cook TJ, Bullock KM, Zhao Y, Ginghina C, Li Y, Aro P, Dator R, He C, et al. 2014. Plasma exosomal α-synuclein is likely CNS-derived and increased in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. 128:639–650.
  • Siemers ER, Friedrich S, Dean RA, Gonzales CR, Farlow MR, Paul SM, Demattos RB. 2010. Safety and changes in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta after a single administration of an amyloid beta monoclonal antibody in subjects with Alzheimer disease. Clin Neuropharmacol. 33:67–73.
  • Siemers ER, Quinn JF, Kaye J, Farlow MR, Porsteinsson A, Tariot P, Zoulnouni P, Galvin JE, Holtzman DM, Knopman DS, et al. 2006. Effects of a gamma-secretase inhibitor in a randomized study of patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 66:602–604.
  • Simonsen AH, Bahl JM, Danborg PB, Lindstrom V, Larsen SO, Grubb A, Heegaard NH, Waldemar G. 2013. Pre-analytical factors influencing the stability of cerebrospinal fluid proteins. J Neurosci Methods. 215:234–240.
  • Simonsen AH, Kuiperij B, El-Agnaf OM, Engelborghs S, Herukka SK, Parnetti L, Rektorova I, Vanmechelen E, Kapaki E, Verbeek M, et al. 2016. The utility of alpha-synuclein as biofluid marker in neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review of the literature. Biomark Med. 10:19–34.
  • Sjögren M, Gisslen M, Vanmechelen E, Blennow K. 2001. Low cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 42 in patients with acute bacterial meningitis and normalization after treatment. Neurosci Lett. 314:33–36.
  • Skillback T, Farahmand B, Bartlett JW, Rosen C, Mattsson N, Nagga K, Kilander L, Religa D, Wimo A, Winblad B, et al. 2014. CSF neurofilament light differs in neurodegenerative diseases and predicts severity and survival. Neurology. 83:1945–1953.
  • Skillback T, Rosen C, Asztely F, Mattsson N, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. 2014. Diagnostic performance of cerebrospinal fluid total Tau and phosphorylated Tau in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: results from the swedish mortality registry. JAMA Neurol. 71:476–483.
  • Skoldunger A, Johnell K, Winblad B, Wimo A. 2013. Mortality and treatment costs have a great impact on the cost-effectiveness of disease modifying treatment in Alzheimer’s disease: a simulation study. Curr Alzheimer Res. 10:207–216.
  • Skrobot OA, Attems J, Esiri M, Hortobagyi T, Ironside JW, Kalaria RN, King A, Lammie GA, Mann D, Neal J, et al. 2016. Vascular cognitive impairment neuropathology guidelines (VCING): the contribution of cerebrovascular pathology to cognitive impairment. Brain. 139:2957–2969.
  • Slaets S, Le Bastard N, Martin JJ, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S. 2013. Cerebrospinal fluid Abeta1-40 improves differential dementia diagnosis in patients with intermediate P-tau181P levels. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 36:759–767.
  • Slaets S, Le Bastard N, Theuns J, Sleegers K, Verstraeten AD, Leenheir E, Luyckx J, Martin JJ, Van Broeckhoven C, Engelborghs S. 2013. Amyloid pathology influences abeta1-42 cerebrospinal fluid levels in dementia with lewy bodies. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 35:137–146.
  • Slaets S, Vanmechelen E, Le Bastard N, Decraemer H, Vandijck M, Martin JJ, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S. 2014. Increased CSF alpha-synuclein levels in Alzheimer’s disease: correlation with tau levels. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 10:S290–S298.
  • Slats D, Claassen JA, Spies PE, Borm G, Besse KT, van Aalst W, Tseng J, Sjogren MJ, Olde Rikkert MG, Verbeek MM. 2012. Hourly variability of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer’s disease subjects and healthy older volunteers. Neurobiol Aging. 33:831.e831–839.
  • Sleegers K, Bettens K, De Roeck A, Van Cauwenberghe C, Cuyvers E, Verheijen J, Struyfs H, Van Dongen J, Vermeulen S, Engelborghs S, et al. 2015. A 22-single nucleotide polymorphism Alzheimer’s disease risk score correlates with family history, onset age, and cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:1452–1460.
  • Slemmon JR, Meredith J, Guss V, Andreasson U, Andreasen N, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. 2012. Measurement of Abeta1-42 in cerebrospinal fluid is influenced by matrix effects. J Neurochem. 120:325–333.
  • Smith EE, Greenberg SM. 2003. Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 5:260–266.
  • Soares HD, Chen Y, Sabbagh M, Roher A, Schrijvers E, Breteler M. 2009. Identifying early markers of Alzheimer’s disease using quantitative multiplex proteomic immunoassay panels. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1180:56–67.
  • Song Y, Stampfer MJ, Liu S. 2004. Meta-analysis: apolipoprotein E genotypes and risk for coronary heart disease. Ann Intern Med. 141:137–147.
  • Sonnen JA, Cruz KS, Hemmy LS, Woltjer R, Leverenz JB, Montine KS, Jack CR, Kaye J, Lim K, Larson EB, et al. 2011. Ecology of the aging human brain. Arch Neurol. 68:1049–1056.
  • Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM, Iwatsubo T, Jack CR, Kaye J, Montine TJ, et al. 2011. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 7:280–292.
  • Spies PE, Slats D, Rikkert MG, Tseng J, Claassen JA, Verbeek MM. 2011. CSF alpha-synuclein concentrations do not fluctuate over hours and are not correlated to amyloid beta in humans. Neurosci Lett. 504:336–338.
  • Spies PE, Verbeek MM, van GT, Claassen JA. 2012. Reviewing reasons for the decreased CSF Abeta42 concentration in Alzheimer disease. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 17:2024–2034.
  • Spillantini MG, Schmidt ML, Lee VM, Trojanowski JQ, Jakes R, Goedert M. 1997. Alpha-synuclein in Lewy bodies. Nature. 388:839–840.
  • Stancu IC, Vasconcelos B, Ris L, Wang P, Villers A, Peeraer E, Buist A, Terwel D, Baatsen P, Oyelami T, et al. 2015. Templated misfolding of Tau by prion-like seeding along neuronal connections impairs neuronal network function and associated behavioral outcomes in Tau transgenic mice. Acta Neuropathol. 129:875–894.
  • Steinacker P, Feneberg E, Weishaupt J, Brettschneider J, Tumani H, Andersen PM, von Arnim CA, Bohm S, Kassubek J, Kubisch C, et al. 2016. Neurofilaments in the diagnosis of motoneuron diseases: a prospective study on 455 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 87:12–20.
  • Steinacker P, Hendrich C, Sperfeld AD, Jesse S, von Arnim CA, Lehnert S, Pabst A, Uttner I, Tumani H, Lee VM, et al. 2008. TDP-43 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Arch Neurol. 65:1481–1487.
  • Stevens T, Livingston G, Kitchen G, Manela M, Walker Z, Katona C. 2002. Islington study of dementia subtypes in the community. Br J Psychiatry. 180:270–276.
  • Stoeck K, Sanchez-Juan P, Gawinecka J, Green A, Ladogana A, Pocchiari M, Sanchez-Valle R, Mitrova E, Sklaviadis T, Kulczycki J, et al. 2012. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker supported diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and rapid dementias: a longitudinal multicentre study over 10 years. Brain. 135:3051–3061.
  • Stomrud E, Hansson O, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Minthon L, Londos E. 2010. Correlation of longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers with cognitive decline in healthy older adults. Arch Neurol. 67:217–223.
  • Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmechel D, Pericak-Vance M, Enghild J, Salvesen GS, Roses AD. 1993. Apolipoprotein E: high-avidity binding to beta-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90:1977–1981.
  • Struyfs H, Molinuevo JL, Martin JJ, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S. 2014. Validation of the AD-CSF-index in autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease patients and healthy controls. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 41:903–909.
  • Struyfs H, Niemantsverdriet E, Goossens J, Fransen E, Martin JJ, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S. 2015. Cerebrospinal fluid P-Tau181P: biomarker for improved differential dementia diagnosis. Front Neurol. 6:138.
  • Struyfs H, Van Broeck B, Timmers M, Fransen E, Sleegers K, Van Broeckhoven C, D, Deyn PP, Streffer JR, Mercken M, Engelborghs S. 2015. Diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta isoforms for early and differential dementia diagnosis. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 45:813–822.
  • Su Z, Zhang Y, Gendron TF, Bauer PO, Chew J, Yang WY, Fostvedt E, Jansen-West K, Belzil VV, Desaro P, et al. 2014. Discovery of a biomarker and lead small molecules to target r(GGGGCC)-associated defects in c9FTD/ALS. Neuron. 83:1043–1050.
  • Suarez-Calvet M, Dols-Icardo O, Llado A, Sanchez-Valle R, Hernandez I, Amer G, Anton-Aguirre S, Alcolea D, Fortea J, Ferrer I, et al. 2014. Plasma phosphorylated TDP-43 levels are elevated in patients with frontotemporal dementia carrying a C9orf72 repeat expansion or a GRN mutation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 85:684–691.
  • Suarez-Calvet M, Kleinberger G, Araque Caballero MA, Brendel M, Rominger A, Alcolea D, Fortea J, Lleo A, Blesa R, Gispert JD, et al. 2016. sTREM2 cerebrospinal fluid levels are a potential biomarker for microglia activity in early-stage Alzheimer’s disease and associate with neuronal injury markers. EMBO Mol Med. 8:466–476.
  • Sunderland T, Linker G, Mirza N, Putnam KT, Friedman DL, Kimmel LH, Bergeson J, Manetti GJ, Zimmermann M, Tang B, et al. 2003. Decreased beta-amyloid1-42 and increased tau levels in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer disease. JAMA.289:2094–2103.
  • Sutphen CL, Jasielec MS, Shah AR, Macy EM, Xiong C, Vlassenko AG, Benzinger TL, Stoops EE, Vanderstichele HM, Brix B, et al. 2015. Longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid biomarker changes in preclinical Alzheimer disease during middle age. JAMA Neurol. 72:1029–1042.
  • Swaminathan S, Risacher SL, Yoder KK, West JD, Shen L, Kim S, Inlow M, Foroud T, Jagust WJ, Koeppe RA, et al. 2014. Association of plasma and cortical amyloid beta is modulated by APOE epsilon4 status. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 10:e9–e18.
  • Sweileh BA, Al-Hiari YM, Kailani MH, Mohammad HA. 2010. Synthesis and characterization of polycarbonates by melt phase interchange reactions of alkylene and arylene diacetates with alkylene and arylene diphenyl dicarbonates. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 15:3661–3682.
  • Tamura R, Tomita H, Mizutani K, Miwa T. 2014. The importance of amyloid beta protein in cerebrospinal fluid when you recognize convexal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Eur Neurol. 71:283–287.
  • Tanaka M, Kikuchi H, Ishizu T, Minohara M, Osoegawa M, Motomura K, Tateishi T, Ohyagi Y, Kira J. 2006. Intrathecal upregulation of granulocyte colony stimulating factor and its neuroprotective actions on motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 65:816–825.
  • Tang W, Huang Q, Wang Y, Wang ZY, Yao YY. 2014. Assessment of CSF Abeta42 as an aid to discriminating Alzheimer’s disease from other dementias and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of 50 studies. J Neurol Sci. 345:26–36.
  • Tapiola T, Overmyer M, Lehtovirta M, Helisalmi S, Ramberg J, Alafuzoff I, Riekkinen P, Sr, Soininen H. 1997. The level of cerebrospinal fluid tau correlates with neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroreport. 8:3961–3963.
  • Tapiola T, Soininen H, Pirttila T. 2001. CSF tau and Abeta42 levels in patients with Down’s syndrome. Neurology. 56:979–980.
  • Tateishi T, Yamasaki R, Tanaka M, Matsushita T, Kikuchi H, Isobe N, Ohyagi Y, Kira J. 2010. CSF chemokine alterations related to the clinical course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol. 222:76–81.
  • Taubes G. 2003. Neuroscience. Insulin insults may spur Alzheimer’s disease. Science. 301:40–41.
  • Teipel SJ, Ewers M, Wolf S, Jessen F, Kolsch H, Arlt S, Luckhaus C, Schonknecht P, Schmidtke K, Heuser I, et al. 2010. Multicentre variability of MRI-based medial temporal lobe volumetry in Alzheimer’s disease. Psychiatry Res. 182:244–250.
  • Teunissen CE, Elias N, Koel-Simmelink MJ, Durieux-Lu S, Malekzadeh A, Pham TV, Piersma SR, Beccari T, Meeter LH, Dopper EG, et al. 2016. Novel diagnostic cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers for pathologic subtypes of frontotemporal dementia identified by proteomics. Alzheimers Dement (Amst). 2:86–94.
  • Teunissen CE, Khalil M. 2012. Neurofilaments as biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England). 18:552–556.
  • Teunissen CE, Petzold A, Bennett JL, Berven FS, Brundin L, Comabella M, Franciotta D, Frederiksen JL, Fleming JO, Furlan R, et al. 2009. A consensus protocol for the standardization of cerebrospinal fluid collection and biobanking. Neurology. 73:1914–1922.
  • Teunissen CE, Tumani H, Engelborghs S, Mollenhauer B. 2014. Biobanking of CSF: international standardization to optimize biomarker development. Clin Biochem. 47:288–292.
  • Thorsell A, Bjerke M, Gobom J, Brunhage E, Vanmechelen E, Andreasen N, Hansson O, Minthon L, Zetterberg H, Blennow K. 2010. Neurogranin in cerebrospinal fluid as a marker of synaptic degeneration in Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res. 1362:13–22.
  • Timmer NM, Herbert MK, Claassen JA, Kuiperij HB, Verbeek MM. 2015. Total glutamine synthetase levels in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer’s disease patients are unchanged. Neurobiol Aging. 36:1271–1273.
  • Todd J, Freese B, Lu A, Held D, Morey J, Livingston R, Goix P. 2007. Ultrasensitive flow-based immunoassays using single-molecule counting. Clin Chem. 53:1990–1995.
  • Tokuda T, Salem SA, Allsop D, Mizuno T, Nakagawa M, Qureshi MM, Locascio JJ, Schlossmacher MG, El-Agnaf OM. 2006. Decreased alpha-synuclein in cerebrospinal fluid of aged individuals and subjects with Parkinson’s disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 349:162–166.
  • Toledo JB, Brettschneider J, Grossman M, Arnold SE, Hu WT, Xie SX, Lee VM, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ. 2012. CSF biomarkers cutoffs: the importance of coincident neuropathological diseases. Acta Neuropathol. 124:23–35.
  • Toledo JB, Cairns NJ, Da X, Chen K, Carter D, Fleisher A, Householder E, Ayutyanont N, Roontiva A, Bauer RJ, et al. 2013. Clinical and multimodal biomarker correlates of ADNI neuropathological findings. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 1:65.
  • Toledo JB, Gopal P, Raible K, Irwin DJ, Brettschneider J, Sedor S, Waits K, Boluda S, Grossman M, Van Deerlin VM, et al. 2016. Pathological alpha-synuclein distribution in subjects with coincident Alzheimer’s and Lewy body pathology. Acta Neuropathol. 131:393–409.
  • Toledo JB, Weiner MW, Wolk DA, Da X, Chen K, Arnold SE, Jagust W, Jack C, Reiman EM, Davatzikos C, et al. 2014. Neuronal injury biomarkers and prognosis in ADNI subjects with normal cognition. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2:26.
  • Toledo JB, Xie SX, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM. 2013. Longitudinal change in CSF Tau and Aβ biomarkers for up to 48 months in ADNI. Acta Neuropathol. 126:659–670.
  • Tong G, Castaneda L, Wang JS, Sverdlov O, Huang SP, Slemmon R, Gu H, Wong O, Li H, Berman RM, et al. 2012. Effects of single doses of avagacestat (BMS-708163) on cerebrospinal fluid Abeta levels in healthy young men. Clin Drug Investig. 32:761–769.
  • Toombs J, Paterson RW, Schott JM, Zetterberg H. 2014. Amyloid-beta 42 adsorption following serial tube transfer. Alzheimer’s Res Ther. 6:5.
  • Tousseyn T, Bajsarowicz K, Sanchez H, Gheyara A, Oehler A, Geschwind M, DeArmond B, DeArmond SJ. 2015. Prion disease induces Alzheimer disease-like neuropathologic changes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 74:873–888.
  • Tsuang D, Leverenz JB, Lopez OL, Hamilton RL, Bennett DA, Schneider JA, Buchman AS, Larson EB, Crane PK, Kaye JA, et al. 2013. APOE ε4 increases risk for dementia in pure synucleinopathies. JAMA Neurol. 70:223–228.
  • Tsuji-Akimoto S, Yabe I, Niino M, Kikuchi S, Sasaki H. 2009. Cystatin C in cerebrospinal fluid as a biomarker of ALS. Neurosci Lett. 452:52–55.
  • Turner MR, Bowser R, Bruijn L, Dupuis L, Ludolph A, McGrath M, Manfredi G, Maragakis N, Miller RG, Pullman SL, et al. 2013. Mechanisms, models and biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Scler Frontotemp Degener. 14(Suppl 1):19–32.
  • Turner MR, Gray E. 2016. Are neurofilaments heading for the ALS clinic? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 87:3–4.
  • Turner MR, Kiernan MC, Leigh PN, Talbot K. 2009. Biomarkers in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurol. 8:94–109.
  • Turner MR, Swash M. 2015. The expanding syndrome of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a clinical and molecular odyssey. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86:667–673.
  • Valcarcel-Nazco C, Perestelo-Perez L, Molinuevo JL, Mar J, Castilla I, Serrano-Aguilar P. 2014. Cost-effectiveness of the use of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 42:777–788.
  • Van Broeckhoven C, Haan J, Bakker E, Hardy JA, Van Hul W, Wehnert A, Vegter-Van der Vlis M, Roos RA. 1990. Amyloid beta protein precursor gene and hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis (Dutch). Science. 248:1120–1122.
  • Van Cauwenberghe C, Van Broeckhoven C, Sleegers K. 2016. The genetic landscape of Alzheimer disease: clinical implications and perspectives. Genet Med. 18:421–430.
  • Van Damme P, Van Hoecke A, Lambrechts D, Vanacker P, Bogaert E, van Swieten J, Carmeliet P, Van Den Bosch L, Robberecht W. 2008. Progranulin functions as a neurotrophic factor to regulate neurite outgrowth and enhance neuronal survival. J Cell Biol. 181:37–41.
  • Van Everbroeck B, Dobbeleir I, De Waele M, De Deyn P, Martin JJ, Cras P. 2004. Differential diagnosis of 201 possible Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease patients. J Neurol. 251:298–304.
  • van Harten AC, Kester MI, Visser PJ, Blankenstein MA, Pijnenburg YA, van der Flier WM, Scheltens P. 2011. Tau and p-tau as CSF biomarkers in dementia: a meta-analysis. Clin Chem Lab Med. 49:353–366.
  • van Harten AC, Smits LL, Teunissen CE, Visser PJ, Koene T, Blankenstein MA, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM. 2013. Preclinical AD predicts decline in memory and executive functions in subjective complaints. Neurology. 81:1409–1416.
  • van Harten AC, Visser PJ, Pijnenburg YA, Teunissen CE, Blankenstein MA, Scheltens P, van der Flier WM. 2013. Cerebrospinal fluid Abeta42 is the best predictor of clinical progression in patients with subjective complaints. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 9:481–487.
  • Van Nostrand WE, Melchor JP, Cho HS, Greenberg SM, Rebeck GW. 2001. Pathogenic effects of D23N Iowa mutant amyloid beta -protein. J Biol Chem. 276:32860–32866.
  • van Oijen M, Hofman A, Soares HD, Koudstaal PJ, Breteler MM. 2006. Plasma Abeta(1-40) and Abeta(1-42) and the risk of dementia: a prospective case-cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 5:655–660.
  • van Rossum IA, Vos S, Handels R, Visser PJ. 2010. Biomarkers as predictors for conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer-type dementia: implications for trial design. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 20:881–891.
  • van Veluw SJ, Biessels GJ, Klijn CJ, Rozemuller AJ. 2016. Heterogeneous histopathology of cortical microbleeds in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Neurology. 86:867–871.
  • Vanderstichele H, Bibl M, Engelborghs S, Le Bastard N, Lewczuk P, Molinuevo JL, Parnetti L, Perret-Liaudet A, Shaw LM, Teunissen C, et al. 2012. Standardization of preanalytical aspects of cerebrospinal fluid biomarker testing for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis: a consensus paper from the Alzheimer’s Biomarkers Standardization Initiative. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 8:65–73.
  • Varma A, Snowden J, Lloyd J, Talbot P, Mann D, Neary D. 1999. Evaluation of the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria in the differentiation of Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 66:184–188.
  • Vemuri P, Lesnick TG, Przybelski SA, Knopman DS, Preboske GM, Kantarci K, Raman MR, Machulda MM, Mielke MM, Lowe VJ, et al. 2015. Vascular and amyloid pathologies are independent predictors of cognitive decline in normal elderly. Brain. 138:761–771.
  • Vemuri P, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Knopman DS, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, Bernstein MA, Aisen PS, Weiner M, Petersen RC, et al. 2010. Serial MRI and CSF biomarkers in normal aging, MCI, and AD. Neurology. 75:143–151.
  • Vemuri P, Wiste HJ, Weigand SD, Shaw LM, Trojanowski JQ, Weiner MW, Knopman DS, Petersen RC, Jack CR Jr. 2009. MRI and CSF biomarkers in normal, MCI, and AD subjects: diagnostic discrimination and cognitive correlations. Neurology. 73:287–293.
  • Verbeek MM, Eikelenboom P, de Waal RM. 1997. Differences between the pathogenesis of senile plaques and congophilic angiopathy in Alzheimer disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 56:751–761.
  • Verbeek MM, Kremer BP, Rikkert MO, Van Domburg PH, Skehan ME, Greenberg SM. 2009. Cerebrospinal fluid amyloid beta(40) is decreased in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Ann Neurol. 66:245–249.
  • Vieira RT, Caixeta L, Machado S, Silva AC, Nardi AE, Arias-Carrion O, Carta MG. 2013. Epidemiology of early-onset dementia: a review of the literature. Clin Prac Epidemiol Mental Health. 9:88–95.
  • Villarreal AE, O’Bryant SE, Edwards M, Grajales S, Britton GB. 2016. Serum-based protein profiles of Alzheimer’s disease and mild cognitive impairment in elderly Hispanics. Neurodegener Dis Manage. 6:203–213.
  • Villemagne VL. 2016. Amyloid imaging: Past, present and future perspectives. Ageing Res Rev. 30:95–106.
  • Villemagne VL, Fodero-Tavoletti MT, Masters CL, Rowe CC. 2015. Tau imaging: early progress and future directions. Lancet Neurol. 14:114–124.
  • Vinters HV. 1987. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy. A critical review. Stroke. 18:311–324.
  • Visser PJ, Verhey F, Knol DL, Scheltens P, Wahlund LO, Freund-Levi Y, Tsolaki M, Minthon L, Wallin AK, Hampel H, et al. 2009. Prevalence and prognostic value of CSF markers of Alzheimer’s disease pathology in patients with subjective cognitive impairment or mild cognitive impairment in the DESCRIPA study: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 8:619–627.
  • Viswanathan A, Greenberg SM. 2011. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in the elderly. Ann Neurol. 70:871–880.
  • Vlassenko AG, Benzinger TL, Morris JC. 2012. PET amyloid-beta imaging in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1822:370–379.
  • Vlassenko AG, McCue L, Jasielec MS, Su Y, Gordon BA, Xiong C, Holtzman DM, Benzinger TL, Morris JC, Fagan AM. 2016. Imaging and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in early preclinical alzheimer disease. Ann Neurol. 80:379–387.
  • Vlassenko AG, Mintun MA, Xiong C, Sheline YI, Goate AM, Benzinger TLS, Morris JC. 2011. Amyloid-beta plaque growth in cognitively normal adults: Longitudinal [11C]Pittsburgh compound B data. Ann Neurol. 70:857–861.
  • Vos SJ, Gordon BA, Su Y, Visser PJ, Holtzman DM, Morris JC, Fagan AM, Benzinger TL. 2016. NIA-AA staging of preclinical Alzheimer disease: discordance and concordance of CSF and imaging biomarkers. Neurobiol Aging. 44:1–8.
  • Vos SJ, Verhey F, Frölich L, Kornhuber J, Wiltfang J, Maier W, Peters O, Rüther E, Nobili F, Morbelli S, et al. 2015. Prevalence and prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease at the mild cognitive impairment stage. Brain. 138:1327–1338.
  • Vos SJ, Xiong C, Visser PJ, Jasielec MS, Hassenstab J, Grant EA, Cairns NJ, Morris JC, Holtzman DM, Fagan AM. 2013. Preclinical Alzheimer’s disease and its outcome: a longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 12:957–965.
  • Waedt J, Kleinow M, Kornhuber J, Lewczuk P. 2012. Neurochemical dementia diagnostics for Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: an ISO 15189 perspective. Biomark Med. 6:685–690.
  • Wagner M, Wolf S, Reischies FM, Daerr M, Wolfsgruber S, Jessen F, Popp J, Maier W, Hüll M, Frölich L, et al. 2012. Biomarker validation of a cued recall memory deficit in prodromal Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 78:379–386.
  • Walker L, McAleese KE, Thomas AJ, Johnson M, Martin-Ruiz C, Parker C, Colloby SJ, Jellinger K, Attems J. 2015. Neuropathologically mixed Alzheimer’s and Lewy body disease: burden of pathological protein aggregates differs between clinical phenotypes. Acta Neuropathol. 129:729–748.
  • Walker Z, Possin KL, Boeve BF, Aarsland D. 2015. Lewy body dementias. Lancet (London, England). 386:1683–1697.
  • Wang-Dietrich L, Funke SA, Kuhbach K, Wang K, Besmehn A, Willbold S, Cinar Y, Bannach O, Birkmann E, Willbold D. 2013. The amyloid-beta oligomer count in cerebrospinal fluid is a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 34:985–994.
  • Wang Y, Klunk WE, Huang GF, Debnath ML, Holt DP, Mathis CA. 2002. Synthesis and evaluation of 2-(3’-iodo-4’-aminophenyl)-6-hydroxybenzothiazole for in vivo quantitation of amyloid deposits in Alzheimer’s disease. J Mol Neurosci. 19:11–16.
  • Wang Y, Shi M, Chung KA, Zabetian CP, Leverenz JB, Berg D, Srulijes K, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM, Siderowf AD, et al. 2012. Phosphorylated alpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease. Sci Transl Med. 4:121ra120.
  • Wang ZY, Han ZM, Liu QF, Tang W, Ye K, Yao YY. 2015. Use of CSF alpha-synuclein in the differential diagnosis between Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Int Psychogeriatr. 27:1429–1438.
  • Watson GS, Peskind ER, Asthana S, Purganan K, Wait C, Chapman D, Schwartz MW, Plymate S, Craft S. 2003. Insulin increases CSF Abeta42 levels in normal older adults. Neurology. 60:1899–1903.
  • Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Cedarbaum J, Donohue MC, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR Jr, et al. 2015a. Impact of the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative, 2004 to 2014. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:865–884.
  • Weiner MW, Veitch DP, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Cairns NJ, Cedarbaum J, Green RC, Harvey D, Jack CR, Jagust W, et al. 2015b. 2014 Update of the Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative: a review of papers published since its inception. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 11:e1–120.
  • Weinstein G, Beiser AS, Preis SR, Courchesne P, Chouraki V, Levy D, Seshadri S. 2016. Plasma clusterin levels and risk of dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke. Alzheimer’s Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 3:103–109.
  • Wellington H, Paterson RW, Portelius E, Tornqvist U, Magdalinou N, Fox NC, Blennow K, Schott JM, Zetterberg H. 2016. Increased CSF neurogranin concentration is specific to Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 86:829–835.
  • Westwood S, Leoni E, Hye A, Lynham S, Khondoker MR, Ashton NJ, Kiddle SJ, Baird AL, Sainz-Fuertes R, Leung R, et al. 2016. Blood-based biomarker candidates of cerebral amyloid using PiB PET in non-demented elderly. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 52:561–572.
  • Weydt P, Oeckl P, Huss A, Muller K, Volk AE, Kuhle J, Knehr A, Andersen PM, Prudlo J, Steinacker P, et al. 2016. Neurofilament levels as biomarkers in asymptomatic and symptomatic familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann Neurol. 79:152–158.
  • Wilhelmus MM, Otte-Holler I, van Triel JJ, Veerhuis R, Maat-Schieman ML, Bu G, de Waal RM, Verbeek MM. 2007. Lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 mediates amyloid-beta-mediated cell death of cerebrovascular cells. Am J Pathol. 171:1989–1999.
  • Willemse E, van Uffelen K, Brix B, Engelborghs S, Vanderstichele H, Teunissen C. 2017. How to handle adsorption of cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-beta (1-42) in laboratory practice? Identifying problematic handlings and resolving the issue by use of the Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio. Alzheimer’s Dementia. 13:885–892.
  • Willemse EA, Koel-Simmelink MJ, Durieux-Lu S, van der Flier WM, Teunissen CE. 2015. Standard biobanking conditions prevent evaporation of body fluid samples. Clinica Chimica Acta; Int J Clin Chem. 442:141–145.
  • Willette AA, Calhoun VD, Egan JM, Kapogiannis D, Alzheimers D, Neuroimaging I. 2014. Prognostic classification of mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: MRI independent component analysis. Psychiatry Res. 224:81–88.
  • Wilson ME, Boumaza I, Lacomis D, Bowser R. 2010. Cystatin C: a candidate biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One. 5:e15133.
  • Wilson PW, Myers RH, Larson MG, Ordovas JM, Wolf PA, Schaefer EJ. 1994. Apolipoprotein E alleles, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Offspring Study. JAMA. 272:1666–1671.
  • Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Bibl M, Hüll M, Hampel H, Kessler H, Frölich L, Schröder J, Peters O, Jessen F, et al. 2007. Amyloid beta peptide ratio 42/40 but not A beta 42 correlates with phospho-Tau in patients with low- and high-CSF A beta 40 load. J Neurochem. 101:1053–1059.
  • Wiltfang J, Esselmann H, Smirnov A, Bibl M, Cepek L, Steinacker P, Mollenhauer B, Buerger K, Hampel H, Paul S, et al. 2003. Beta-amyloid peptides in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Ann Neurol. 54:263–267.
  • Wiltfang J, Lewczuk P, Riederer P, Grünblatt E, Hock C, Scheltens P, Hampel H, Vanderstichele H, Iqbal K, Galasko D, et al. 2005. Consensus paper of the WFSBP Task Force on Biological Markers of Dementia: the role of CSF and blood analysis in the early and differential diagnosis of dementia. World J Biol Psychiatry. 6:69–84.
  • Wimo A, Ballard C, Brayne C, Gauthier S, Handels R, Jones RW, Jonsson L, Khachaturian AS, Kramberger M. 2014. Health economic evaluation of treatments for Alzheimer’s disease: impact of new diagnostic criteria. J Intern Med. 275:304–316.
  • Wimo A, Religa D, Spangberg K, Edlund AK, Winblad B, Eriksdotter M. 2013. Costs of diagnosing dementia: results from SveDem, the Swedish Dementia Registry. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 28:1039–1044.
  • Winblad B, Amouyel P, Andrieu S, Ballard C, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Cedazo-Minguez A, Dubois B, Edvardsson D, Feldman H, et al. 2016. Defeating Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: a priority for European science and society. Lancet Neurol. 15:455–532.
  • Winblad B, Andreasen N, Minthon L, Floesser A, Imbert G, Dumortier T, Maguire RP, Blennow K, Lundmark J, Staufenbiel M, et al. 2012. Safety, tolerability, and antibody response of active Abeta immunotherapy with CAD106 in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, first-in-human study. Lancet Neurol. 11:597–604.
  • Winer L, Srinivasan D, Chun S, Lacomis D, Jaffa M, Fagan A, Holtzman DM, Wancewicz E, Bennett CF, Bowser R, et al. 2013. SOD1 in cerebral spinal fluid as a pharmacodynamic marker for antisense oligonucleotide therapy. JAMA Neurol. 70:201–207.
  • Winston CN, Goetzl EJ, Akers JC, Carter BS, Rockenstein EM, Galasko D, Masliah E, Rissman RA. 2016. Prediction of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia with neuronally derived blood exosome protein profile. Alzheimer’s Dementia (Amsterdam, Netherlands). 3:63–72.
  • Wirth M, Villeneuve S, Haase CM, Madison CM, Oh H, Landau SM, Rabinovici GD, Jagust WJ. 2013. Associations between Alzheimer disease biomarkers, neurodegeneration, and cognition in cognitively normal older people. JAMA Neurol. 70:1512–1519.
  • Wisse LE, Butala N, Das SR, Davatzikos C, Dickerson BC, Vaishnavi SN, Yushkevich PA, Wolk DA. 2015. Suspected non-AD pathology in mild cognitive impairment. Neurobiol Aging. 36:3152–3162.
  • Wolfsgruber S, Jessen F, Koppara A, Kleineidam L, Schmidtke K, Frölich L, Kurz A, Schulz S, Hampel H, Heuser I, et al. 2015. Subjective cognitive decline is related to CSF biomarkers of AD in patients with MCI. Neurology. 84:1261–1268.
  • Wolfsgruber S, Wagner M, Schmidtke K, Frölich L, Kurz A, Schulz S, Hampel H, Heuser I, Peters O, Reischies FM, et al. 2014. Memory concerns, memory performance and risk of dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment. PLoS One. 9:e100812.
  • Wu AH, Fukushima N, Puskas R, Todd J, Goix P. 2006. Development and preliminary clinical validation of a high sensitivity assay for cardiac troponin using a capillary flow (single molecule) fluorescence detector. Clin Chem. 52:2157–2159.
  • Xia W. 2008. From presenilinase to gamma-secretase, cleave to capacitate. Curr Alzheimer Res. 5:172–178.
  • Yamada K, Cirrito JR, Stewart FR, Jiang H, Finn MB, Holmes BB, Binder LI, Mandelkow EM, Diamond MI, Lee VM, et al. 2011. In vivo microdialysis reveals age-dependent decrease of brain interstitial fluid tau levels in P301S human tau transgenic mice. J Neurosci. 31:13110–13117.
  • Yamada M. 2000. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: an overview. Neuropathol. 20:8–22.
  • You JS, Gelfanova V, Knierman MD, Witzmann FA, Wang M, Hale JE. 2005. The impact of blood contamination on the proteome of cerebrospinal fluid. Proteomics. 5:290–296.
  • Yu JT, Tan L, Hardy J. 2014. Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer’s disease: an update. Annu Rev Neurosci. 37:79–100.
  • Zetterberg H. 2016. Neurofilament light: a dynamic cross-disease fluid biomarker for neurodegeneration. Neuron. 91:1–3.
  • Zetterberg H, Blennow K. 2015. Neurogranin Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid: A New Addition to the Alzheimer Disease Diagnostic Toolbox. JAMA Neurol. 72:1237–1238.
  • Zetterberg H, Jacobsson J, Rosengren L, Blennow K, Andersen PM. 2007. Cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light levels in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: impact of SOD1 genotype. Eur J Neurol. 14:1329–1333.
  • Zetterberg H, Pedersen M, Lind K, Svensson M, Rolstad S, Eckerstrom C, Syversen S, Mattsson UB, Ysander C, Mattsson N, et al. 2007. Intra-individual stability of CSF biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease over two years. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 12:255–260.
  • Zetterberg H, Skillback T, Mattsson N, Trojanowski JQ, Portelius E, Shaw LM, Weiner MW, Blennow K. 2016. Association of cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light concentration with Alzheimer disease progression. JAMA Neurol. 73:60–67.
  • Zetterberg H, Wahlund LO, Blennow K. 2003. Cerebrospinal fluid markers for prediction of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci Lett. 352:67–69.
  • Zetterstrom P, Andersen PM, Brannstrom T, Marklund SL. 2011. Misfolded superoxide dismutase-1 in CSF from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. J Neurochem. 117:91–99.
  • Zimmermann R, Lelental N, Ganslandt O, Maler JM, Kornhuber J, Lewczuk P. 2011. Preanalytical sample handling and sample stability testing for the neurochemical dementia diagnostics. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 25:739–745.
  • Zoccolella S, Simone IL, Capozzo R, Tortelli R, Leo A, D’Errico E, Logroscino G. 2011. An exploratory study of serum urate levels in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol. 258:238–243.
  • Zwan MD, Villemagne VL, Dore V, Buckley R, Bourgeat P, Veljanoski R, Salvado O, Williams R, Margison L, Rembach A, et al. 2016. Subjective memory complaints in APOEɛ4 carriers are associated with high amyloid-beta burden. J Alzheimer’s Dis. 49:1115–1122.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.