632
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Investigation

Attachment style moderates effects of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse on post-traumatic stress symptoms: Results from the National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 289-300 | Received 01 Jun 2017, Accepted 28 Aug 2017, Published online: 05 Oct 2017

References

  • Alghamd M, Hunt N, Thomas S. 2013. Prevalence rate of post-traumatic stress disorders (PTSD) and other psychological disorders among Saudi firefighters. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 4:1.
  • Allen JG. 2001. Traumatic relationships and serious mental disorders. New York (NY): John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Almli LM, Stevens JS, Smith AK, Kilaru V, Meng Q, Flory J, Abu-Amara D, Hammamieh R, Yang R, Mercer KB, et al. 2015. A genome‐wide identified risk variant for PTSD is a methylation quantitative trait locus and confers decreased cortical activation to fearful faces. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 168:327–336.
  • Ayers S, Jessop D, Pike A, Parfitt Y, Ford E. 2014. The role of adult attachment style, birth intervention and support in posttraumatic stress after childbirth: a prospective study. J Affect Disord. 155:295–298.
  • Badanes LS, Dmitrieva J, Watamura SE. 2012. Understanding cortisol reactivity across the day at child care: the potential buffering role of secure attachments to caregivers. Early Child Res Q. 27:156–165.
  • Baker E, Crawford J, Sutherland GR, Freeman C, Parish CR, Hulett MD. 1999. Human HPA endoglycosidase heparanase Map position 4q21. 3. Chromosome Res. 7:319.
  • Beck LA, Pietromonaco PR, DeBuse CJ, Powers SI, Sayer AG. 2013. Spouses’ attachment pairings predict neuroendocrine, behavioral, and psychological responses to marital conflict. J Pers Soc Psychol. 105:388–424.
  • Beijersbergen MD, Juffer F, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH. 2012. Remaining or becoming secure: parental sensitive support predicts attachment continuity from infancy to adolescence in a longitudinal adoption study. Dev Psychol. 48:1277.
  • Benoit M, Bouthillier D, Moss E, Rousseau C, Brunet A. 2010. Emotion regulation strategies as mediators of the association between level of attachment security and PTSD symptoms following trauma in adulthood. Anxiety Stress Coping. 23:101–118.
  • Bernard K, Dozier M. 2010. Examining infants’ cortisol responses to laboratory tasks among children varying in attachment disorganization: stress reactivity or return to baseline? Dev Psychol. 46:1771–1778.
  • Bernstein DP, Ahluvalia T, Pogge D, Handelsman L. 1997. Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 36:340–348.
  • Besser A, Neria Y, Haynes M. 2009. Adult attachment, perceived stress, and PTSD among civilians exposed to ongoing terrorist attacks in Southern Israel. Pers Individ Dif. 47:851–857.
  • Binder EB. 2009. The role of FKBP5, a co-chaperone of the glucocorticoid receptor in the pathogenesis and therapy of affective and anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 34:186–195.
  • Binder EB, Bradley RG, Liu W, Epstein MP, Deveau TC, Mercer KB, Tang Y, Gillespie CF, Heim CM, Nemeroff CB, et al. 2008. Association of FKBP5 polymorphisms and childhood abuse with risk of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adults. JAMA. 299:1291–1305.
  • Borelli JL, Crowley MJ, David DH, Sbarra DA, Anderson GM, Mayes LC. 2010. Attachment and emotion in school-aged children. Emotion. 10:475–485.
  • Bowlby J. 1969. Attachment, Vol. 1 of Attachment and loss. New York (NY): Basic Books.
  • Bowlby J. 1973. Separation, Vol. 2 of Attachment and loss. New York (NY): Basic Books.
  • Breslau N, Davis GC, Andreski P, Peterson E. 1991. Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 48:216–222.
  • Buchmann AF, Holz N, Boecker R, Blomeyer D, Rietschel M, Witt SH, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, et al. 2014. Moderating role of FKBP5 genotype in the impact of childhood adversity on cortisol stress response during adulthood. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 24:837–845.
  • Carlson EB, Garvert DW, Macia KS, Ruzek JI, Burling TA. 2013. Traumatic stressor exposure and post-traumatic symptoms in homeless veterans. Mil Med. 178:970–973.
  • Carlson EB, Smith SR, Palmieri PA, Dalenberg C, Ruzek JI, Kimerling R, Burling TA, Spain DA. 2011. Development and validation of a brief self-report measure of trauma exposure: the Trauma History Screen. Psychol Assess. 23:463.
  • Cheung J, Bryant RA. 2015. FKBP5 risk alleles and the development of intrusive memories. Neurobiol Learn Mem. 125:258–264.
  • Costa-Martins JM, Moura-Ramos M, Cascais MJ, da Silva CF, Costa-Martins H, Pereira M, Coelho R, Tavares J. 2016. Adult attachment style and cortisol responses in women in late pregnancy. BMC Psychol. 4:1.
  • Crowell JA, Treboux D, Waters E. 2002. Stability of attachment representations: the transition to marriage. Dev Psychol. 38:467.
  • De Wied D, Croiset G. 1991. Stress modulation of learning and memory processes. Methods Achiev Exp Pathol. 15:167.
  • Delaneau O, Marchini J, Zagury JF. 2012. A linear complexity phasing method for thousands of genomes. Nat Methods. 9:179–181.
  • Denny WB, Valentine DL, Reynolds PD, Smith DF, Scammell JG. 2000. Squirrel monkey immunophilin FKBP51 is a potent inhibitor of glucocorticoid receptor binding 1. Endocrinology. 141:4107–4113.
  • Dewitte M, De Houwer J, Goubert L, Buysse A. 2010. A multi-modal approach to the study of attachment-related distress. Biol Psychol. 85:149–162.
  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 2013. (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
  • Diamond LM, Hicks AM, Otter-Henderson KD. 2008. Every time you go away: changes in affect, behavior, and physiology associated with travel-related separations from romantic partners. J Pers Soc Psychol. 95:385–403.
  • Ditzen B, Schmidt S, Strauss B, Nater UM, Ehlert U, Heinrichs M. 2008. Adult attachment and social support interact to reduce psychological but not cortisol responses to stress. J Psychosom Res. 64:479–486.
  • Elwood LS, Williams NL. 2007. PTSD-related cognitions and romantic attachment style as moderators of psychological symptoms in victims of interpersonal trauma. J Soc Clin Psychol. 26:1189–1209.
  • Fearon RM, Van IJzendoorn MH, Fonagy P, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Schuengel C, Bokhorst CL. 2006. In search of shared and nonshared environmental factors in security of attachment: a behavior-genetic study of the association between sensitivity and attachment security. Dev Psychol. 42:1026.
  • Franz CE, Lyons MJ, Spoon KM, Hauger RL, Jacobson KC, Lohr JB, McKenzie R, Panizzon MS, Thompson WK, et al. 2014. Post-traumatic stress symptoms and adult attachment: a 24-year longitudinal study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 22:1603–1612.
  • Guffanti G, Galea S, Yan L, Roberts AL, Solovieff N, Aiello AE, Smoller JW, De Vivo I, Ranu H, Uddin M, et al. 2013. Genome-wide association study implicates a novel RNA gene, the lincRNA AC068718. 1, as a risk factor for post-traumatic stress disorder in women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38:3029–3038.
  • Hazan C, Shaver P. 1987. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. J Pers Soc Psychol. 52:511
  • Heinrichs SC, Koob GF. 2004. Corticotropin-releasing factor in brain: a role in activation, arousal, and affect regulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 311:427–440.
  • Hodges J, Steele M, Hillman S, Henderson K, Kaniuk J. 2005. Change and continuity in mental representations of attachment after adoption. In Brodzinsky DM, Palacios J, editors. Psychological issues in adoption: research and practice. Westport (CT): Praeger; p. 93–116.
  • Howie BN, Donnelly P, Marchini J. 2009. A flexible and accurate genotype imputation method for the next generation of genome-wide association studies. PLoS Genet. 5:e1000529.
  • Inslicht SS, Otte C, McCaslin SE, Apfel BA, Henn-Haase C, Metzler T, Yehuda R, Neylan TC, Marmar CR. 2011. Cortisol awakening response prospectively predicts peritraumatic and acute stress reactions in police officers. Biol Psychiatry. 70:1055–1062.
  • Isaacs K, Mota NP, Tsai J, Harpaz-Rotem I, Cook JM, Kirwin PD, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Pietrzak RH. 2017. Psychological resilience in US military veterans: A 2-year, nationally representative prospective cohort study. J Psychiatric Res. 84:301–309.
  • Ising M, Depping AM, Siebertz A, Lucae S, Unschuld PG, Kloiber S, Horstmann S, Uhr M, Müller-Myhsok B, Holsboer F. 2008. Polymorphisms in the FKBP5 gene region modulate recovery from psychosocial stress in healthy controls. Eur J Neurosci. 28:389–398.
  • Kaniasty K, Norris FH. 2008. Longitudinal linkages between perceived social support and posttraumatic stress symptoms: sequential roles of social causation and social selection. J Trauma Stress. 21:274–281.
  • Kapur S, Phillips AG, Insel TR. 2012. Why has it taken so long for biological psychiatry to develop clinical tests and what to do about it. Mol Psychiatry. 17:1174–1179.
  • Kelsay K, Leung DY, Mrazek DA, Klinnert MD. 2013. Prospectively assessed early life experiences in relation to cortisol reactivity in adolescents at risk for asthma. Dev Psychobiol. 55:133–144.
  • Kilaru V, Iyer SV, Almli LM, Stevens JS, Lori A, Jovanovic T, Ely TD, Bradley B, Binder EB, Koen N, et al. 2016. Genome-wide gene-based analysis suggests an association between Neuroligin 1 (NLGN1) and post-traumatic stress disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 6:e820.
  • Kilpatrick DG, Resnick HS, Milanak ME, Miller MW, Keyes KM, Friedman MJ. 2013. National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM‐IV and DSM‐5 criteria. J Trauma Stress. 26:537–547.
  • King DW, Taft C, King LA, Hammond C, Stone ER. 2006. Directionality of the association between social support and posttraumatic stress disorder: a longitudinal investigation1. J Appl Social Psychol. 36:2980–2992.
  • Kinley JL, Reyno SM. 2013. Attachment style changes following intensive short-term group psychotherapy. Int J Group Psychother. 63:53–75.
  • Klengel T, Mehta D, Anacker C, Rex-Haffner M, Pruessner JC, Pariante CM, Pace TW, Mercer KB, Mayberg HS, Bradley B, et al. 2013. Allele-specific FKBP5 DNA demethylation mediates gene-childhood trauma interactions. Nature Neuroscience 16:33–41.
  • Kolassa IT, Ertl V, Eckart C, Kolassa S, Onyut LP, Elbert T. 2010. Spontaneous remission from PTSD depends on the number of traumatic event types experienced. Psychol Trauma. 2:169.
  • Laffaye C, Cavella S, Drescher K, Rosen C. 2008. Relationships among PTSD symptoms, social support, and support source in veterans with chronic PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 21:394.
  • Lahav Y, Kanat-Maymon Y, Solomon Z. 2015. Secondary traumatization and attachment among wives of former POWs: a longitudinal study. Attach Hum Dev. 18:141–153.
  • Lipsitz JD, Markowitz JC. 2013. Mechanisms of change in interpersonal therapy (IPT). Clin Psychol Rev. 33:1134–1147.
  • Logue MW, Smith AK, Baldwin C, Wolf EJ, Guffanti G, Ratanatharathorn A, Stone A, Schichman SA, Humphries D, Binder EB, et al. 2015. An analysis of gene expression in PTSD implicates genes involved in the glucocorticoid receptor pathway and neural responses to stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 57:1–13.
  • Luijk MP, Velders FP, Tharner A, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. 2010. FKBP5 and resistant attachment predict cortisol reactivity in infants: gene–environment interaction. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 35:1454–1461.
  • Maes M, Song C, Lin A, De Jongh R, Van Gastel A, Kenis G, Bosmans E, De Meester I, Benoy I, Neels H, et al. 1998. The effects of psychological stress on humans: increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Th1-like response in stress-induced anxiety. Cytokine. 10:313–318.
  • Main M, Kaplan N, Cassidy J. 1985. Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: a move to the level of representation. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 50:66–104.
  • Malekpour M. 2013. Effects of attachment on early and later development. Br J Dev Disabil. 53:81–95.
  • Markowitz JC, Petkova E, Neria Y, Van Meter PE, Zhao Y, Hembree E, Lovell K, Biyanova T, Marshall RD. 2015. Is exposure necessary? A randomized clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 172:430–440.
  • Menke A, Klengel T, Rubel J, Brückl T, Pfister H, Lucae S, Holsboer F, Binder EB. 2013. Genetic variation in FKBP5 associated with the extent of stress hormone dysregulation in major depression. Genes Brain Behav. 12:289–296.
  • Meuwly N, Bodenmann G, Germann J, Bradbury TN, Ditzen B, Heinrichs M. 2012. Dyadic coping, insecure attachment, and cortisol stress recovery following experimentally induced stress. J Fam Psychol. 26:937–947.
  • Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. 2008. An attachment perspective on bereavement. In Strobe, M.S., Hansson, O., Schut, H., and W., Stroebe, Handbook of bereavement research and practice: Advances in theory and intervention, (pp. 87–112), Washington (DC): American Psychological Association.
  • Mikulincer M, Shaver PR. 2012. An attachment perspective on psychopathology. World Psychiatry. 11:11–15.
  • Mikulincer M, Shaver PR, Horesh N. (2006). Attachment bases of emotion regulation and posttraumatic adjustment. Emotion regulation in families: Pathways to dysfunction and health, 77-99. In: Snyder DK, Simpson JA, & Hughes JN editors. Emotion regulation in families: Pathways to dysfunction and health (pp. 77–99). Washington (DC): American Psychological Association.
  • Mikulincer M, Shaver PR, Solomon Z. (2015). An Attachment Perspective on Traumatic and Posttraumatic Reactions. In Future Directions in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (pp. 79–96). New York (NY): Springer.
  • Miller KF, Margolin G, Shapiro LS, Timmons AC. 2016. Adolescent life stress and the cortisol awakening response: the moderating roles of attachment and sex. J Res Adolesc. 27:34–48.
  • Muller RT, Rosenkranz SE. 2009. Attachment and treatment response among adults in inpatient treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychotherapy. 46:82–96.
  • Muller RT, Sicoli LA, Lemieux KE. 2000. Relationship between attachment style and posttraumatic stress symptoms among adults who report the experience of childhood abuse. J Trauma Stress. 13:321–332.
  • Nievergelt CM, Maihofer AX, Mustapic M, Yurgil KA, Schork NJ, Miller MW, Logue MW, Geyer MA, Risbrough VB, O'Connor DT, Baker DG. 2015. Genomic predictors of combat stress vulnerability and resilience in US Marines: a genome-wide association study across multiple ancestries implicates PRTFDC1 as a potential PTSD gene. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 51:459–471.
  • Oskis A, Loveday C, Hucklebridge F, Thorn L, Clow A. 2011. Anxious attachment style and salivary cortisol dysregulation in healthy female children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 52:111–118.
  • Pearlman LA, Courtois CA. 2005. Clinical applications of the attachment framework: relational treatment of complex trauma. J Trauma Stress. 18:449–459.
  • Pierrehumbert B, Torrisi R, Ansermet F, Borghini A, Halfon O. 2012. Adult attachment representations predict cortisol and oxytocin responses to stress. Attach Hum Dev. 14:453–476.
  • Pietromonaco PR, Powers SI. 2015. Attachment and health-related physiological stress processes. Curr Opin Psychol. 1:34–39.
  • Powers SI, Pietromonaco PR, Gunlicks M, Sayer A. 2006. Dating couples’ attachment styles and patterns of cortisol reactivity and recovery in response to a relationship conflict. J Pers Soc Psychol. 90:613–628.
  • Price AL, Patterson NJ, Plenge RM, Weinblatt ME, Shadick NA, Reich D. 2006. Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet. 38:904–909.
  • Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, Maller J, Sklar P, de Bakker PI, Daly MJ, Sham PC. 2007. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet. 8:559–575.
  • Roque L, Veríssimo M, Oliveira TF, Oliveira RF. 2012. Attachment security and HPA axis reactivity to positive and challenging emotional situations in child–mother dyads in naturalistic settings. Dev Psychobiol. 54:401–411.
  • Roth TL, Lubin FD, Funk AJ, Sweatt JD. 2009. Lasting epigenetic influence of early-life adversity on the BDNF gene. Biological Psychiatry. 65:760–769.
  • Schore AN. 2001. Effects of a secure attachment relationship on right brain development, affect regulation, and infant mental health. Infant Ment Health J. 22:7–66.
  • Simeon D, Yehuda R, Cunill R, Knutelska M, Putnam FW, Smith LM. 2007. Factors associated with resilience in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 32:1149–1152.
  • Spangler G, Zimmermann P. (2014). Emotional and adrenocortical regulation in early adolescence Prediction by attachment security and disorganization in infancy. Int J Behav Dev. 0165025414520808.
  • Sperling MB, Foelsch P, Grace C. 1996. Measuring adult attachment: are self-report instruments congruent? J Pers Assess. 67:37–51.
  • Stein MB, Chen CY, Ursano RJ, Cai T, Gelernter J, Heeringa SG, Jain S, Jensen KP, Maihofer AX, Mitchell C, et al. 2016. Genome-wide association studies of posttraumatic stress disorder in 2 Cohorts of US Army Soldiers. JAMA Psychiatry. 73:695–704.
  • Steudte-Schmiedgen S, Stalder T, Schönfeld S, Wittchen HU, Trautmann S, Alexander N, et al. 2015. Hair cortisol concentrations and cortisol stress reactivity predict PTSD symptom increase after trauma exposure during military deployment. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 59:123–133.
  • Travis LA, Bliwise NG, Binder JL, Horne-Moyer HL. 2001. Changes in clients’ attachment styles over the course of time-limited dynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy. 38:149–159.
  • Twaite JA, Rodriguez-Srednicki O. 2004. Childhood sexual and physical abuse and adult vulnerability to PTSD: the mediating effects of attachment and dissociation. J Child Sex Abus. 13:17–38.
  • van Zuiden M, Kavelaars A, Rademaker AR, Vermetten E, Heijnen CJ, Geuze E. 2011. A prospective study on personality and the cortisol awakening response to predict posttraumatic stress symptoms in response to military deployment. J Psychiatr Res. 45:713–719.
  • Vondra JI, Dowell Hommerding K, Shaw DD. 1999. Stability and change in infant attachment in a low-income sample. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev. 64:258.
  • Vrana S, Lauterbach D. 1994. Prevalence of traumatic events and post-traumatic psychological symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. J Trauma Stress. 7:289–302.
  • Waters E, Merrick Treboux D, Crowell J, Albersheim L. 2000. Attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: a twenty-year longitudinal study. Child Dev. 71:684–689.
  • Watkins LE, Han S, Harpaz-Rotem I, Mota NP, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Gelernter J, Pietrzak RH. 2016. FKBP5 polymorphisms, childhood abuse, and PTSD symptoms: results from the national health and resilience in veterans study. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 69:98–105.
  • Weathers FW, Litz BT, Herman DS, Huska JA, Keane TM. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. In Annual convention of the international society for traumatic stress studies. San Antonio: International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
  • Wilkins KC, Lang AJ, Norman SB. 2011. Synthesis of the psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL) military, civilian, and specific versions. Depress Anxiety. 28:596–606.
  • Xie P, Kranzler HR, Poling J, Stein MB, Anton RF, Farrer LA, Gelernter J. 2010. Interaction of FKBP5 with childhood adversity on risk for post-traumatic stress disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 35:1684–1692.
  • Xie P, Kranzler HR, Yang C, Zhao H, Farrer LA, Gelernter J. 2013. Genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 74:656–663.
  • Yehuda R. 2002. Clinical relevance of biologic findings in PTSD. Psychiatr Q. 73:123–133.
  • Yehuda R, Flory JD, Bierer LM, Henn-Haase C, Lehrner A, Desarnaud F, Makotkine I, Daskalakis NP, Marmar CR, Meaney MJ. 2015. Lower methylation of glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter 1 F in peripheral blood of veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 77:356–364.
  • Yehuda R, Morris A, Labinsky E, Zemelman S, Schmeidler J. 2007. Ten-year follow-up study of cortisol levels in aging holocaust survivors with and without PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 20:757–761.
  • Zannas AS, Wiechmann T, Gassen NC, Binder EB. 2015. Gene–stress–epigenetic regulation of FKBP5: clinical and translational implications. Neuropsychopharmacology. 41:261–274.
  • Zohar J, Yahalom H, Kozlovsky N, Cwikel-Hamzany S, Matar MA, Kaplan Z, Yehuda R, Cohen H. 2011. High dose hydrocortisone immediately after trauma may alter the trajectory of PTSD: interplay between clinical and animal studies. Euro Neuropsychopharmacol. 21:796–809.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.