The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Biological Treatment of Bipolar Disorders: Acute and long-term treatment of mixed states in bipolar disorder

References

• Akiskal HS, Benazzi F. 2004. Validating kraepelin’s two types of depressive mixed states: depression with flight of ideas and excited depression. World J Biol Psychiatry. 5:107–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS, Hantouche EG, Bourgeois ML, Azorin J-M, Sechter D, Allilaire J-F, Lancrenon S, Fraud J-P, Châtenet-Duchêne L. 1998. Gender, temperament, and the clinical picture in dysphoric mixed mania: findings from a French national study (EPIMAN). J Affect Disord. 50:175–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS. 1992. The distinctive mixed states of bipolar I, II, and III. Clin Neuropharmacol. 15(Suppl 1):632–633.
   Google Scholar
• Akiskal HS. 1994. Dysthymic and cyclothymic depressions: therapeutic considerations. J Clin Psychiatry. 55(Suppl):46–52:46-52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altshuler LL, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Suppes T, Brown ES, Denicoff K, Frye M, Gitlin M, Hwang S, Goodman R, et al. 1999. Gabapentin in the acute treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 1:61–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 1987. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Washington (DC): APA Press.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington, DC: APA Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold LM, McElroy SL, Keck PE. 2000. The role of gender in mixed mania. Compr Psychiatry. 41:83–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrasate M, Gonzalez-Ortega I, Alberich S, Gutierrez M, Martinez-Cengotitabengoa M, Mosquera F, Cruz N, Gonzalez-Torres MA, Henry C, González-Pinto A. 2014. Affective dimensions as a diagnostic tool for bipolar disorder in first psychotic episodes. Eur Psychiatry. 29:424–430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azorin JM, Aubrun E, Bertsch J, Reed C, Gerard S, Lukasiewicz M. 2009. Mixed states vs. pure mania in the French sample of the EMBLEM study: results at baseline and 24 months-European mania in bipolar longitudinal evaluation of medication. BMC Psychiatry. 9:33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azorin JM, Sapin C, Weiller E. 2013. Effect of asenapine on manic and depressive symptoms in bipolar I patients with mixed episodes: results from post hoc analyses. J Affect Disord. 145:62–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backlund L, Ehnvall A, Hetta J, Isacsson G, Agren H. 2009. Identifying predictors for good lithium response – a retrospective analysis of 100 patients with bipolar disorder using a life-charting method. Eur Psychiatry. 24:171–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baillarger J. 1854. Folie à double forme. Paris: Masson.
   Google Scholar
• Baker RW, Brown E, Akiskal HS, Calabrese JR, Ketter TA, Schuh LM, Trzepacz PT, Watkin JG, Tohen M. 2004. Efficacy of olanzapine combined with valproate or lithium in the treatment of dysphoric mania. Br J Psychiatry. 185:472–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker RW, Tohen M, Fawcett J, Risser RC, Schuh LM, Brown E, Stauffer VL, Shao L, Tollefson GD. 2003. Acute dysphoric mania: treatment response to olanzapine versus placebo. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 23:132–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balazs J, Benazzi F, Rihmer Z, Rihmer A, Akiskal KK, Akiskal HS. 2006. The close link between suicide attempts and mixed (bipolar) depression: implications for suicide prevention. J Affect Disord. 91:133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldessarini RJ, Hennen J, Wilson M, Calabrese J, Chengappa R, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL, Sachs G, Vieta E, Welge JA, et al. 2003. Olanzapine versus placebo in acute mania: treatment responses in subgroups. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 23:370–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldessarini RJ, Salvatore P, Khalsa HM, Tohen M. 2010. Dissimilar morbidity following initial mania versus mixed-states in type-I bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 126:299–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldessarini RJ, Tondo L, Visioli C. 2014. First-episode types in bipolar disorder: predictive associations with later illness. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 129:383–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandelow B, Zohar J, Hollander E, Kasper S, Möller HJ. on behalf of the WFSBP Task Force on Treatment Guidelines for Anxiety Obsessive-Compulsive Post-traumatic Stress Disorders. 2008. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive and post-traumatic stress disorders - first revision. World J Biol Psychiatry. 9:248–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbuti M, Pacchiarotti I, Vieta E, Azorin JM, Angst J, Bowden CL, Mosolov S, Young AH, Perugi G. 2017. Antidepressant-induced hypomania/mania in patients with major depression: evidence from the BRIDGE-II-MIX study. J Affect Disord. 219:187–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barzman DH, DelBello MP, Kowatch RA, Warner J, Rofey D, Stanford K, Rappaport K, Daniels JP, Strakowski SM. 2005. Adjunctive topiramate in hospitalized children and adolescents with bipolar disorders. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 15:931–937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benabarre A, Vieta E, Colom F, Martinez A, Reinares M, Corbella B. 2001. Treatment of mixed mania with risperidone and mood stabilizers. Can J Psychiatry. 46:866–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benazzi F, Berk M, Frye MA, Wang W, Barraco A, Tohen M. 2009. Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination for the treatment of mixed depression in bipolar I disorder: a post hoc analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 70:1424–1431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benazzi F, Koukopoulos A, Akiskal HS. 2004. Toward a validation of a new definition of agitated depression as a bipolar mixed state (mixed depression). Eur Psychiatry. 19:85–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benazzi F. 2005. Mixed depression: a clinical marker of bipolar-II disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 29:267–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benazzi F. 2006. Mixed depression, suicidality, and antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry. 67:1650–1651.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedetti A, Lattanzi L, Pini S, Musetti L, Dell'Osso L, Cassano GB. 2004. Oxcarbazepine as add-on treatment in patients with bipolar manic, mixed or depressive episode. J Affect Disord. 79:273–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berk M, Tiller JW, Zhao J, Yatham LN, Malhi GS, Weiller E. 2015. Effects of asenapine in bipolar I patients meeting proxy criteria for moderate-to-severe mixed major depressive episodes: a post hoc analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 76:728–734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berwaerts J, Lane R, Nuamah IF, Lim P, Remmerie B, Hough DW. 2011. Paliperidone extended-release as adjunctive therapy to lithium or valproate in the treatment of acute mania: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord. 129:252–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berwaerts J, Melkote R, Nuamah I, Lim P. 2012. A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled study of paliperidone extended-release as maintenance treatment in patients with bipolar I disorder after an acute manic or mixed episode. J Affect Disord. 138:247–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berwaerts J, Xu H, Nuamah I, Lim P, Hough D. 2012. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of paliperidone extended-release in the treatment of acute mania: a randomized, double-blind, dose-response study. J Affect Disord. 136:e51–e60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birmaher B, Axelson D, Strober M, Gill MK, Valeri S, Chiappetta L, Ryan N, Leonard H, Hunt J, Iyengar S, et al. 2006. Clinical course of children and adolescents with bipolar spectrum disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 63:175–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottlender R, Sato T, Kleindienst N, Strausz A, Möller H-J. 2004. Mixed depressive features predict maniform switch during treatment of depression in bipolar I disorder. J Affect Disord. 78:149–152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden CL, Brugger AM, Swann AC, Calabrese JR, Janicak PG, Petty F, Dilsaver SC, Davis JM, Rush AJ, Small JG, et al. 1994. Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. The depakote mania study group. JAMA. 271:918–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, Gyulai L, Wassef A, Petty F, Pope HG, Chou JC, Keck PE, Rhodes LJ, et al. 2000. A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with bipolar I disorder. Divalproex maintenance study group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 57:481–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Sachs G, Yatham LN, Asghar SA, Hompland M, Montgomery P, Earl N, Smoot TM, DeVeaugh-Geiss J. 2003. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 60:392–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden CL, Collins MA, McElroy SL, Calabrese JR, Swann AC, Weisler RH, Wozniak PJ. 2005. Relationship of mania symptomatology to maintenance treatment response with divalproex, lithium, or placebo. Neuropsychopharmacology. 30:1932–1939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden CL, Mosolov S, Hranov L, Chen E, Habil H, Kongsakon R, Manfredi R, Lin HN. 2010. Efficacy of valproate versus lithium in mania or mixed mania: a randomized, open 12-week trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 25:60–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden CL, Swann AC, Calabrese JR, Rubenfaer LM, Wozniak PJ, Collins MA, bi-Saab W, Saltarelli M. 2006. A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of divalproex sodium extended release in the treatment of acute mania. J Clin Psychiatry. 67:1501–1510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden CL, Vieta E, Ice KS, Schwartz JH, Wang PP, Versavel M. 2010. Ziprasidone plus a mood stabilizer in subjects with bipolar I disorder: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 71:130–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brieger P, Roettig S, Ehrt U, Wenzel A, Bloink R, Marneros A. 2003. TEMPS-a scale in ‘mixed’ and ‘pure’ manic episodes: new data and methodological considerations on the relevance of joint anxious-depressive temperament traits. J Affect Disord. 73:99–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown ES, Davila D, Nakamura A, Carmody TJ, Rush AJ, Lo A, Holmes T, Adinoff B, Caetano R, Swann AC, et al. 2014. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of quetiapine in patients with bipolar disorder, mixed or depressed phase, and alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 38:2113–2118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burt T, Sachs GS, Demopulos C. 1999. Donepezil in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 45:959–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese J, Bowden CL, Sachs G, Yatham LN, Behnke K, Mehtonen O-P, Montgomery P, Ascher J, Paska W, Earl NL, et al. 2003. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 64:1024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese JR, Keck PE, Jr., Starace A, Lu K, Ruth A, Laszlovszky I, Nemeth G, Durgam S. 2015. Efficacy and safety of low- and high-dose cariprazine in acute and mixed mania associated with bipolar I disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 76:284–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese JR, Pikalov A, Streicher C, Cucchiaro J, Mao Y, Loebel A. 2017. Lurasidone in combination with lithium or valproate for the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 27:865–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese JR, Sanchez R, Jin N, Amatniek J, Cox K, Johnson B, Perry P, Hertel P, Such P, Salzman PM, et al. 2017. Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole once-monthly in the maintenance treatment of bipolar i disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 52-week randomized withdrawal study. J Clin Psychiatry. 78:324–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese JR, Shelton MD, Rapport DJ, Youngstrom EA, Jackson K, Bilali S, Ganocy SJ, Findling RL. 2005. A 20-month, double-blind, maintenance trial of lithium versus divalproex in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 162:2152–2161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camm AJ, Karayal ON, Meltzer H, Kolluri S, O'Gorman C, Miceli J, Tensfeldt T, Kane JM. 2012. Ziprasidone and the corrected QT interval: a comprehensive summary of clinical data. CNS Drugs. 26:351–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caresano C, Di SG, Fagiolini A, Maina G, Perugi G, Ripellino C, Vampini C. 2014. Cost-effectiveness of asenapine in the treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder with mixed episodes in an Italian context. Adv Ther. 31:873–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlson BX, Ketter TA, Sun W, Timko K, McQuade RD, Sanchez R, Vester-Blokland E, Marcus R. 2012. Aripiprazole in combination with lamotrigine for the long-term treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder (manic or mixed): a randomized, multicenter, double-blind study (CN138-392). Bipolar Disord. 14:41–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll BJ. 1983. Neurobiological dimensions of mania and depression. In: Angst J, editor. The origins of depression: current concepts and approaches. New York (NY): Springer; p. 163–186.
   Google Scholar
• Cassidy F, Ahearn E, Carroll BJ. 2001a. A prospective study of inter-episode consistency of manic and mixed subtypes of bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 67:181–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy F, Ahearn EP, Carroll BJ. 2001b. Substance abuse in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 3:181–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy F, Carroll BJ. 2001. The clinical epidemiology of pure and mixed manic episodes. Bipolar Disord. 3:35–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy F, Murry E, Forest K, Carroll BJ. 1998. Signs and symptoms of mania in pure and mixed episodes. J Affect Disord. 50:187–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy F, Yatham LN, Berk M, Grof P. 2008. Pure and mixed manic subtypes: a review of diagnostic classification and validation. Bipolar Disord. 10:131–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catapano-Friedman L. 2001. Effectiveness of quetiapine in the management of psychotic depression in an adolescent boy with bipolar disorder, mixed, with psychosis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 11:205–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chengappa KN, Rathore D, Levine J, Atzert R, Solai L, parepally H, Levin H, moffa N, Delaney J, Brar JS. 1999. Topiramate as add-on treatment for patients with bipolar mania. Bipolar Disord. 1:42–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ciapparelli A, Dell’Osso L, Tundo A, Pini S, Chiavacci MC, Di SI, Cassano GB. 2001. Electroconvulsive therapy in medication-nonresponsive patients with mixed mania and bipolar depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 62:552–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriani A, Reid K, Young AH, Macritchie K, Geddes J. 2013. Valproic acid, valproate and divalproex in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 10:CD003196.
   Google Scholar
• Citrome L. 2011. Drug safety evaluation of ziprasidone. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 10:437–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrome L. 2013. Cariprazine in bipolar disorder: clinical efficacy, tolerability, and place in therapy. Adv Ther. 30:102–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Citrome L. 2014. Asenapine review, part II: clinical efficacy, safety and tolerability. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 13:803–830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clothier J, Swann AC, Freeman T. 1992. Dysphoric mania. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 12:13S–16S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colom F, Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, Reinares M, Goikolea JM, Benabarre A, Torrent C, Comes M, Corbella B, Parramon G, et al. 2003. A randomized trial on the efficacy of group psychoeducation in the prophylaxis of recurrences in bipolar patients whose disease is in remission. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 60:402–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulston CM, Tanious M, Mulder RT, Porter RJ, Malhi GS. 2012. Bordering on bipolar: the overlap between borderline personality and bipolarity. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 46:506–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craney JL, Geller B. 2003. A prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder-I phenotype: review of phenomenology and longitudinal course. Bipolar Disord. 5:243–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler AJ, Datto C, Nordenhem A, Minkwitz M, Acevedo L, Darko D. 2011. Extended-release quetiapine as monotherapy for the treatment of adults with acute mania: a randomized, double-blind, 3-week trial. Clin Ther. 33:1643–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannlowski U, Baune BT, Bockermann I, Domschke K, Evers S, Arolt V, Hetzel G, Rothermundt M. 2008. Adjunctive antidepressant treatment with quetiapine in agitated depression: positive effects on symptom reduction, psychopathology and remission rates. Hum Psychopharmacol. 23:587–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de la Rosa I, Oquendo MA, García G, Stanley B, González-Pinto A, Liu SM, Blanco C. 2017. Determining if borderline personality disorder and bipolar disorder are alternative expressions of the same disorder: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. J Clin Psychiatry. [accessed 2017 Sep 5]. DOI:10.4088/JCP.16m11190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell’Osso L, Placidi GF, Nassi R, Freer P, Cassano GB, Akiskal HS. 1991. The manic-depressive mixed state: familial, temperamental and psychopathologic characteristics in 108 female inpatients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 240:234–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devanand DP, Polanco P, Cruz R, Shah S, Paykina N, Singh K, Majors L. 2000. The efficacy of ECT in mixed affective states. J ECT. 16:32–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diav-Citrin O, Shechtman S, Ornoy S, Arnon J, Schaefer C, Garbis H, Clementi M, Ornoy A. 2005. Safety of haloperidol and penfluridol in pregnancy: a multicenter, prospective, controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 66:317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilsaver SC, Chen YW, Swann AC, Shoaib AM, Krajewski KJ. 1994. Suicidality in patients with pure and depressive mania. Am J Psychiatry. 151:1312–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilsaver SC, Swann AC. 1995. Mixed mania: apparent induction by a tricyclic antidepressant in five consecutively treated patients with bipolar depression. Biol Psychiatry. 37:60–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durgam S, Earley W, Lipschitz A, Guo H, Laszlovszky I, Nemeth G, Vieta E, Calabrese JR, Yatham LN. 2016. An 8-Week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of the safety and efficacy of cariprazine in patients with bipolar I depression. Am J Psychiatry. 173:271–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durgam S, Starace A, Li D, Migliore R, Ruth A, Nemeth G, Laszlovszky I. 2015. The efficacy and tolerability of cariprazine in acute mania associated with bipolar I disorder: a phase II trial. Bipolar Disord. 17:63–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earley W, Durgam S, Lu K, Debelle M, Laszlovszky I, Vieta E, Yatham LN. 2017. Tolerability of cariprazine in the treatment of acute bipolar I mania: a pooled post hoc analysis of 3 phase II/III studies. J Affect Disord 215:205–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mallakh RS, Ghaemi SN, Sagduyu K, Thase ME, Wisniewski SR, Nierenberg AA, Zhang HW, Pardo TA, Sachs G. 2008. Antidepressant-associated chronic irritable dysphoria (ACID) in STEP-BD patients. J Affect Disord. 111:372–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Mallakh RS, Vieta E, Rollin L, Marcus R, Carson WH, McQuade R. 2010. A comparison of two fixed doses of aripiprazole with placebo in acutely relapsed, hospitalized patients with bipolar disorder I (manic or mixed) in subpopulations (CN138-007). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 20:776–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst CL, Goldberg JF. 2002. The reproductive safety profile of mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and broad-spectrum psychotropics. J Clin Psychiatry. 63(Suppl 4):42–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Medicines Agency scientific commitee CfMPfHU. 2016. Concept paper on the need for revision of the note for guidance on clinical investigation of medicinal products for the treatment and prevention of bipolar disorder. Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Scientific_guideline/2016/07/WC500211317.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Falret JP. 1854. Mémoire sur la folie circulaire. Bull Acad Natl Méd. 19:382–415.
   Google Scholar
• Findling RL, Ginsberg LD. 2014. The safety and effectiveness of open-label extended-release carbamazepine in the treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder suffering from a manic or mixed episode. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 10:1589–1597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint J, Cuijpers P, Horder J, Koole SL, Munafo MR. 2015. Is there an excess of significant findings in published studies of psychotherapy for depression? Psychol Med. 45:439–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fornaro M, Stubbs B, De BD, Perna G, Valchera A, Veronese N, Solmi M, Gananca L. 2016. Atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of acute bipolar depression with mixed features: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int J Mol Sci. 17:241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frazier JA, Meyer MC, Biederman J, Wozniak J, Wilens TE, Spencer TJ, Kim GS, Shapiro S. 1999. Risperidone treatment for juvenile bipolar disorder: a retrospective chart review. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 38:960–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman MP, Freeman SA, McElroy SL. 2002. The comorbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders: prevalence, psychobiology, and treatment issues. J Affect Disord. 68:1–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman TW, Clothier JL, Pazzaglia P, Lesem MD, Swann AC. 1992. A double-blind comparison of valproate and lithium in the treatment of acute mania. Am J Psychiatry. 149:108–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Bonetto GM, Nieto IR, Chapa R, Adrianzen C, Brnabic A, Meyers AL, Granger RE, Dossenbach M, Karagianis J, Ruiz I. 2009. Pharmacological treatment outcomes in Latin American patients with bipolar I disorder. Archivos De Neurosci. 14:215–223.
   Google Scholar
• Garriga M, Pacchiarotti I, Kasper S, Zeller SL, Allen MH, Vazquez G, Baldacara L, San L, lister-Williams RH, Fountoulakis KN, et al. 2016. Assessment and management of agitation in psychiatry: expert consensus. World J Biol Psychiatry. 17:86–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geller B, Tillman R, Craney JL, Bolhofner K. 2004. Four-year prospective outcome and natural history of mania in children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 61:459–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaemi SN. 2008. All mixed up: on the absence of diagnostic guidelines for mixed states in the ISBD Diagnostic Guidelines Task Force Report. Bipolar Disord. 10:129–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg JF, Garno JL, Leon AC, Kocsis JH, Portera L. 1998. Association of recurrent suicidal ideation with nonremission from acute mixed mania. Am J Psychiatry. 155:1753–1755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg JF, Garno JL, Leon AC, Kocsis JH, Portera L. 1999. A history of substance abuse complicates remission from acute mania in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 60:733–740.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg JF, Perlis RH, Bowden CL, Thase ME, Miklowitz DJ, Marangell LB, Calabrese JR, Nierenberg AA, Sachs GS. 2009. Manic symptoms during depressive episodes in 1,380 patients with bipolar disorder: findings from the STEP-BD. Am J Psychiatry. 166:173–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Pinto A, Aldama A, Mosquera F, Gonzalez GC. 2007. Epidemiology, diagnosis and management of mixed mania. CNS Drugs. 21:611–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Pinto A, Aldama A, Pinto AG, Mosquera F, Perez de Heredia JL, Ballesteros J, Gutierrez M. 2004. Dimensions of mania: differences between mixed and pure episodes. Eur Psychiatry. 19:307–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Pinto A, Ballesteros J, Aldama A, Perez de Heredia JL, Gutierrez M, Mosquera F, González-Pinto A. 2003. Principal components of mania. J Affect Disord. 76:95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Pinto A, Barbeito S, Alonso M, Alberich S, Haidar MK, Vieta E, Tabares-Seisdedos R, Zorrilla I, González-Pinto MA, Lopez P. 2011. Poor long-term prognosis in mixed bipolar patients: 10-year outcomes in the Vitoria prospective naturalistic study in Spain. J Clin Psychiatry. 72:671–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Pinto A, Tohen M, Lalaguna B, Perez-Heredia JL, Fernandez-Corres B, Gutierrez M, Mico JA. 2002. Treatment of bipolar I rapid cycling patients during dysphoric mania with olanzapine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 22:450–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Pinto AM, Dardennes R, de ZM, Lopez P, Oliveros RG, Vieta E, Barbeito S, Echevarria E, Fagnani F. 2010. In-patient care costs of patients with bipolar I disorder: a comparison between two European centers. J Affect Disord. 121:152–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin GM, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Grunze H, Kasper S, White R, Greene P, Leadbetter R. 2004. A pooled analysis of 2 placebo-controlled 18-month trials of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance in bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 65:432–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin GM, Haddad PM, Ferrier IN, Aronson JK, Barnes T, Cipriani A, Coghill DR, Fazel S, Geddes JR, Grunze H, et al. 2016. Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: Revised third edition recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford). 30:495–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, Vieta E. 2016. Bipolar disorder. Lancet. 387:1561–1572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grande I, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Nieto E, Mur M, Saez C, Forcada I, Vieta E. 2015. Asenapine prescribing patterns in the treatment of manic in- and outpatients: results from the MANACOR study. Eur Psychiatry. 30:528–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greil W, Kleindienst N, Erazo N, Müller-Oerlinghausen B. 1998. Differential response to lithium and carbamazepine in the prophylaxis of bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 18:455–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruber NP, Dilsaver SC, Shoaib AM, Swann AC. 2000. ECT in mixed affective states: a case series. J ECT. 16:183–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunze H, Azorin JM. 2014. Clinical decision making in the treatment of mixed states. World J Biol Psychiatry. 15:355–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunze H, Erfurth A, Amann B, Giupponi G, Kammerer C, Walden J. 1999. Intravenous valproate loading in acutely manic and depressed bipolar I patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 19:303–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, Bowden C, Licht RW, Möller HJ, Kasper S. 2010. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: update 2010 on the treatment of acute bipolar depression. World J Biol Psychiatry. 11:81–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, Bowden C, Licht RW, Möller HJ, Kasper S. 2013. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: update 2012 on the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry. 14:154–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, Bowden C, Licht RW, Möller HJ, Kasper S. 2009. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) Guidelines for the Biological Treatment of Bipolar Disorders: Update 2009 on the Treatment of Acute Mania. World J Biol Psychiatry. 10:85–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunze H, Walden J. 2005. Biological aspects of rapid cycling and mixed states. In: Marneros A, Goodwin F, editors. Bipolar disorders. Mixed states, rapid cycling and atypical forms. Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University Press; p. 311–323.
   Google Scholar
• Hantouche EG, Akiskal HS, Azorin JM, Châtenet-duchêne L, Lancrenon S. 2006. Clinical and psychometric characterization of depression in mixed mania: a report from the French National Cohort of 1090 manic patients. J Affect Disord. 96:225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington CA, English C. 2010. Tolerability of paliperidone: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 25:334–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Himmelhoch JM, Garfinkel ME. 1986. Sources of lithium resistance in mixed mania. Psychopharmacol Bull. 22:613–620.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston JP, Tohen M, Degenhardt EK, Jamal HH, Liu LL, Ketter TA. 2009. Olanzapine-divalproex combination versus divalproex monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar mixed episodes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 70:1540–1547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huf W, Kalcher K, Pail G, Friedrich ME, Filzmoser P, Kasper S. 2011. Meta-analysis: fact or fiction? How to interpret meta-analyses. World J Biol Psychiatry. 12:188–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue T, Inagaki Y, Kimura T, Shirakawa O. 2015. Prevalence and predictors of bipolar disorders in patients with a major depressive episode: the Japanese epidemiological trial with latest measure of bipolar disorder (JET-LMBP). J Affect Disord. 174:535–541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isometsa E. 2014. Suicidal behaviour in mood disorders: who, when, and why? Can J Psychiatry. 59:120–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• James A, Wotton CJ, Duffy A, Hoang U, Goldacre M. 2015. Conversion from depression to bipolar disorder in a cohort of young people in England, 1999-2011: a national record linkage study. J Affect Disord. 185:123–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson JW. 2010. A clinician’s guide to monitoring kidney function in lithium-treated patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 71:1153–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joas E, Karanti A, Song J, Goodwin GM, Lichtenstein P, Landen M. 2017. Pharmacological treatment and risk of psychiatric hospital admission in bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry. 210:197–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston AM, Eagles JM. 1999. Lithium-associated clinical hypothyroidism. Prevalence and risk factors. Br J Psychiatry. 175:336–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones MW. 1998. Topiramate-safety and tolerability. Can J Neurol Sci. 25:S13–S15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanba S, Kawasaki H, Ishigooka J, Sakamoto K, Kinoshita T, Kuroki T. 2014. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole for the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes in Asian patients with bipolar I disorder (the AMAZE study). World J Biol Psychiatry. 15:113–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katagiri H, Takita Y, Tohen M, Higuchi T, Kanba S, Takahashi M. 2012. Efficacy and safety of olanzapine in the treatment of Japanese patients with bipolar I disorder in a current manic or mixed episode: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and haloperidol-controlled study. J Affect Disord. 136:476–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck PE, Calabrese JR, McIntyre RS, McQuade RD, Carson WH, Eudicone JM, Carlson BX, Marcus RN, Sanchez R. 2007. Aripiprazole monotherapy for maintenance therapy in bipolar I disorder: a 100-week, double-blind study versus placebo. J Clin Psychiatry. 68:1480–1491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck PE, Calabrese JR, McQuade RD, Carson WH, Carlson BX, Rollin LM, Marcus RN, Sanchez R. 2006. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled 26-Week Trial of Aripiprazole in Recently Manic Patients With Bipolar I Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 67:626–637.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck PE, Marcus R, Tourkodimitris S, Ali M, Liebeskind A, Saha A, Ingenito G. 2003. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study of the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in patients with acute bipolar mania. Am J Psychiatry. 160:1651–1658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck PE, Orsulak PJ, Cutler AJ, Sanchez R, Torbeyns A, Marcus RN, McQuade RD, Carson WH. 2009. Aripiprazole monotherapy in the treatment of acute bipolar I mania: a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and lithium-controlled study. J Affect Disord. 112:36–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck PE, Versiani M, Potkin S, West SA, Giller E, Ice K. 2003. Ziprasidone in the treatment of acute bipolar mania: a three-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial. Am J Psychiatry. 160:741–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck PE, Versiani M, Warrington L, Loebel AD, Horne RL. 2009. Long-term safety and efficacy of ziprasidone in subpopulations of patients with bipolar mania. J Clin Psychiatry. 70:844–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keller MB, Lavori PW, Coryell W, Endicott J, Mueller TI. 1993. Bipolar I: a five-year prospective follow-up. J Nerv Ment Dis. 181:238–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemp DE, Karayal ON, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Pappadopulos E, Ice KS, Siu CO, Vieta E. 2012. Ziprasidone with adjunctive mood stabilizer in the maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder: long-term changes in weight and metabolic profiles. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 22:123–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessing LV, Gerds TA, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Andersen PK, Licht RW. 2015. Use of lithium and anticonvulsants and the rate of chronic kidney disease: a nationwide population-based study. JAMA Psychiatry. 72:1182–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessing LV, Hellmund G, Andersen PK. 2011. An observational nationwide register based cohort study on lamotrigine versus lithium in bipolar disorder. J Psychopharmacol. 26:644–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessing LV, Hellmund G, Geddes JR, Goodwin GM, Andersen PK. 2011. Valproate v. lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorder in clinical practice: observational nationwide register-based cohort study. Br J Psychiatry. 199:57–63. (Corrections in: Br J Psychiatry 2011, 199 (4) 343).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessing LV. 2008. The prevalence of mixed episodes during the course of illness in bipolar disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 117:216–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketter TA, Kalali AH, Weisler RH. 2004. A 6-month, multicenter, open-label evaluation of beaded, extended-release carbamazepine capsule monotherapy in bipolar disorder patients with manic or mixed episodes. J Clin Psychiatry. 65:668–673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketter TA, Sarma K, Silva R, Kroger H, Cucchiaro J, Loebel A. 2016. Lurasidone in the long-term treatment of patients with bipolar disorder: a 24-week open-label extension study. Depress Anxiety. 33:424–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketter TA, Winsberg ME, DeGolia SG, Dunai M, Tate DL, Strong CM. 1998. Rapid efficacy of olanzapine augmentation in nonpsychotic bipolar mixed states. J Clin Psychiatry. 59:83–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna S, Vieta E, Lyons B, Grossman F, Eerdekens M, Kramer M. 2005. Risperidone in the treatment of acute mania: double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 187:229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koukopoulos A, Koukopoulos A. 1999. Agitated depression as a mixed state and the problem of melancholia. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 22:547–564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koukopoulos A, Sani G, Koukopoulos AE, Manfredi G, Pacchiarotti I, Girardi P. 2007. Melancholia agitata and mixed depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. Suppl (433):50–57.
   Google Scholar
• Koukopoulos A, Sani G. 2014. DSM-5 criteria for depression with mixed features: a farewell to mixed depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 129:4–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraepelin E. 1899. Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzte. 6th ed. Leipzig: Barth.
   Google Scholar
• Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Grochocinski VJ, Luther JF, Houck PR, Swartz HA, Mallinger AG. 2000. Stabilization in the treatment of mania, depression and mixed states. Acta Neuropsychiatrica. 12:3–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauer MS, Collins FS. 2010. Using science to improve the nation’s health system: NIH’s commitment to comparative effectiveness research. JAMA. 303:2182–2183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HJ, Son GH, Geum D. 2013. Circadian rhythm hypotheses of mixed features, antidepressant treatment resistance, and manic switching in bipolar disorder. Psychiatry Investig. 10:225–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenzi A, Marazziti D, Raffaelli S, Cassano GB. 1995. Effectiveness of the combination verapamil and chlorpromazine in the treatment of severe manic or mixed patients. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 19:519–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonhard K. 1999. Classification of endogenous psychoses and their differentiated etiology. Heidelberg: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Licht RW. 2011. Lithium: still a major option in the management of bipolar disorder. CNS Neurosci Ther. 18:219–226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loebel A, Cucchiaro J, Silva R, Kroger H, Hsu J, Sarma K, Sachs G. 2014. Lurasidone monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar I depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry 171:160–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loebel A, Cucchiaro J, Silva R, Kroger H, Sarma K, Xu J, Calabrese JR. 2014. Lurasidone as adjunctive therapy with lithium or valproate for the treatment of bipolar I depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 171:169–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundh A, Krogsboll LT, Gotzsche PC. 2012. Sponsors' participation in conduct and reporting of industry trials: a descriptive study. Trials. 13:146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi GS, Fritz K, Allwang C, Burston N, Cocks C, Devlin J, Harper M, Hoadley B, Kearney B, Klug P, et al. 2016. Are manic symptoms that 'dip' into depression the essence of mixed features? J Affect Disord. 192:104–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malhi GS, Lampe L, Coulston CM, Tanious M, Bargh DM, Curran G, Kuiper S, Morgan H, Fritz K. 2014. Mixed state discrimination: a DSM problem that won’t go away? J Affect Disord. 158:8–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcotte D. 1998. Use of topiramate, a new anti-epileptic as a mood stabilizer. J Affect Disord. 50:245–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus R, Khan A, Rollin L, Morris B, Timko K, Carson W, Sanchez R. 2011. Efficacy of aripiprazole adjunctive to lithium or valproate in the long-term treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder with an inadequate response to lithium or valproate monotherapy: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. Bipolar Disord. 13:133–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marneros A. 2001a. Origin and development of concepts of bipolar mixed states. J Affect Disord. 67:229–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marneros A. 2001b. Expanding the group of bipolar disorders. J Affect Disord. 62:39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masi G, Mucci M, Millepiedi S. 2002. Clozapine in adolescent inpatients with acute mania. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 12:93–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzarini L, Kotzalidis GD, Piacentino D, Rizzato S, Angst J, Azorin JM, Bowden C, Mosolov S, Young A, Vieta E, et al. Forthcoming 2017. Is recurrence in major depressive disorder related to bipolarity and mixed features? Results from the BRIDGE-II-Mix study. J Affect Disord.
   Google Scholar
• McElroy SL, Keck PE, Pope HG, Hudson JI, Faedda GL, Swann AC. 1992. Clinical and research implications of the diagnosis of dysphoric or mixed mania or hypomania. Am J Psychiatry. 149:1633–1644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElroy SL, Soutullo CA, Keck PE, Jr, Kmetz GF. 1997. A pilot trial of adjunctive gabapentin in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 9:99–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McIntyre R, Hirschfeld R, Alphs L, Cohen M, Macek T, Panagides J. 2008. Randomized, placebo-controlled studies of asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar I disorder (Ares 1004/1005). J Affect Disord. 107(Suppl 1):56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Macek TA, Panagides J. 2009. A 3-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar mania and mixed states. Bipolar Disord. 11:673–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Macek TA, Panagides J. 2010a. Asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar I disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 122:27–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Cohen M, Zhao J, Alphs L, Macek TA, Panagides J. 2010b. Asenapine for long-term treatment of bipolar disorder: a double-blind 40-week extension study. J Affect Disord. 126:358–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Cucchiaro J, Pikalov A, Kroger H, Loebel A. 2015. Lurasidone in the treatment of bipolar depression with mixed (subsyndromal hypomanic) features: post hoc analysis of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 76:398–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, McElroy SL, Eudicone JM, Forbes RA, Carlson BX, Baker RA. 2011. A 52-week, double-blind evaluation of the metabolic effects of aripiprazole and lithium in bipolar I disorder. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 13:CC.
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Soczynska JK, Cha DS, Woldeyohannes HO, Dale RS, Alsuwaidan MT, Gallaugher LA, Mansur RB, Muzina DJ, Carvalho A, et al. 2015. The prevalence and illness characteristics of DSM-5-defined’ mixed feature specifier” in adults with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder: Results from the International Mood Disorders Collaborative Project. J Affect Disord. 172:259–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre RS, Tohen M, Berk M, Zhao J, Weiller E. 2013. DSM-5 mixed specifier for manic episodes: evaluating the effect of depressive features on severity and treatment outcome using asenapine clinical trial data. J Affect Disord. 150:378–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, Clayton-Smith J, Combs-Cantrell DT, Cohen M, Kalayjian LA, Kanner A, Liporace JD, Pennell PB, et al. 2009. Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med. 360:1597–1605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mech AW. 2008. High-dose ziprasidone monotherapy in bipolar I disorder patients with depressed or mixed episodes. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 28:240–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medda P, Mauri M, Fratta S, Ciaponi B, Miniati M, Toni C, Dell'Osso L, Perugi G. 2013. Long-term naturalistic follow-up of patients with bipolar depression and mixed state treated with electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT. 29:179–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medda P, Perugi G, Zanello S, Ciuffa M, Rizzato S, Cassano GB. 2010. Comparative response to electroconvulsive therapy in medication-resistant bipolar I patients with depression and mixed state. j ECT. 26:82–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medda P, Toni C, Mariani MG, De Simone L, Mauri M, Perugi G. 2015. Electroconvulsive therapy in 197 patients with a severe, drug-resistant bipolar mixed state: treatment outcome and predictors of response. J Clin Psychiatry. 76:1168–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miura T, Noma H, Furukawa TA, Mitsuyasu H, Tanaka S, Stockton S, Salanti G, Motomura K, Shimano-Katsuki S, Leucht S, et al. 2014. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological treatments in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 1:351–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mokhber N, Lane CJ, Azarpazhooh MR, Salari E, Fayazi R, Shakeri MT, Young AH. 2008. Anticonvulsant treatments of dysphoric mania: a trial of gabapentin, lamotrigine and carbamazepine in Iran. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 4:227–234.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morrow J, Russell A, Guthrie E, Parsons L, Robertson I, Waddell R, Irwin B, McGivern RC, Morrison PJ, Craig J. 2006. Malformation risks of antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: a prospective study from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 77:193–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortensen GL, Vinberg M, Lee MS, Balslev JM, Eberhard J. 2015. Bipolar patients' quality of life in mixed states: a preliminary qualitative study. Psychopathology. 48:192–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosolov SN, Kostiukova EG, Kapiletti SG, Belen'kaia DV, Shafarenko AA, Fedotov DD. 2009. Otkrytoe randomizirovannoe sravnitel’noe 12-nedel’noe issledovanie litiya i valproata pri maniakal’nyh sostoyaniyah. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 109:47–52.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mosolov SN, Kostiukova EG, Ladyzhenskii MI. 2009. Sravnitel’naya effektivnost’ i perenosimost’ karbamazepina i okskarbazepina v processe dlitel’noy protivorecidivnoy terapii bol’nyh bipolyarnym i shizoaffektivnym rasstroystvami. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 109:36–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mosolov SN, Moshchevitin SI. 1990. Primenenie elektrosudorozhnoi terapii dlia obryva kontinual’- nogo techeniia terapevticheski rezistentnykh affektivnogo i shizoaffektivnogo psikhozov. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 90:121–125.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mosolov SN. 1991. Sravnitel’naia effektivnost’ profilakticheskogo primeneniia karbonata litiia, karbamazepina i val’proata natriia pri affektivnykh i shizoaffektivnykh psikhozakh. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 91:78–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Muralidharan K, Ali M, Silveira LE, Bond DJ, Fountoulakis KN, Lam RW, Yatham LN. 2013. Efficacy of second generation antipsychotics in treating acute mixed episodes in bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 150:408–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murru A, Manchia M, Tusconi M, Carpiniello B, Pacchiarotti I, Colom F, Vieta E. 2016. Diagnostic reliability in schizoaffective disorder. Bipolar Disord. 18:78–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasrallah HA, Newcomer JW. 2004. Atypical antipsychotics and metabolic dysregulation: evaluating the risk/benefit equation and improving the standard of care. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 24:S7–S14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen HT, Sharma V, McIntyre RS. 2009. Teratogenesis associated with antibipolar agents. Adv Ther. 26:281–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niedermier JA, Nasrallah HA. 1998. Clinical correlates of response to valproate in geriatric inpatients. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 10:165–168.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nolen WA, Weisler RH. 2013. The association of the effect of lithium in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder with lithium plasma levels: a post hoc analysis of a double-blind study comparing switching to lithium or placebo in patients who responded to quetiapine (Trial 144). Bipolar Disord. 15:100–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostergaard SD, Rothschild AJ, Bertelsen A, Mors O. 2012. Rethinking the classification of mixed affective episodes in ICD-11. J Affect Disord. 138:170–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxman AD, Guyatt GH. 1992. A consumer’s guide to subgroup analyses. Ann Intern Med. 116:78–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacchiarotti I, Bond DJ, Baldessarini RJ, Nolen WA, Grunze H, Licht RW, Post RM, Berk M, Goodwin GM, Sachs GS, et al. 2013. The International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) task force report on antidepressant use in bipolar disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 170:1249–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacchiarotti I, Mazzarini L, Kotzalidis GD, Valenti M, Nivoli AM, Sani G, Torrent C, Murru A, Sanchez-Moreno J, Patrizi B, et al. 2011. Mania and depression. Mixed, not stirred. J Affect Disord. 133:105–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pae CU, Patkar AA, Gilmer W, Holtzman N, Thommi SB, Ghaemi SN. 2012. Predictors of response to ziprasidone: results from a 6-week randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial for acute depressive mixed state. Pharmacopsychiatry. 45:152–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal Singh G. 2008. A double-blind comparative study of clinical efficacy of verapamil versus lithium in acute mania. Int J Psychiatry Clin Prac. 12:303–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palma M, Ferreira B, Borja-Santos N, Trancas B, Monteiro C, Cardoso G. 2016. Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar disorder with mixed features. Depress Res Treat. 2016:8306071.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Patkar A, Gilmer W, Pae CU, Vohringer PA, Ziffra M, Pirok E, Mulligan M, Filkowski MM, Whitham EA, Holtzman NS, et al. 2012. A 6 week randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial of ziprasidone for the acute depressive mixed state. PLoS One. 7:e34757.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perlis RH, Baker RW, Zarate CA Jr, Brown EB, Schuh LM, Jamal HH, Tohen M. 2006. Olanzapine versus risperidone in the treatment of manic or mixed states in bipolar I disorder: a randomized, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 67:1747–1753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Micheli C, Toni C, Madaro D. 2001. Clinical characterization of depressive mixed state in bipolar-I patients: Pisa-San Diego collaboration. J Affect Disord. 67:105–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perugi G, Angst J, Azorin JM, Bowden CL, Caciagli A, Mosolov S, Vieta E, Young AH. 2016. Relationships between mixed features and borderline personality disorder in 2811 patients with major depressive episode. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 133:133–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perugi G, Angst J, Azorin JM, Bowden CL, Mosolov S, Reis J, Vieta E, Young AH. 2015. Mixed features in patients with a major depressive episode: the BRIDGE-II-MIX study. J Clin Psychiatry. 76:e351–e358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perugi G, Medda P, Reis J, Rizzato S, Giorgi MM, Mauri M. 2013. Clinical subtypes of severe bipolar mixed states. J Affect Disord. 151:1076–1082.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perugi G, Micheli C, Akiskal HS, Madaro D, Socci C, Quilici C, Musetti L. 2000. Polarity of the first episode, clinical characteristics, and course of manic depressive illness: a systematic retrospective investigation of 320 bipolar I patients. Compr Psychiatry. 41:13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perugi G, Toni C, Ruffolo G, Sartini S, Simonini E, Akiskal H. 1999. Clinical experience using adjunctive gabapentin in treatment-resistant bipolar mixed states. Pharmacopsychiatry. 32:136–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri E, Bacci O, Barbuti M, Pacchiarotti I, Azorin JM, Angst J, Bowden CL, Mosolov S, Vieta E, Young AH, et al. 2017. Obesity in patients with major depression is related to bipolarity and mixed features: evidence from the BRIDGE-II-Mix study. Bipolar Disord. [accessed 2017 Jul 10]. DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pichot P. 2004. 150ème anniversaire de la Folie Circulaire. Bull Acad Natl Med. 188:275–284.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pigott K, Galizia I, Vasudev K, Watson S, Geddes J, Young AH. 2016. Topiramate for acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 9:CD003384.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pikalov A, Tsai J, Mao Y, Silva R, Cucchiaro J, Loebel A. 2017. Long-term use of lurasidone in patients with bipolar disorder: safety and effectiveness over 2 years of treatment. Int J Bipolar Disord. 5:9–0075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovic D, Vieta E, Azorin JM, Angst J, Bowden CL, Mosolov S, Young AH, Perugi G. 2015. Suicide attempts in major depressive episode: evidence from the BRIDGE-II-Mix study. Bipolar Disord. 17:795–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Post RM, Rubinow DR, Uhde TW, Roy-Byrne PP, Linnoila M, Rosoff A, Cowdry R. 1989. Dysphoric mania. Clinical and biological correlates. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 46:353–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potkin SG, Keck PE Jr, Segal S, Ice K, English P. 2005. Ziprasidone in acute bipolar mania: a 21-day randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled replication trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 25:301–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preti A, Vrublevska J, Veroniki AA, Huedo-Medina TB, Fountoulakis KN. 2016. Prevalence, impact and treatment of generalised anxiety disorder in bipolar disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evid Based Ment Health. 19:73–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prien RF, Himmelhoch JM, Kupfer DJ. 1988. Treatment of mixed mania. J Affect Disord. 15:9–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radua J, Grunze H, Amann BL. 2017. Meta-analysis of the risk of subsequent mood episodes in bipolar disorder. Psychother Psychosom. 86:90–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinares M, Bonnin CM, Hidalgo-Mazzei D, Undurraga J, Mur M, Nieto E, Saez C, Vieta E. 2015. Making sense of DSM-5 mania with depressive features. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 49:540–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rihmer Z, Döme P, Gonda X. 2013. Antidepressant response and subthreshold bipolarity in unipolar major depressive disorder: implications for practice and drug research. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 33:449–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rihmer Z, Döme P. (2016) Major mood disorders and suicidal behaviour. In: O’Connor R, Pirkis J editors. The international handbook of suicide prevention. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons: p. 74–92.
   Google Scholar
• Sachs G, Sanchez R, Marcus R, Stock E, McQuade R, Carson W, bou-Gharbia N, Impellizzeri C, Kaplita S, Rollin L, et al. 2006. Aripiprazole in the treatment of acute manic or mixed episodes in patients with bipolar I disorder: a 3-week placebo-controlled study. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford). 20:536–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs GS, Greenberg WM, Starace A, Lu K, Ruth A, Laszlovszky I, Nemeth G, Durgam S. 2015. Cariprazine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar I disorder: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. J Affect Disord. 174:296–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs GS, Grossman F, Ghaemi SN, Okamoto A, Bowden CL. 2002. Combination of a mood stabilizer with risperidone or haloperidol for treatment of acute mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison of efficacy and safety. Am J Psychiatry. 159:1146–1154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajatovic M, Al JR, Gildengers A, Greenberg RL, Tenhave T, Bruce ML, Mulsant B, Young RC. 2011. Depression symptom ratings in geriatric patients with bipolar mania. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 26:1201–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvatore P, Baldessarini RJ, Centorrino F, Egli S, Albert M, Gerhard A, Maggini C. 2002. Weygandt’s On the Mixed States of Manic-Depressive Insanity: a translation and commentary on its significance in the evolution of the concept of bipolar disorder. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 10:255–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvatore P, Bhuvaneswar C, Ebert D, Maggini C, Baldessarini RJ. 2008. Cycloid psychoses revisited: case reports, literature review, and commentary. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 16:167–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato T, Bottlender R, Sievas M, Schroter A, Hecht S, Möller HJ. 2003. Long-term inter-episode stability of syndromes underlying mania. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 108:310–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sawyer L, Azorin JM, Chang S, Rinciog C, Guiraud-Diawara A, Marre C, Hansen K. 2014. Cost-effectiveness of asenapine in the treatment of bipolar I disorder patients with mixed episodes. J Med Econ. 17:508–519.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaffer A, Isometsa ET, Tondo L, Moreno DH, Sinyor M, Kessing LV, Turecki G, Weizman A, Azorin JM, Ha K, et al. 2015. Epidemiology, neurobiology and pharmacological interventions related to suicide deaths and suicide attempts in bipolar disorder: Part I of a report of the International Society for Bipolar Disorders Task Force on Suicide in Bipolar Disorder. Aust NZ J Psychiatry. 49:785–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffer CB, Schaffer LC, Nordahl TE, Stark NM, Gohring CE. 2016. An open trial of lurasidone as an acute and maintenance adjunctive treatment for outpatients with treatment-resistant bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 36:88–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Secunda SK, Swann A, Katz MM, Koslow SH, Croughan J, Chang S. 1987. Diagnosis and treatment of mixed mania. Am J Psychiatry. 144:96–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedler MJ. 1983. Falret’s discovery: the origin of the concept of bipolar affective illness. Translated by M. J. Sedler and Eric C. Dessain. Am J Psychiatry. 140:1127–1133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seemüller F, Forsthoff A, Dittmann S, Born C, Bernhard B, Severus WE, Grunze H. 2005. The safety and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics in bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 4:849–868.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma V, Pistor L. 1999. Treatment of bipolar mixed state with olanzapine. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 24:40–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim IH, Woo YS, Bahk WM. 2015. Prevalence rates and clinical implications of bipolar disorder with mixed features as defined by DSM-5. J Affect Disord. 173:120–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorter D, Healy D. 2007. Shock therapy: a history of electroconvulsive therapy in mental illness. London (UK): Rutgers University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sokolski KN, Green C, Maris DE, DeMet EM. 1999. Gabapentin as an adjunct to standard mood stabilizers in outpatients with mixed bipolar symptomatology. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 11:217–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spina E, Pisani F, Perucca E. 1996. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with carbamazepine. An update. Clin Pharmacokinet. 31:198–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer RL, Endicott J, Robbins E. 1975. Research diagnostic criteria (RDC) for a selected group of functional disorders. 2nd ed. New York: Psychiatric Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Stahl S, Lombardo I, Loebel A, Mandel FS. 2010. Efficacy of ziprasidone in dysphoric mania: pooled analysis of two double-blind studies. J Affect Disord. 122:39–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stahl SM, Morrissette DA, Faedda G, Fava M, Goldberg JF, Keck PE, Lee Y, Malhi G, Marangoni C, McElroy SL, et al. 2017. Guidelines for the recognition and management of mixed depression. CNS Spectrums. 22:203–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strakowski SM, McElroy SL, Keck PE, West SA. 1996. Suicidality among patients with mixed and manic bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 153:674–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strejilevich SA, Martino DJ, Marengo E, Igoa A, Fassi G, Whitham EA, Ghaemi SN. 2011. Long-term worsening of bipolar disorder related with frequency of antidepressant exposure. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 23:186–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strömgren LS. 1988. Electroconvulsive therapy in Aarhus, Denmark, in 1984: its application in nondepressive disorders. Convuls Ther. 4:306–313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Suppes T, Eudicone J, McQuade R, Pikalov A, III, Carlson B. 2008. Efficacy and safety of aripiprazole in subpopulations with acute manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder. J Affect Disord. 107:145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppes T, Ketter TA, Gwizdowski IS, Dennehy EB, Hill SJ, Fischer EG, Snow DE, Gonzalez R, Sureddi S, Shivakumar G, et al. 2013. First controlled treatment trial of bipolar II hypomania with mixed symptoms: quetiapine versus placebo. J Affect Disord. 150:37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppes T, Kroger H, Pikalov A, Loebel A. 2016. Lurasidone adjunctive with lithium or valproate for bipolar depression: a placebo-controlled trial utilizing prospective and retrospective enrolment cohorts. J Psychiatr Res. 78:86–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppes T, McElroy SL, Gilbert J, Dessain EC, Cole JO. 1992. Clozapine in the treatment of dysphoric mania. Biol Psychiatry. 32:270–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppes T, Mintz J, McElroy SL, Altshuler LL, Kupka RW, Frye MA, Keck PE Jr, Nolen WA, Leverich GS, Grunze H, et al. 2005. Mixed hypomania in 908 patients with bipolar disorder evaluated prospectively in the Stanley Foundation Bipolar Treatment Network: a sex-specific phenomenon. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 62:1089–1096.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppes T, Silva R, Cucchiaro J, Mao Y, Targum S, Streicher C, Pikalov A, Loebel A. 2016. Lurasidone for the treatment of major depressive disorder with mixed features: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 173:400–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suppes T, Vieta E, Liu S, Brecher M, Paulsson B. 2009. Maintenance treatment for patients with bipolar I disorder: results from a north american study of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex (trial 127). Am J Psychiatry. 166:476–488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann AC, Bowden CL, Calabrese J, Dilsaver SC, Morris DD. 2002. Pattern of response to divalproex, lithium, or placebo in four naturalistic subtypes of mania. Neuropsychopharmacology. 26:530–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann AC, Bowden CL, Morris D, Calabrese JR, Petty F, Small J, Dilsaver SC, Davis JM. 1997. Depression during mania. Treatment response to lithium or divalproex. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 54:37–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann AC, Lafer B, Perugi G, Frye MA, Bauer M, Bahk WM, Scott J, Ha K, Suppes T. 2013. Bipolar mixed states: an international society for bipolar disorders task force report of symptom structure, course of illness, and diagnosis. Am J Psychiatry. 170:31–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann AC, Secunda SK, Katz MM, Koslow SH, Maas JW, Chang S, Robins E. 1986. Lithium treatment of mania: clinical characteristics, specificity of symptom change, and outcome. Psychiatry Res. 18:127–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann AC. 2000. Depression, mania, and feeling bad: the role of dysphoria in mixed states. Bipolar Disord. 2:325–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szegedi A, Calabrese JR, Stet L, Mackle M, Zhao J, Panagides J. 2012. Asenapine as adjunctive treatment for acute mania associated with bipolar disorder: results of a 12-week core study and 40-week extension. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 32:46–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szegedi A, Durgam S, Mackle M, Yu SY, Wu X, Mathews M, Landbloom RL. 2017. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of asenapine maintenance therapy in adults with an acute manic or mixed episode associated with bipolar I disorder. Am J Psychiatry. [accessed 2017 Sep 26]. DOI:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16040419
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Szegedi A, Zhao J, McIntyre RS. 2013. Early improvement as a predictor of acute treatment outcome in manic or mixed episodes in bipolar-1 disorder: a pooled, post hoc analysis from the asenapine development program. J Affect Disord. 150:745–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szegedi A, Zhao J, van WA, Nations KR, Mackle M, Panagides J. 2011. Effects of asenapine on depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar I disorder experiencing acute manic or mixed episodes: a post hoc analysis of two 3-week clinical trials. BMC Psychiatry. 11:101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshima M, Oka T. 2013. Association between the so-called activation syndrome and bipolar II disorder, a related disorder, and bipolar suggestive features in outpatients with depression. J Affect Disord. 151:196–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeshima M. 2017. Treating mixed mania/hypomania: a review and synthesis of the evidence. CNS Spectr. 22:177–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang CS, Yeh CB, Huang YS, Wang LJ, Chou WJ, Chou MC, Chen CK. 2010. Long-term effectiveness of aripiprazole in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder: A naturalistic study. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 14:252–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targum SD, Suppes T, Pendergrass JC, Lee S, Silva R, Cucchiaro J, Loebel A. 2016. Major depressive disorder with subthreshold hypomania (mixed features): clinical characteristics of patients entered in a multiregional, placebo-controlled study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 68:9–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor DM, Cornelius V, Smith L, Young AH. 2014. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of drug treatments for bipolar depression: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 130:452–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Calabrese J, Vieta E, Bowden C, González-Pinto A, Lin D, Xu W, Corya S. 2007. Effect of comorbid anxiety on treatment response in bipolar depression. J Affect Disord. 104:137–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Banov MD, Detke HC, Risser R, Baker RW, Chou JC, Bowden CL. 2006. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of olanzapine as maintenance therapy in patients with bipolar I disorder responding to acute treatment with olanzapine. Am J Psychiatry. 163:247–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, Baker RW, Zarate CA, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Kupfer DJ, Ghaemi SN, Feldman PD, et al. 2004. Relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder: 18-month comparison of olanzapine plus mood stabiliser v. mood stabiliser alone. Br J Psychiatry. 184:337–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Chengappa KN, Suppes T, Zarate CA, Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, Kupfer DJ, Baker RW, Risser RC, et al. 2002. Efficacy of olanzapine in combination with valproate or lithium in the treatment of mania in patients partially nonresponsive to valproate or lithium monotherapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 59:62–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Goldberg JF, González-Pinto Arrillaga AM, Azorin JM, Vieta E, Hardy-Bayle MC, Lawson WB, Emsley RA, Zhang F, Baker RW, et al. 2003. A 12-week, double-blind comparison of olanzapine vs haloperidol in the treatment of acute mania. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 60:1218–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Greenfield SF, Weiss RD, Zarate CA, Jr, Vagge LM. 1998. The effect of comorbid substance use disorders on the course of bipolar disorder: a review. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 6:133–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Greil W, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Yatham LN, Oerlinghausen BM, Koukopoulos A, Cassano GB, Grunze H, Licht RW, et al. 2005. Olanzapine versus lithium in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a 12-month, randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry. 162:1281–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Jacobs TG, Grundy SL, McElroy SL, Banov MC, Janicak PG, Sanger T, Risser R, Zhang F, Toma V, et al. 2000. Efficacy of olanzapine in acute bipolar mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. The Olanzapine HGGW Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 57:841–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Kanba S, McIntyre RS, Fujikoshi S, Katagiri H. 2014. Efficacy of olanzapine monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar depression with mixed features. J Affect Disord. 164:57–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Kryzhanovskaya L, Carlson G, DelBello M, Wozniak J, Kowatch R, Wagner K, Findling R, Lin D, Robertson-Plouch C, et al. 2007. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of adolescents with bipolar mania. Am J Psychiatry. 164:1547–1556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, McDonnell DP, Case M, Kanba S, Ha K, Fang YR, Katagiri H, Gomez JC. 2012. Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of olanzapine in patients with bipolar I depression. Br J Psychiatry. 201:376–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, McIntyre RS, Kanba S, Fujikoshi S, Katagiri H. 2014. Efficacy of olanzapine in the treatment of bipolar mania with mixed features defined by DSM-5. J Affect Disord. 168:136–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Mintz J, Bowden CL. 2016. Analysis of bipolar maintenance treatment with lithium versus olanzapine utilizing Multi-state Outcome Analysis of Treatments (MOAT). Bipolar Disord. 18:282–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Sanger TM, McElroy SL, Tollefson GD, Chengappa KN, Daniel DG, Petty F, Centorrino F, Wang R, Grundy SL, et al. 1999. Olanzapine versus placebo in the treatment of acute mania. Olanzapine HGEH Study Group. Am J Psychiatry. 156:702–709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Sutton VK, Calabrese JR, Sachs GS, Bowden CL. 2009. Maintenance of response following stabilization of mixed index episodes with olanzapine monotherapy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of bipolar 1 disorder. J Affect Disord. 116:43–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Vieta E, Calabrese J, Ketter TA, Sachs G, Bowden C, Mitchell PB, Centorrino F, Risser R, Baker RW, et al. 2003. Efficacy of olanzapine and olanzapine-fluoxetine combination in the treatment of bipolar I depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 60:1079–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohen M, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, Sun B, Amsterdam JD, Banov M, Shekhar A, Aaronson ST, Bardenstein L, Grecu-Gabos I, et al. 2008. Olanzapine versus divalproex versus placebo in the treatment of mild to moderate mania: a randomized, 12-week, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry. 69:1776–1789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tondo L, Visioli C, Preti A, Baldessarini RJ. 2014. Bipolar disorders following initial depression: modeling predictive clinical factors. J Affect Disord. 167:44–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tredget J, Kirov A, Kirov G. 2010. Effects of chronic lithium treatment on renal function. J Affect Disord. 126:436–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tundo A, Musetti L, Benedetti A, Berti B, Massimetti G, Dell’Osso L. 2015. Onset polarity and illness course in bipolar I and II disorders: The predictive role of broadly defined mixed states. Compr Psychiatry. 63:15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tural U, Onder E. 2010. Clinical and pharmacologic risk factors for neuroleptic malignant syndrome and their association with death. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 64:79–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner EH, Matthews AM, Linardatos E, Tell RA, Rosenthal R. 2008. Selective publication of antidepressant trials and its influence on apparent efficacy. N Engl J Med. 358:252–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenti M, Benabarre A, Garcia-Amador M, Molina O, Bernardo M, Vieta E. 2008. Electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of mixed states in bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 23:53–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenti M, Pacchiarotti I, Rosa AR, Bonnin CM, Popovic D, Nivoli AM, Murru A, Grande I, Colom F, Vieta E. 2011. Bipolar mixed episodes and antidepressants: a cohort study of bipolar I disorder patients. Bipolar Disord. 13:145–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Amelsvoort T, Bakshi R, Devaux CB, Schwabe S. 1994. Hyponatremia associated with carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine therapy: a review. Epilepsia 35:181–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanelle JM, Loo H, Galinowski A, de Carvalho W, Bourdel MC, Brochier P, Bouvet O, Brochier T, Olie JP. 1994. Maintenance ECT in intractable manic-depressive disorders. Convuls Ther. 10:195–205.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verdolini N, Perugi G, Samalin L, Murru A, Angst J, Azorin JM, Bowden CL, Mosolov S, Young AH, Barbuti M, et al. 2017. Aggressiveness in depression: a neglected symptom possibly associated with bipolarity and mixed features. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 136:326–372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Bourin M, Sanchez R, Marcus R, Stock E, McQuade R, Carson W, Abou-Gharbia N, Swanink R, Iwamoto T. 2005. Effectiveness of aripiprazole v. haloperidol in acute bipolar mania: double-blind, randomised, comparative 12-week trial 4829. Br J Psychiatry. 187:235–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Durgam S, Lu K, Laszlovszky I, Patel M, Earley W. Forthcoming 2017. Efficacy of cariprazine in subgroups of bipolar patients with manic episodes, mixed episodes, and with or without psychotic symptoms. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Durgam S, Lu K, Ruth A, Debelle M, Zukin S. 2015. Effect of cariprazine across the symptoms of mania in bipolar I disorder: Analyses of pooled data from phase II/III trials. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 25:1882–1891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Gasto C, Escobar R. 1995. Treatment of dysphoric mania with risperidone. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 10:491–492.
   Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Grunze H, Azorin JM, Fagiolini A. 2014. Phenomenology of manic episodes according to the presence or absence of depressive features as defined in DSM-5: Results from the IMPACT self-reported online survey. J Affect Disord. 156:206–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Martinez-Aran A, Nieto E, Colom F, Reinares M, Benabarre A, Gasto C. 2000. Adjunctive gabapentin treatment of bipolar disorder. Eur Psychiatry. 15:433–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Morralla C. 2010. Prevalence of mixed mania using 3 definitions. J Affect Disord. 125:61–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Nuamah IF, Lim P, Yuen EC, Palumbo JM, Hough DW, Berwaerts J. 2010. A randomized, placebo- and active-controlled study of paliperidone extended release for the treatment of acute manic and mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disord. 12:230–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Suppes T, Eggens I, Persson I, Paulsson B, Brecher M. 2008. Efficacy and safety of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex for maintenance of patients with bipolar I disorder (international trial 126). J Affect Disord. 109:251–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Suppes T, Ekholm B, Udd M, Gustafsson U. 2012. Long-term efficacy of quetiapine in combination with lithium or divalproex on mixed symptoms in bipolar I disorder. J Affect Disord. 142:36–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, T’joen C, McQuade RD, Carson WH Jr, Marcus RN, Sanchez R, Owen R, Nameche L. 2008. Efficacy of adjunctive aripiprazole to either valproate or lithium in bipolar mania patients partially nonresponsive to valproate/lithium monotherapy: a placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 165:1316–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Torrent C, Garcia-Ribas G, Gilabert A, Garcia-Pares G, Rodriguez A, Cadevall J, Garcia-Castrillon J, Lusilla P, Arrufat F. 2002. Use of topiramate in treatment-resistant bipolar spectrum disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 22:431–435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E, Valenti M. 2013. Mixed states in DSM-5: implications for clinical care, education, and research. J Affect Disord. 148:28–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieta E. 2016. DSM-5.1. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 134:187–188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vita A, De Peri L, Siracusano A, Sacchetti E. 2013. Efficacy and tolerability of asenapine for acute mania in bipolar I disorder: meta-analyses of randomized-controlled trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 28:219–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walton SA, Berk M, Brook S. 1996. Superiority of lithium over verapamil in mania: a randomized, controlled, single-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 57:543–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehr TA, Goodwin FK. 1987. Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness? Am J Psychiatry. 144:1403–1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weibel S, Bertschy G. 2016. Depression mixte et DSM-5: mise au point critique. Encephale. 42:90–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weisler RH, Hirschfeld R, Cutler AJ, Gazda T, Ketter TA, Keck PE, Swann A, Kalali A. 2006. Extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy in bipolar disorder: pooled results from two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. CNS Drugs. 20:219–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisler RH, Kalali AH, Ketter TA. 2004. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for bipolar disorder patients with manic or mixed episodes. J Clin Psychiatry. 65:478–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisler RH, Keck PE Jr, Swann AC, Cutler AJ, Ketter TA, Kalali AH. 2005. Extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for acute mania in bipolar disorder: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 66:323–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisler RH, Nolen WA, Neijber A, Hellqvist A, Paulsson B. 2011. Continuation of quetiapine versus switching to placebo or lithium for maintenance treatment of bipolar I disorder (Trial 144: a randomized controlled study). J Clin Psychiatry. 72:1452–1464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weygandt W. 1899. Über die Mischzustände des manisch-depressiven Irreseins. In: Habilitationsschrift. München: JF Lehmann.
   Google Scholar
• Whittier MC, West SA, Galli VB, Raute NJ. 1995. Valproic acid for dysphoric mania in a mentally retarded adolescent. J Clin Psychiatry. 56:590–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm S, Schacht A, Minarzyk A, Liebeskind A, Grunze H. 2007. Preventing bipolar relapse: In which way do patients with mixed episodes differ? Eur Psychiatry. 22:S 262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winokur G, Clayton PJ, Reich T. 1969. Manic depressive illness. St. Louis: C.V.Mosby.
   Google Scholar
• Wisner KL, Peindl KS, Perel JM, Hanusa BH, Piontek CM, Baab S. 2002. Verapamil treatment for women with bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 51:745–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo YS, Bahk WM, Chung MY, Kim DH, Yoon BH, Lee JH, Ahn YM, Chung SK, Kim JG, Lee KH, et al. 2011. Aripiprazole plus divalproex for recently manic or mixed patients with bipolar I disorder: a 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind maintenance trial. Hum Psychopharmacol. 26:543–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo YS, Bahk WM, Jon DI, Chung SK, Lee SY, Ahn YM, Pae CU, Cho HS, Kim JG, Hwang TY, et al. 2010. Risperidone in the treatment of mixed state bipolar patients: results from a 24-week, multicenter, open-label study in Korea. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 64:28–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo YS, Shim IH, Wang HR, Song HR, Jun TY, Bahk WM. 2015. A diagnosis of bipolar spectrum disorder predicts diagnostic conversion from unipolar depression to bipolar disorder: a 5-year retrospective study. J Affect Disord. 174:83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 1992. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and behavioural Disorders. In: Clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: WHO.
   Google Scholar
• Wu HE, Okusaga OO. 2015. Antipsychotic medication-induced dysphoria: its meaning, association with typical vs. atypical medications and impact on adherence. Psychiatr Q. 86:199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatham LN, Fountoulakis KN, Rahman Z, Ammerman D, Fyans P, Marler SV, Baker RA, Carlson BX. 2013. Efficacy of aripiprazole versus placebo as adjuncts to lithium or valproate in relapse prevention of manic or mixed episodes in bipolar I patients stratified by index manic or mixed episode. J Affect Disord. 147:365–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatham LN, Grossman F, Augustyns I, Vieta E, Ravindran A. 2003. Mood stabilisers plus risperidone or placebo in the treatment of acute mania. International, double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 182:141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yatham LN, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, Bourin M, de BC, Laredo J, Calabrese J. 2016. Agomelatine or placebo as adjunctive therapy to a mood stabiliser in bipolar I depression: randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 208:78–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yildiz A, Nikodem M, Vieta E, Correll CU, Baldessarini RJ. 2015. A network meta-analysis on comparative efficacy and all-cause discontinuation of antimanic treatments in acute bipolar mania. Psychol Med. 45:299–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AH, Altamura AC, González-Pinto AM, Millet B, Wiedemann K. 2013. Use of asenapine in clinical practice for the management of bipolar mania. J Psychopharmacol. 27:3–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AH, Eberhard J. 2015. Evaluating depressive symptoms in mania: a naturalistic study of patients with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 11:1137–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young AH, Oren DA, Lowy A, McQuade RD, Marcus RN, Carson WH, Spiller NH, Torbeyns AF, Sanchez R. 2009. Aripiprazole monotherapy in acute mania: 12-week randomised placebo- and haloperidol-controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 194:40–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarate CA, Rothschild A, Fletcher KE, Madrid A, Zapatel J. 2000. Clinical predictors of acute response with quetiapine in psychotic mood disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 61:185–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeeuws D, De RK, De RR, De BM, Baeken C, Vanderbruggen N. 2011. Intensive high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment in an electroconvulsive shock therapy-resistant bipolar I patient with mixed episode. Brain Stimul. 4:46–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeeuws D, Santermans L, Baeken C, Vanderbruggen N. 2010a. Intensive rTMS applications in difficult to treat psychiatric patients: some cases. Psychiatr Danub. 22 Suppl 1:S135–S136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeeuws D, Santermans L, Baeken C, Vanderbruggen N. 2010b. Combative HF-rTMS treatment, for a bipolar I patient, following unsuccessful ECT. Psychiatr Danub. 22 Suppl 1:S164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimbroff DL, Marcus RN, Manos G, Stock E, McQuade RD, Auby P, Oren DA. 2007. Management of acute agitation in patients with bipolar disorder: efficacy and safety of intramuscular aripiprazole. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 27:171–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimina SV, Kostyukova EG, Mosolov SN. 2016. Dnevnaya dinamika vospriyatiya vremeni pri zatormozhennoi i trevozhnoi depressii u bol’nykh bipolyarnym rasstroistvom II tipa. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 116:34–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zorrilla I, Aguado J, Haro JM, Barbeito S, Lopez ZS, Ortiz A, Lopez P, González-Pinto A. 2015. Cannabis and bipolar disorder: does quitting cannabis use during manic/mixed episode improve clinical/functional outcomes? Acta Psychiatr Scand. 131:100–110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zullino D, Baumann P. 1999. Olanzapine for mixed episodes of bipolar disorder. J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford). 13:198.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar