Psychotherapy of adjustment disorders: Current state and future directions

References

• Altenhöfer A, Schulz W, Schwab R, Eckert J. 2007. Psychotherapie von Anpassungsstörungen. Psychotherapeut. 52:24–34.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson G, Cuijpers P, Carlbring P, Riper H, Hedman E. 2014. Guided internet-based vs face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry. 13:288–295.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson G, Hedman E. 2013. Effectiveness of guided internet-based cognitive behavior therapy in regular clinical settings. Verhaltenstherapie. 23:140–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson G, Titov N. 2014. Advantages and limitations of internet-based interventions for common mental disorders. World Psychiatry. 13:4–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreasen NC, Hoenk PR. 1982. The predictive value of adjustment disorders: a follow-up study. Am J Psychiatry. 139:584–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreu-Mateu S, Botella C, Quero S, Guillén V, Baños RM. 2012. La utilización de la realidad virtual y estrategias de psicología positiva en el tratamiento de los trastornos adaptativos. Behav Psychol. 20:323–348.
   Google Scholar
• Arends I, Bruinvels DJ, Rebergen DS, Nieuwenhuijsen K, Madan I, Neumeyer-Gromen A, Bultmann U, Verbeek JH. 2012. Interventions to facilitate return to work in adults with adjustment disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 12:CD006389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bachem R, Maercker A. 2016. Self-help interventions for adjustment disorder problems: a randomized waiting-list controlled study in a sample of burglary victims. Cogn Behav Ther. 45:397–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker IM, Terluin B, van Marwijk HWJ, van der Windt DAWM, Rijmen F, van Mechelen W, Stalman WAB. 2007. A cluster-randomised trial evaluating an intervention for patients with stress-related mental disorders and sick leave in primary care. PLoS Clin Trial. 2:e26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumeister H. 2012. Inappropriate prescriptions of antidepressant drugs in patients with subthreshold to mild depression: time for the evidence to become practice. J Affect Disord. 139:240–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister H. 2017. Behavioural activation training for depression. Lancet. 389:366–367.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumeister H, Kufner K. 2009. It is time to adjust the adjustment disorder category. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 22:409–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister H, Maercker A, Casey P. 2009. Adjustment disorder with depressed mood: a critique of its DSM-IV and ICD-10 conceptualisations and recommendations for the future. Psychopathology. 42:139–147.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumeister H, Morar V. 2008. The impact of clinical significance criteria on subthreshold depression prevalence rates. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 118:443–450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister H, Reichler L, Munzinger M, Lin J. 2014. The impact of guidance on Internet-based mental health interventions — a systematic review. Internet Interv. 1:205–215.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister H, Terhorst Y, Lin J. 2016. The Internet and Mobile technology: a platform for behavior change and intervention in depression and CVDs. In: Baune BT, Tully PJ, editors. Cardiovascular diseases and depression: treatment and prevention in Psychocardiology = Treatment and prevention in psychocardiology. Cham: Springer International Publishing; p. 395–410.
   Google Scholar
• Bengel J, Hubert S. 2010. Anpassungsstörung und Akute Belastungsreaktion. Göttingen: Hogrefe; p. 113 (Fortschritte der Psychotherapie; vol. 39). ISBN: 9783801716226.
   Google Scholar
• Ben-Itzhak S, Bluvstein I, Schreiber S, Aharonov-Zaig I, Maor M, Lipnik R, Bloch M. 2012. The effectiveness of brief versus intermediate duration psychodynamic psychotherapy in the treatment of adjustment disorder. J Contemp Psychother. 42:249–256.
   Google Scholar
• Blonk RWB, Brenninkmeijer V, Lagerveld SE, Houtman ILD. 2006. Return to work: a comparison of two cognitive behavioural interventions in cases of work-related psychological complaints among the self-employed. Work Stress. 20:129–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos EH, Merea R, van den Brink E, Sanderman R, Bartels-Velthuis AA. 2014. Mindfulness training in a heterogeneous psychiatric sample: outcome evaluation and comparison of different diagnostic groups. J Clin Psychol. 70:60–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botella C, Baños R, Rey B, Alcañiz M, Guillen V, Quero S, García-Palacios A. 2006. Using an adaptive display for the treatment of emotional disorders. Extended Abstracts Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI 2006; April 22–27; Montréal, Québec, Canada: ACM.
   Google Scholar
• Bower P, Gilbody S. 2005. Stepped care in psychological therapies: access, effectiveness and efficiency. Narrative literature review. Br J Psychiatry. 186:11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewin CR, Dalgleish T, Joseph S. 1996. A dual representation theory of posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychol Rev. 103:670–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwers EPM, Tiemens BG, Terluin B, Verhaak PFM. 2006. Effectiveness of an intervention to reduce sickness absence in patients with emotional distress or minor mental disorders: a randomized controlled effectiveness trial. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 28:223–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carta MG, Balestrieri M, Murru A, Hardoy MC. 2009. Adjustment disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health. 5:15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Casey P. 2001. Adjustment disorders: fault line in the psychiatric glossary. Br J Psychiatry. 179:479–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey P. 2009. Adjustment disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. CNS Drugs 23:927–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey P. 2014. Adjustment disorder: new developments. Curr Psychiatry Rep16:451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey P, Bailey S. 2011. Adjustment disorders: the state of the art. World Psychiatry. 10:11–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cipriani A, Geddes J. 2003. Comparison of systematic and narrative reviews: the example of the atypical antipsychotics. Epidemiol Psichiatr Soc. 12:146–153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cluver JS, Schuyler D, Frueh BC, Brescia F, Arana GW. 2005. Remote psychotherapy for terminally ill cancer patients. J Telemed Telecare. 11:157–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cvetek R. 2008. EMDR treatment of distressful experiences that fail to meet the criteria for PTSD. J EMDR Prac Res. 2:2–14.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson L, Bellamy C, Guy K, Miller R. 2012. Peer support among persons with severe mental illnesses: a review of evidence and experience. World Psychiatry. 11:123–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domhardt M, Münzer A, Fegert JM, Goldbeck L. 2015. Resilience in survivors of child sexual abuse: a systematic review of the literature. Trauma Violence Abuse. 16:476–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domhardt M, Ebert DD, Baumeister H. 2018. Internet- und mobile-basierte Interventionen. In: Kohlmann C-W, Salewski C, Wirtz MA, editors. Psychologie in der Gesundheitsförderung. Bern: Hogrefe; p. 397–410.
   Google Scholar
• Ehlers A, Clark DM. 2000. A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Res Ther.38:319–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einsle F, Kollner V, Dannemann S, Maercker A. 2010. Development and validation of a self-report for the assessment of adjustment disorders. Psychol Health Med. 15:584–595.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekers D, Webster L, van Straten A, Cuijpers P, Richards D, Gilbody S. 2014. Behavioural activation for depression; an update of meta-analysis of effectiveness and sub group analysis. PLoS One. 9:e100100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans SC, Reed GM, Roberts MC, Esparza P, Watts AD, Correia JM, Ritchie P, Maj M, Saxena S. 2013. Psychologists' perspectives on the diagnostic classification of mental disorders: results from the WHO-IUPsyS Global Survey. Int J Psychol. 48:177–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandez A, Mendive JM, Salvador-Carulla L, Rubio-Valera M, Luciano JV, Pinto-Meza A, Haro JM, Palao DJ, Bellon JA, Serrano-Blanco A. 2012. Adjustment disorders in primary care: prevalence, recognition and use of services. Br J Psychiatry. 201:137–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa E, McNally R. 1995. In: Rapee RM, editor. Current controversies in the anxiety disorders. New York (NY): Guilford Press; p. 329–343.
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy P. 2015. The effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapies: an update. World Psychiatry. 14:137–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frankel M. 2001. Ego enhancing treatment of adjustment disorders of later life. J Geriatr Psychiatry. 34:221–223.
   Google Scholar
• González-Jaimes EI, Turnbull-Plaza B. 2003. Selection of psychotherapeutic treatment for adjustment disorder with depressive mood due to acute myocardial infarction. Arch Med Res. 34:298–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin PJ. 2005. Support groups in advanced breast cancer. Cancer. 104:2596–2601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorschenek N, Schwab R, Eckert J. 2008. Psychotherapy of adjustment disorders. Psychother Psych Med. 58:200–207.
   Google Scholar
• Gregory RJ, Schwer Canning S, Lee TW, Wise JC. 2004. Cognitive bibliotherapy for depression: a meta-analysis. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 35:275–280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann SG, Asnaani A, Vonk IJJ, Sawyer AT, Fang A. 2012. The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: a review of meta-analyses. Cogn Ther Res. 36:427–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horowitz MJ. 1997. Stress response syndromes: PTSD, grief, and adjustment disorders. 3rd ed. Northvale (NJ): Aronson; p. 358. ISBN: 0765700255.
   Google Scholar
• Hsiao F-H, Lai Y-M, Chen Y-T, Yang T-T, Liao S-C, Ho RTH, Ng S-M, Chan CLW, Jow G-M. 2014. Efficacy of psychotherapy on diurnal cortisol patterns and suicidal ideation in adjustment disorder with depressed mood. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 36:214–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jojic BR, Leposavic LM. 2005a. Autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adolescents. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 133:424–428.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jojic BR, Leposavic LM. 2005b. Autogenic training as a therapy for adjustment disorder in adults. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 133:505–509.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kazdin AE. 2007. Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy research. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 3:1–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazdin AE. 2018. Implementation and evaluation of treatments for children and adolescents with conduct problems: findings, challenges, and future directions. Psychother Res. 28:3–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer U, Despland J-N, Michel L, Drapeau M, de Roten Y. 2010. Change in defense mechanisms and coping over the course of short-term dynamic psychotherapy for adjustment disorder. J Clin Psychol. 66:1232–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer U, Pascual-Leone A, Despland J-N, de Roten Y. 2015. One minute of grief: emotional processing in short-term dynamic psychotherapy for adjustment disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 83:187–198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laugharne J, van der Watt G, Janca A. 2009. It is too early for adjusting the adjustment disorder category. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 22:50–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leichsenring F, Luyten P, Hilsenroth MJ, Abbass A, Barber JP, Keefe JR, Leweke F, Rabung S, Steinert C. 2015. Psychodynamic therapy meets evidence-based medicine: a systematic review using updated criteria. Lancet Psychiatry. 2:648–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz L, Bachem RC, Maercker A. 2016. The adjustment disorder–new module 20 as a screening instrument: cluster analysis and cut-off values. Int J Occup Environ Med. 7:215–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maercker A, Bachem RC, Lorenz L, Moser CT, Berger T. 2015. Adjustment disorders are uniquely suited for ehealth interventions: concept and case study. JMIR Ment Health. 2:e15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maercker A, Brewin CR, Bryant RA, Cloitre M, Reed GM, van Ommeren M, Humayun A, Jones LM, Kagee A, Llosa AE, et al. 2013. Proposals for mental disorders specifically associated with stress in the international classification of Diseases-11. Lancet. 381:1683–1685.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maercker A, Einsle F, Kollner V. 2007. Adjustment disorders as stress response syndromes: a new diagnostic concept and its exploration in a medical sample. Psychopathology. 40:135–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maercker A, Forstmeier S, Pielmaier L, Spangenberg L, Brahler E, Glaesmer H. 2012. Adjustment disorders: prevalence in a representative nationwide survey in Germany. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 47:1745–1752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahlke CI, Kramer UM, Becker T, Bock T. 2014. Peer support in mental health services. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 27:276–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maina G, Forner F, Bogetto F. 2005. Randomized controlled trial comparing brief dynamic and supportive therapy with waiting list condition in minor depressive disorders. Psychother Psychosom. 74:43–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manoranjitham SD, Rajkumar AP, Thangadurai P, Prasad J, Jayakaran R, Jacob KS. 2010. Risk factors for suicide in rural south India. Br J Psychiatry. 196:26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manzoni GM, Pagnini F, Castelnuovo G, Molinari E. 2008. Relaxation training for anxiety: a ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 8:41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markowitz JC, Klerman GL, Perry SW. 1992. Interpersonal psychotherapy of depressed HIV-positive outpatients. Hosp Comm Psychiatry. 43:885–890.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mihelich ML. 2000. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing treatment of AD. Dissertation Abstracts International 61:1091.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell AJ, Chan M, Bhatti H, Halton M, Grassi L, Johansen C, Meader N. 2011. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, haematological, and palliative-care settings: a meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies. The Lancet Oncol. 12:160–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nardi C, Lichtenberg P, Kaplan Z. 1994. Adjustment disorder of conscripts as a military phobia. Mil Med. 159:612–616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. 2009. Depression in Adults. The treatment and management of depression in adults. NICE clinical guideline 90. London (UK): NICE.
   Google Scholar
• Novo Navarro P, Landin-Romero R, Guardiola-Wanden-Berghe R, Moreno-Alcazar A, Valiente-Gomez A, Lupo W, Garcia F, Fernandez I, Perez V, Amann BL. 2018. 25 years of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): the EMDR therapy protocol, hypotheses of its mechanism of action and a systematic review of its efficacy in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder. Rev Psiquiatr Salud Ment. 11(2):101–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olatunji BO, Cisler JM, Deacon BJ. 2010. Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety disorders: a review of meta-analytic findings. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 33:557–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pae C-U. 2015. Why systematic review rather than narrative review?. Psychiatry Investig. 12:417–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quero S, Moles M, Perez-Ara MA, Botella C, Banos RM. 2012. An online emotional regulation system to deliver homework assignments for treating adjustment disorders. Stud Health Technol Inform. 181:273–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rebergen DS, Bruinvels DJ, Bezemer PD, van der Beek AJ, van Mechelen W. 2009. Guideline-based care of common mental disorders by occupational physicians (CO-OP study): a randomized controlled trial. J Occup Environ Med. 51:305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed GM, Correia JM, Esparza P, Saxena S, Maj M. 2011. The WPA-WHO global survey of psychiatrists’ attitudes towards mental disorders classification. World Psychiatry. 10:118–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reschke K. 2011. TAPS Therapieprogramm für Anpassungsstörungen: Ein Programm für kognitiv-behaviorale Intervention bei Anpassungsstörungen und nach kritischen Lebensereignissen. Aachen: Shaker; p. 229. ISBN: 978-3-8440-0217-1.
   Google Scholar
• Richards DA, Ekers D, McMillan D, Taylor RS, Byford S, Warren FC, Barrett B, Farrand PA, Gilbody S, Kuyken W, et al. 2016. Cost and outcome of behavioural activation versus Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Depression (COBRA): a randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 388:871–880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruesch M, Helmes AW, Bengel J. 2015. Immediate help through group therapy for patients with somatic diseases and depressive or adjustment disorders in outpatient care: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 16:287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuyler D. 2004. Cognitive therapy for adjustment disorder in cancer patients. Psychiatry. 1:20–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah LBI, Klainin-Yobas P, Torres S, Kannusamy P. 2014. Efficacy of psychoeducation and relaxation interventions on stress-related variables in people with mental disorders: a literature review. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 28:94–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skruibis P, Eimontas J, Dovydaitiene M, Mazulyte E, Zelviene P, Kazlauskas E. 2016. Internet-based modular program BADI for adjustment disorder: protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 16:264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spiegel D. 2012. Mind matters in cancer survival. Psychooncology. 21:588–593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava M, Talukdar U, Lahan V. 2011. Meditation for the management of adjustment disorder anxiety and depression. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 17:241–245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stenlund T, Ahlgren C, Lindahl B, Burell G, Steinholtz K, Edlund C, Nilsson L, Knutsson A, Birgander LS. 2009. Cognitively oriented behavioral rehabilitation in combination with Qigong for patients on long-term sick leave because of burnout: REST–a randomized clinical trial. Intj Behav Med. 16:294–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strain JJ, Diefenbacher A. 2008. The adjustment disorders: the conundrums of the diagnoses. Compr Psychiatry. 49:121–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundquist J, Lilja A, Palmer K, Memon AA, Wang X, Johansson LM, Sundquist K. 2015. Mindfulness group therapy in primary care patients with depression, anxiety and stress and adjustment disorders: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 206:128–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Klink JJL, Blonk RWB, Schene AH, van DFJH. 2003. Reducing long term sickness absence by an activating intervention in adjustment disorders: a cluster randomised controlled design. Occup Environ Med. 60:429–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Oostrom SH, van Mechelen W, Terluin B, Vet HCW, de Knol DL, Anema JR. 2010. A workplace intervention for sick-listed employees with distress: results of a randomised controlled trial. Occup Environ Med. 67:596–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Straten A, Hill J, Richards DA, Cuijpers P. 2015. Stepped care treatment delivery for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 45:231–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vente W, de Kamphuis JH, Emmelkamp PMG, Blonk RWB. 2008. Individual and group cognitive-behavioral treatment for work-related stress complaints and sickness absence: a randomized controlled trial. J Occup Health Psychol. 13:214–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willert MV, Thulstrup AM, Bonde JP. 2011. Effects of a stress management intervention on absenteeism and return to work–results from a randomized wait-list controlled trial. Scand J Work Environ Health. 37:186–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar