410
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Investigations

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the perinatal period: Its relationship with major depressive disorder and early life adversity

ORCID Icon, , , , , , , & show all
Pages 552-563 | Received 12 Aug 2019, Accepted 05 Mar 2020, Published online: 27 Mar 2020

References

  • Abajobir AA, Maravilla JC, Alati R, Najman JM. 2016. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between unintended pregnancy and perinatal depression. J Affect Disord. 192:56–63.
  • American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association.
  • Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. 1995. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc. 57(1):289–300.
  • Bennett HA, Einarson A, Taddio A, Koren G, Einarson TR. 2004. Prevalence of depression during pregnancy: systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 103(4):698–709.
  • Bernstein D, Fink L. 1998. Childhood trauma questionnaire: A retrospective self-report: Manual. Orlando (FL): Psychological Corporation.
  • Bublitz MH, Stroud LR. 2012. Childhood sexual abuse is associated with cortisol awakening response over pregnancy: preliminary findings. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37(9):1425–1430.
  • Buss C, Entringer S, Wadhwa PD, Adam E, Culhane J, Grobman W, Kim K-Y, Mathew L, Simhan H, Williamson D, et al. 2016a. Maternal childhood trauma and cortisol during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 214(1):S350–S351.
  • Buss C, Stalder T, Entringer S, Moog N, Kirschbaum C, Heim C, Wadhwa P. 2016b. Maternal preconceptual and gestational stress, hair cortisol concentrations during pregnancy and newborn brain integrity. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 71 Suppl:72–73.
  • Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. 1989. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 28(2):193–213.
  • Castro E Couto T, Cardoso MN, Brancaglion MYM, Faria GC, Garcia FD, Nicolato R, Marques de Miranda D, Corrêa H. 2016. Antenatal depression: prevalence and risk factor patterns across the gestational period. J Affect Disord. 192:70–75.
  • Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. 1983. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 24(4):385–396.
  • de Weerth C, Buitelaar JK. 2005. Cortisol awakening response in pregnant women. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 30(9):902–907.
  • Dienes KA, Hazel NA, Hammen CL. 2013. Cortisol secretion in depressed, and at-risk adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38(6):927–940.
  • Doolin K, Farrell C, Tozzi L, Harkin A, Frodl T, O’Keane V. 2017. Diurnal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis measures and inflammatory marker correlates in major depressive disorder. IJMS. 18(10):2226.
  • Evans J, Heron J, Francomb H, Oke S, Golding J. 2001. Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth. BMJ. 323(7307):257–260.
  • Evans LM, Myers MM, Monk C. 2008. Pregnant women’s cortisol is elevated with anxiety and depression—but only when comorbid. Arch Womens Ment Health. 11(3):239–248.
  • Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang A-G. 2019. G*Power, Version 3.1.9.4 [computer program]. Universitat Kiel, Germany.
  • Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Figueiredo B, Schanberg S, Kuhn C. 2007. Sleep disturbances in depressed pregnant women and their newborns. Infant Behav Dev. 30(1):127–133.
  • Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Deeds O, Holder V, Schanberg S, Kuhn C. 2009. Depressed pregnant black women have a greater incidence of prematurity and low birthweight outcomes. Infant Behav Dev. 32(1):10–16.
  • Field T, Diego M, Hernandez-Reif M, Figueiredo B, Deeds O, Ascencio A, Schanberg S, Kuhn C. 2010. Comorbid depression and anxiety effects on pregnancy and neonatal outcome. Infant Behav Dev. 33(1):23–29.
  • Fisher J, Cabral de Mello M, Patel V, Rahman A, Tran T, Holton S, Holmes W. 2012. Prevalence and determinants of common perinatal mental disorders in women in low-and lower-middle-income countries: a systematic review. Bull World Health Organ. 90(2):139–149.
  • Fung J, Gelaye B, Zhong Q-Y, Rondon MB, Sanchez SE, Barrios YV, Hevner K, Qiu C, Williams MA. 2015. Association of decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations in early pregnancy with antepartum depression. BMC Psychiatry. 15(1):43.
  • Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T. 2005. Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence. Obstet Gynecol. 106(5, Part 1):1071–1083.
  • Hamilton M. 1960. A rating scale for depression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 23(1):56–62.
  • Hellgren C, Åkerud H, Skalkidou A, Sundström-Poromaa I. 2013. Cortisol awakening response in late pregnancy in women with previous or ongoing depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38(12):3150–3154.
  • Holsboer F. 2000. The corticosteroid hypothesis of depression. Neuropsychopharmacology. 23(5):477–501.
  • Huber TJ, Issa K, Schik G, Wolf OT. 2006. The cortisol awakening response is blunted in psychotherapy inpatients suffering from depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 31(7):900–904.
  • Jairaj C, Fitzsimons CM, McAuliffe FM, O'Leary N, Joyce N, McCarthy A, Cassidy E, Donnelly J, Tully E, Imcha M, et al. 2019. A population survey of prevalence rates of antenatal depression in the Irish obstetric services using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS). Arch Womens Ment Health. 22(3):349–355.
  • Jung C, Ho JT, Torpy DJ, Rogers A, Doogue M, Lewis JG, Czajko RJ, Inder WJ. 2011. A longitudinal study of plasma and urinary cortisol in pregnancy and postpartum. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 96(5):1533–1540.
  • Kammerer M, Taylor A, Glover V. 2006. The HPA axis and perinatal depression: a hypothesis. Arch Womens Ment Health . 9(4):187–196.
  • Keevil BG. 2016. LC-MS/MS analysis of steroids in the clinical laboratory. Clin Biochem. 49(13-14):989–997.
  • Kessler RC. 2003. Epidemiology of women and depression. J Affect Disord. 74(1):5–13.
  • Khoury JE, Gonzalez A, Levitan RD, Pruessner JC, Chopra K, Basile VS, Masellis M, Goodwill A, Atkinson L. 2015. Summary cortisol reactivity indicators: interrelations and meaning. Neurobiol Stress. 2:34–43.
  • Knorr U, Vinberg M, Kessing LV, Wetterslev J. 2010. Salivary cortisol in depressed patients versus control persons: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 35(9):1275–1286.
  • Lieberman AF, Chu A, Van Horn P, Harris WW. 2011. Trauma in early childhood: empirical evidence and clinical implications. Dev Psychopathol. 23(2):397–410.
  • Lindsay JR, Nieman LK. 2005. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in pregnancy: challenges in disease detection and treatment. Endocr Rev. 26(6):775–799.
  • Lok A, Mocking RJT, Ruhé HG, Visser I, Koeter MWJ, Assies J, Bockting CLH, Olff M, Schene AH. 2012. Longitudinal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis trait and state effects in recurrent depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37(7):892–902.
  • Lopes LML, Francisco RPV, Galletta MAK, Bronstein MD. 2016. Determination of nighttime salivary cortisol during pregnancy: comparison with values in non-pregnancy and Cushing's disease. Pituitary. 19(1):30–38.
  • Lu S, Gao W, Huang M, Li L, Xu Y. 2016. In search of the HPA axis activity in unipolar depression patients with childhood trauma: combined cortisol awakening response and dexamethasone suppression test. J Psychiatr Res. 78:24–30.
  • Mastorakos G, Ilias I. 2006. Maternal hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in pregnancy and the postpartum period. Ann NY Acad Sci. 900(1):95–106.
  • Moog NK, Buss C, Entringer S, Shahbaba B, Gillen DL, Hobel CJ, Wadhwa PD. 2016. Maternal exposure to childhood trauma is associated during pregnancy with placental-fetal stress physiology. Biol. Psychiatry. 79:831–839.
  • Nanni V, Uher R, Danese A. 2012. Childhood maltreatment predicts unfavorable course of illness and treatment outcome in depression: a meta-analysis. AJP. 169(2):141–151.
  • Norman RE, Byambaa M, De R, Butchart A, Scott J, Vos T. 2012. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 9(11):e1001349.
  • Nylen KJ, Williamson JA, O’Hara MW, Watson D, Engeldinger J. 2013. Validity of somatic symptoms as indicators of depression in pregnancy. Arch Womens Ment Health. 16(3):203–210.
  • O’Connor T, Tang W, Gilchrist M, Moynihan JA, Pressman EK, Blackmore ER. 2014. Diurnal cortisol patterns and psychiatric symptoms in pregnancy: short-term longitudinal study. Biol Psychol. 96:35–41.
  • O’Keane V, Lightman S, Marsh M, Pawlby S, Papadopoulos AS, Taylor A, Moore R, Patrick K. 2011. Increased pituitary-adrenal activation and shortened gestation in a sample of depressed pregnant women: a pilot study. J Affect Disord. 130(1–2):300–305.
  • O’Keane V, Lightman S, Patrick K, Marsh M, Papadopoulos AS, Pawlby S, Seneviratne G, Taylor A, Moore R. 2011. Changes in the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis during the early puerperium may be related to the postpartum blues. J Neuroendocrinol. 23:1149–1155.
  • Parcells DA. 2010. Women’s mental health nursing: depression, anxiety and stress during pregnancy. J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs. 17(9):813–820.
  • Parry B, Newton RP. 2001. Chronobiological basis of female-specific mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology. 25(5):S102–S108.
  • Payne JL, Osborne LM, Cox O, Kelly J, Meilman S, Jones I, Grenier W, Clark K, Ross E, McGinn R, et al. 2019. DNA methylation biomarkers prospectively predict both antenatal and postpartum depression. Psychiatry Res. 285:112711.
  • Plotsky P, Owens M, Nemeroff C. 1998. Psychoneuroendocrinology of depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 21(2):293–307.
  • Radloff LS. 1977. The CES-D Scale: a self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Appl Psychol Meas. 1(3):385–401.
  • Rauh M. 2010. Steroid measurement with LC-MS/MS. Application examples in pediatrics. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 121(3–5):520–527.
  • Schreier HMC, Bosquet Enlow M, Ritz T, Coull BA, Gennings C, Wright RO, Wright RJ. 2016. Lifetime exposure to traumatic and other stressful life events and hair cortisol in a multi-racial/ethnic sample of pregnant women. Stress. 19(1):45–52.
  • Schreier HMC, Enlow MB, Ritz T, Gennings C, Wright RJ. 2015. Childhood abuse is associated with increased hair cortisol levels among urban pregnant women. J Epidemiol Community Health. 69(12):1169–1174.
  • Shea AK, Streiner DL, Fleming A, Kamath MV, Broad K, Steiner M. 2007. The effect of depression, anxiety and early life trauma on the cortisol awakening response during pregnancy: preliminary results. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 32(8–10):1013–1020.
  • Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E, Hergueta T, Baker R, Dunbar GC. 1998. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry. 59(22–33):34–57.
  • Stalder T, Kirschbaum C, Kudielka BM, Adam EK, Pruessner JC, Wüst S, Dockray S, Smyth N, Evans P, Hellhammer DH, et al. 2016. Assessment of the cortisol awakening response: expert consensus guidelines. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 63:414–432.
  • Suzuki A, Poon L, Papadopoulos AS, Kumari V, Cleare AJ. 2014. Long term effects of childhood trauma on cortisol stress reactivity in adulthood and relationship to the occurrence of depression. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 50:289–299.
  • Tomfohr LM, Buliga E, Letourneau NL, Campbell TS, Giesbrecht GF. 2015. Trajectories of sleep quality and associations with mood during the perinatal period. Sleep. 38(8):1237–1245.
  • Vreeburg SA, Hoogendijk WJG, van Pelt J, DeRijk RH, Verhagen JCM, van Dyck R, Smit JH, Zitman FG, Penninx BWJH. 2009. Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 66(6):617–626.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.