Spend time outdoors for your brain – an in-depth longitudinal MRI study

References

• Belanger M, Gallant F, Dore I, O'Loughlin JL, Sylvestre MP, Abi Nader P, Larouche R, Gunnell K, Sabiston CM. 2019. Physical activity mediates the relationship between outdoor time and mental health. Prev Med Rep. 16:101006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Besteher B, Gaser C, Spalthoff R, Nenadic I. 2017. Associations between urban upbringing and cortical thickness and gyrification. J Psychiatr Res. 95:114–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyer KMM, Szabo A, Hoormann K, Stolley M. 2018. Time spent outdoors, activity levels, and chronic disease among American adults. J Behav Med. 41(4):494–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodekaer M, Petersen B, Philipsen PA, Heydenreich J, Thieden E, Wulf HC. 2015. Sun exposure patterns of urban, suburban, and rural children: a dosimetry and diary study of 150 children. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 14(7):1282–1289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filevich E, Lisofsky N, Becker M, Butler O, Lochstet M, Martensson J, Wenger E, Lindenberger U, Kuhn S. 2017. Day2day: investigating daily variability of magnetic resonance imaging measures over half a year. BMC Neurosci. 18(1):65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goodkind M, Eickhoff SB, Oathes DJ, Jiang Y, Chang A, Jones-Hagata LB, Ortega BN, Zaiko YV, Roach EL, Korgaonkar MS, et al. 2015. Identification of a common neurobiological substrate for mental illness. JAMA Psychiatry. 72(4):305–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haddad L, Schafer A, Streit F, Lederbogen F, Grimm O, Wust S, Deuschle M, Kirsch P, Tost H, Meyer-Lindenberg A. 2015. Brain structure correlates of urban upbringing, an environmental risk factor for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 41(1):115–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karch JD, Filevich E, Wenger E, Lisofsky N, Becker M, Butler O, Martensson J, Lindenberger U, Brandmaier AM, Kuhn S. 2019. Identifying predictors of within-person variance in MRI-based brain volume estimates. Neuroimage. 200:575–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr J, Marshall S, Godbole S, Neukam S, Crist K, Wasilenko K, Golshan S, Buchner D. 2012. The relationship between outdoor activity and health in older adults using GPS. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 9(12):4615–4625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirchner S, Derbez M, Duboudin C, Elias P, Garrigue J, Gregoire A, Lucas JP, Pasqueir N, Ramaloh O, Weiss N. 2009. Indoor air quality in French dwellings Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre, Belgium. Contributed Report 12.
   Google Scholar
• Klepeis NE, Nelson WC, Ott WR, Robinson JP, Tsang AM, Switzer P, Behar JV, Hern SC, Engelmann WH. 2001. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 11(3):231–252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kondo MC, Oyekanmi KO, Gibson A, South EC, Bocarro J, Hipp JA. 2020. Nature prescriptions for health: a review of evidence and research opportunities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(12):4213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kühn S, Banaschewski T, Bokde ALW, Büchel C, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Gowland P, et al. 2020. Brain structure and habitat: do the brains of our children tell us where they have been brought up? Neuroimage. 222:117225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lammeyer S, Dietsche B, Dannlowski U, Kircher T, Krug A. 2019. Evidence of brain network aberration in healthy subjects with urban upbringing – a multimodal DTI and VBM study. Schizophr Res. 208:133–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederbogen F, Kirsch P, Haddad L, Streit F, Tost H, Schuch P, Wust S, Pruessner JC, Rietschel M, Deuschle M, et al. 2011. City living and urban upbringing affect neural social stress processing in humans. Nature. 474(7352):498–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung DYC. 2015. Outdoor-indoor air pollution in urban environment: challenges and opportunity. Front Environ Sci. 2:1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingham G, Mackey DA, Lucas R, Yazar S. 2020. How does spending time outdoors protect against myopia? A review. Br J Ophthalmol. 104(5):593–599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lövden M, Wenger E, Martensson J, Lindenberger U, Backman L. 2013. Structural brain plasticity in adult learning and development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 37(9 Pt B):2296–2310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhyastha T, Peverill M, Koh N, McCabe C, Flournoy J, Mills K, King K, Pfeifer J, McLaughlin KA. 2018. Current methods and limitations for longitudinal fMRI analysis across development. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 33:118–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansson KNT, Cortes DS, Manzouri A, Li TQ, Hau S, Fischer H. 2020. Viewing pictures triggers rapid morphological enlargement in the human visual cortex. Cereb Cortex. 30(3):851–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matz CJ, Stieb DM, Brion O. 2015. Urban-rural differences in daily time-activity patterns, occupational activity and housing characteristics. Environ Health. 14(1):88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McMahan EA, Estes D. 2015. The effect of contact with natural environments on positive and negative affect: a meta-analysis. J Posit Psychol. 10(6):507–519.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohly H, White MP, Wheeler BW, Bethel A, Ukoumunne OC, Nikolaou V, Garside R. 2016. Attention restoration theory: a systematic review of the attention restoration potential of exposure to natural environments. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 19(7):305–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen CB, Mortensen PB. 2001. Evidence of a dose-response relationship between urbanicity during upbringing and schizophrenia risk. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 58(11):1039–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson JM, Jorgensen A, Cameron R, Brindley P. 2020. Let nature be thy medicine: a socioecological exploration of green prescribing in the UK. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 17(10):3460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson MP, Schilhab T, Bentsen P. 2018. Attention restoration theory II: a systematic review to clarify attention processes affected by exposure to natural environments. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 21(4):227–268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tost H, Braus DF, Hakimi S, Ruf M, Vollmert C, Hohn F, Meyer-Lindenberg A. 2010. Acute D2 receptor blockade induces rapid, reversible remodeling in human cortical-striatal circuits. Nat Neurosci. 13(8):920–922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tost H, Reichert M, Braun U, Reinhard I, Peters R, Lautenbach S, Hoell A, Schwarz E, Ebner-Priemer U, Zipf A, et al. 2019. Neural correlates of individual differences in affective benefit of real-life urban green space exposure. Nat Neurosci. 22(9):1389–1393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. 1988. Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. J Pers Soc Psychol. 54(6):1063–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. 2021. Household (indoor) air pollution. WHO (2014). Available online at: http://wwwwhoint/indoorair/en/ (accessed 2021 April 3).
   Google Scholar
• Yuan P, Raz N. 2014. Prefrontal cortex and executive functions in healthy adults: a meta-analysis of structural neuroimaging studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 42:180–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar