Differentiating brain function of punishment versus reward processing in conduct disorder with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

References

• Alegria AA, Radua J, Rubia K. 2016. Meta-analysis of fMRI studies of disruptive behavior disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 173(11):1119–1130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 2000. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV-TR. 4th, rev. ed. Washington DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. 2013. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-V. 5th ed. Washington DC: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Banaschewski T, Hollis C, Oosterlaan J, Roeyers H, Rubia K, Willcutt E, Taylor E. 2005. Towards an understanding of unique and shared pathways in the psychopathophysiology of ADHD. Dev Sci. 8(2):132–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair RJR. 2016. The neurobiology of impulsive aggression. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 26(1):4–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair RJ, Veroude K, Buitelaar J. 2018. Neuro-cognitive system dysfunction and symptom sets: a review of fMRI studies in youth with conduct problems. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 91:69–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen J. 1988. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale (NJ): Lawrance Eribaum Association.
   Google Scholar
• Connor DF, Doerfler LA. 2008. ADHD with comorbid oppositional defiant disorder or conduct disorder: discrete or nondistinct disruptive behavior disorders? J Atten Disord. 12(2):126–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado MR, Nystrom LE, Fissell C, Noll DC, Fiez JA. 2000. Tracking the hemodynamic responses to reward and punishment in the striatum. J Neurophysiol. 84(6):3072–3077.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desikan RS, Ségonne F, Fischl B, Quinn BT, Dickerson BC, Blacker D, Buckner RL, Dale AM, Maguire RP, Hyman BT, Albert MS, Killiany RJ. 2006. An automated labeling system for subdividing the human cerebral cortex on MRI scans into gyral based regions of interest. Neuroimage. 31(3):968–980.
   Google Scholar
• Eklund A, Nichols TE, Knutsson H. 2016. Cluster failure: why fMRI inferences for spatial extent have inflated false-positive rates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113(28):7900–7905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernst M, Paulus MP. 2005. Neurobiology of decision making: a selective review from a neurocognitive and clinical perspective. Biol Psychiatry. 58 (8):597–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essau CA, Sasagawa S, Frick PJ. 2006. Psychometric properties of the Alabama parenting questionnaire. J Child Fam Stud. 15(5):595–614.
   Google Scholar
• Fairchild G, Hagan CC, Passamonti L, Walsh ND, Goodyer IM, Calder AJ. 2014. Atypical neural responses during face processing in female adolescents with conduct disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 53(6):677–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairchild G, Hawes DJ, Frick PJ, Copeland WE, Odgers CL, Franke B, Freitag CM, De Brito SA. 2019. Conduct disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 5(1):1–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fairchild G, van Goozen SHM, Calder AJ, Goodyer IM. 2013. Research review: evaluating and reformulating the developmental taxonomic theory of antisocial behaviour. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 54(9):924–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Field A. 2009. Discovering statistics using SPSS. Book plus code for E version of text. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications Limited.
   Google Scholar
• Finger EC, Marsh AA, Blair KS, Reid ME, Sims C, Ng P, Pine DS, Blair RJR. 2011. Disrupted reinforcement signaling in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate in youths with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder and a high level of psychopathic traits. Am J Psychiatry. 168(2):152–162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finger EC, Marsh AA, Mitchell DG, Reid ME, Sims C, Budhani S, Kosson DS, Chen G, Towbin KE, Leibenluft E, et al. 2008. Abnormal ventromedial prefrontal cortex function in children with psychopathic traits during reversal learning. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 65(5):586–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvan A, Hare TA, Parra CE, Penn J, Voss H, Glover G, Casey BJ. 2006. Earlier development of the accumbens relative to orbitofrontal cortex might underlie risk-taking behavior in adolescents. J Neurosci. 26(25):6885–6892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grady CL, Rieck JR, Nichol D, Rodrigue KM, Kennedy KM. 2021. Influence of sample size and analytic approach on stability and interpretation of brain-behavior correlations in task-related fMRI data. Hum Brain Mapp. 42(1):204–219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossberg S, Gutowski WE. 1987. Neural dynamics of decision making under risk: affective balance and cognitive-emotional interactions. Psychol Rev. 94(3):300–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufman J, Birmaher B, Brent D, Rao U, Flynn C, Moreci P, Williamson D, Ryan N. 1997. Schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime version (K-SADS-PL): initial reliability and validity data. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 36(7):980–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim H, Shimojo S, O’Doherty JP. 2006. Is avoiding an aversive outcome rewarding? Neural substrates of avoidance learning in the human brain. PLoS Biol. 4(8):e233–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knutson B, Wimmer GE. 2007. Splitting the difference: How does the brain code reward episodes? Ann NY Acad Sci. 1104(1):54–69.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murray J, Farrington DP. 2010. Risk factors for conduct disorder and delinquency: key findings from longitudinal studies. Can J Psychiatry. 55(10):633–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plichta MM, Scheres A. 2014. Ventral-striatal responsiveness during reward anticipation in ADHD and its relation to trait impulsivity in the healthy population: a meta-analytic review of the fMRI literature. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 38:125–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanczyk G. v, Salum GA, Sugaya LS, Caye A, Rohde LA. 2015. Annual research review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 56(3):345–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pringsheim T, Hirsch L, Gardner D, Gorman DA. 2015. The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and aggression in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 2: antipsychotics and traditional mood stabilizers. Can J Psychiatry. 60(2):52–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puiu AA, Wudarczyk O, Goerlich KS, Votinov M, Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Turetsky B, Konrad K. 2018. Impulsive aggression and response inhibition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and disruptive behavioral disorders: findings from a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 90:231–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia K. 2011. “Cool” inferior frontostriatal dysfunction in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder versus “hot” ventromedial orbitofrontal-limbic dysfunction in conduct disorder: a review”. Biol Psychiatry. 69(12):e69–e87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia K. 2018. Cognitive neuroscience of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and its clinical translation. Front Hum Neurosci. 12(March):100–123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubia K, Halari R, Cubillo A, Mohammad AM, Brammer M, Taylor E. 2009. Methylphenidate normalises activation and functional connectivity deficits in attention and motivation networks in medication-naïve children with ADHD during a rewarded continuous performance task. Neuropharmacology. 57(7–8):640–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia K, Halari R, Cubillo A, Mohammad AM, Scott S, Brammer M. 2010. Disorder-specific inferior prefrontal hypofunction in boys with pure attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with pure conduct disorder during cognitive flexibility. Hum Brain Mapp. 31(12):1823–1833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubia K, Smith AB, Halari R, Matsukura F, Mohammad M, Taylor E, Brammer MJ. 2009. Disorder-specific dissociation of orbitofrontal dysfunction in boys with pure conduct disorder during reward and ventrolateral prefrontal dysfunction in boys with pure ADHD during sustained attention. Am J Psychiatry. 166(1):83–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schachar R, Tannock R. 1995. Test of four hypotheses for the comorbidity of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 34(5):639–648.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scholl J, Klein-Flügge M. 2018. Understanding psychiatric disorder by capturing ecologically relevant features of learning and decision-making. Behav Brain Res. 355:56–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solanto M. v. 1998. Neuropsychopharmacological mechanisms of stimulant drug action in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a review and integration. Behav Brain Res. 94(1):127–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonuga-Barke EJS, Cortese S, Fairchild G, Stringaris A. 2016. Annual research review: Transdiagnostic neuroscience of child and adolescent mental disorders - differentiating decision making in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, depression, and anxiety. J Child Psychol Psychiatr. 57(3):321–349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The MathWorks Inc. 2014. MATLAB 2014a.
   Google Scholar
• Turgay A. 2004. Aggression and disruptive behavior disorders in children and adolescents. Expert Rev Neurother. 4(4):623–632.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wechsler D. 2011. Wechsler intelligence scale for children – Fourth Edition. New York: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. 2012. Wechsler adult intelligence scale – Fourth Edition. New York: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• White SF, Fowler K. a, Sinclair S, Schechter JC, Majestic CM, Pine DS, Blair RJ. 2014. Disrupted expected value signaling in youth with disruptive behavior disorders to environmental reinforcers. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 53(5):579–588.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White SF, Pope K, Sinclair S, Fowler KA, Brislin SJ, Williams WC, Pine DS, Blair RJR. 2013. Disrupted expected value and prediction error signaling in youths with disruptive behavior disorders during a passive avoidance task. Am J Psychiatry. 170(3):315–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 1992. The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical descriptions and diagnostic guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.
   Google Scholar