References
- Alexander AJ. 1959. Courtship and mating in the Buthid scorpions. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 133: 145–169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1959.tb05557.x.
- Benton TG. 1991. Reproduction and parental care in the scorpion Euscorpius flavicaudis. Behaviour 117: 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853991X00102.
- Benton TG. 1992. Determinants of male mating success in a scorpion. Animal Behaviour 43: 125–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-3472(05)80078-8.
- Booncham U, Sitthicharoenchai D, Pradatsundarasar A, Prasarnpun S, Thirakhupt K. 2007. Sexual dimorphism in the ian giant forest scorpion, Heterometrus laoticus Couzijn. NU Science Journal 4: 42–52.
- Bradley R. 1988. The behavioural ecology of scorpions a review. (p 23–36). In: Australian Arachnology. Proceedings of a Symposium on Australian Arachnology organised by the Australian Entomological Society as part of its 17th Scientific Conference and Annual General Meeting, Adelaide, 1986. Austin AD, Heather NW (Eds). The Australian Entomological Society Miscellaneous Publication no. 5. Brisbane, Watson, Ferguson & Co.
- Brownell PH, Gaffin DD. 2001. Chemosensory behavior and physiology. (p 184–203). In: Scorpion biology and research. Brownell P, Polis GA (Eds). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Carlson BE, McGinley S, Rowe MP. 2014. Meek males and fighting females: Sexually-dimorphic antipredator behavior and locomotor performance is explained by morphology in Bark Scorpions (Centruroides vittatus). PLoS ONE 9(5): e97648. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097648.
- Carrera PC, Mattoni CI, Peretti AV. 2009. Chelicerae as male grasping organs in scorpions: sexual dimorphism and associated behaviour. Zoology (Jena, Germany) 112: 332–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2009.01.002.
- Clutton-Brock TH. 1989. Review Lecture: Mammalian mating systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 236: 339–372. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1989.0027.
- Cooper JE. 2011. Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Euthanasia of Invertebrates. ILAR Journal 52: 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/ilar.52.2.196.
- Dunn PO, Whittingham LA, Pitcher TE. 2001. Mating systems, sperm competition, and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in birds. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution 55: 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb01281.x.
- Eastwood EB. 1977. Notes on the scorpion fauna of the Cape. Part 2. The Parabuthus capensis (Ehrenberg) species-group; remarks on taxonomy and bionomics (Arachnida, Scorpionida, Buthidae). Annals of the South African Museum 73: 199–214.
- Eastwood EB. 1978. Notes on the scorpion fauna of the Cape, Part 4. The burrowing activities of some scorpionids and, buthids (Arachnida, Scorpionida). Annals of the South African Museum 74: 249–255.
- Emlen ST, Oring LW. 1977. Ecology, sexual selection and the evolution of mating systems. Science 197: 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.327542.
- Fet V, Lowe G. 2000. Buthidae. (pp 54–286). In: Catalog of the Scorpions of the World (1758–1998). Fet V, Sissom WD, Lowe G, Braunwalder ME (Eds). New York: New York Entomological Society.
- Fox GA, Cooper AM, Hayes WK. 2015. The dilemma of choosing a reference character for measuring sexual size dimorphism, sexual body component dimorphism, and character scaling: Cryptic dimorphism and allometry in the Scorpion Hadrurus arizonensis. PLoS ONE 10: e0120392. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120392.
- Francke OF. 1979. Observations on the reproductive biology and life history of Megacormus gertschi Diaz (Scorpiones: Chactidae; Megacorminae). The Journal of Arachnology 7: 223–230.
- Gaffin DD, Brownell PH. 1992. Evidence of chemical signaling in the sand scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis (Scorpionida: Vaejovida). Ethology 91: 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00850.x.
- González-Gómez JC, Valenzuela-Rojas JC, García LF, Pérez LMF, Guevara G, Buitrago S, Cubillos A, Van der Meijden A. 2020. Sexual dimorphism in the biomechanical and toxicological performance in prey incapacitation of two morphologically distinct scorpion species (Chactas sp. and Centruroides sp.). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London 129: 190–198.
- Harington A. 1984. Character variation in the scorpion Parabuthus villosus (Peters) (Scorpiones, Buthidae): a case of intermediate zones. The Journal of Arachnology 11: 393–406.
- Husak JF, Fox SF. 2008. Sexual selection on locomotor performance. Evolutionary Ecology Research 10: 213–228.
- Jiao GB, Zhu MS. 2009. Courtship and mating in Heterometrus petersii (Thorell, 1876) (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae). Euscorpius 2009(84): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2009.vol2009.iss84.1.
- Kaltsas D, Mylonas M. 2010. Locomotory activity and orientation of Mesobuthus gibbosus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in central Aegean Archipelago. Journal of Natural History 44: 1445–1459. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931003632732.
- Karatas A, Karatus A. 2001. First record of Mesobuthus eupeus (CL Koch, 1839) from central Anatolia (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Scorpions in Memory of Gray A. British Arachnological Society 2001: 297–299.
- Karatas A, Karatus A. 2003. Mesobuthus eupeus (C.L.Koch, 1839) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) in Turkey. Euscorpius 7: 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2003.vol2003.iss7.1.
- Koch LE. 1977. The taxonomy, geographic distribution and evolutionary radiation of Australo Papuan scorpions. Records of the Western Australian Museum 5: 83–367.
- Lamoral BH. 1979. The scorpions of Namibia (Arachnida: Scorpionida). Annals of the Natal Museum 23: 497–784.
- Leeming J. 2019. Scorpions of southern Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.
- Lourenço WR, Andrzejewski V, Cloudsley-Thompson JL. 2003. The life history of Chactas reticulatus Kraepelin, 1912 (Scorpiones, Chactidae), with a comparative analysis of the reproductive traits of three scorpion lineages in relation to habitat. Zoologischer Anzeiger 242: 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1078/0044-5231-00087.
- Mattoni CI. 2005. Tergal and sexual anomalies in Bothriurid scorpions (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae). The Journal of Arachnology 33: 622–628. https://doi.org/10.1636/04-125.1.
- Maury EA. 1975. La estructura del espermatóforo en el género Brachistosternus (Scorpiones, Bothriuridae). Physics 34: 179–182.
- Melville JM. 2000. The pectines of scorpions: analysis of structure and function. PhD thesis, Oregon State University, United States.
- Melville JM, Tallarovic SK, Brownell PH. 2003. Evidence of mate trailing in the giant hairy desert scorpion, Hadrurus arizonensis (Scorpionida, Iuridae). Journal of Insect Behavior 16: 97–115. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022853413104.
- Miller AL, Formanowicz DR. 2011. Friend or foe: behavioral responses to conspecifics in the northern scorpion, Paruroctonus boreus (Scorpionida: Vaejovidae). Journal of Ethology 29: 251–256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10164-010-0250-0.
- Newlands G. 1974. Transvaal scorpions. Fauna and Flora 25: 3–7.
- Newlands G. 1978a. Review of southern African scorpions and scorpionism. South African Medical Journal 54: 613–615.
- Newlands G. 1978b. Arachnida (except Acari). (p 677–684). In: Biogeography and ecology of southern Africa Vol. 2. Werger MJA (Ed.). The Hague: Junk. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9951-0_17.
- Newlands G, Martindale CB. 1980. The, buthid scorpion fauna of Zimbabwe-Rhodesia with checklists and keys to the genera and species, distribution and medical importance (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Zeitschrift für Angewandte Zoologie 67: 51–77.
- Olivero PA, Mattoni CI, Peretti AV. 2017. Differences in mating behaviour between two allopatric populations of a Neotropical scorpion. Zoology (Jena, Germany) 123: 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2017.06.009.
- Outeda-Jorge S, Mello T, Pinto-Da-Rocha R. 2009. Litter size, effects of maternal body size, and date of birth in South American scorpions (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Zoologia (Curitiba) 26: 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-46702009000100008.
- Ozkan O, Adiguzel S, Kar S. 2006. Parametric values of Androctonus crassicauda (Oliver, 1807) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) from Turkey. Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins, Including Tropical Diseases 12: 549–559. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-91992006000400003.
- Peretti AV, Battán-Horenstein M. 2003. Comparative analysis of the male reproductive system in Bothriuridae scorpions: Structures associated with the paraxial organs and the presence of sperm packages (Chelicerata, Scorpiones). Zoologischer Anzeiger 242: 21–31. https://doi.org/10.1078/0044-5231-00085.
- Peretti AV, Depiante ML, Battan-Horenstein M. 2001. Patterns of allometry and asymmetry of body characters and spermatophores in Bothriurus bonariensis (C. L. Koch, 1842) (Scorpiones: Bothriuridae). (pp 331–341). In: Scorpions 2001: in memoriam. Gary A. Polis. Fet V, Selden PA, Dalingwater JE (Eds). Burnham Beeches, Bucks: British Arachnological Society.
- Pocock RI. 1889. Notes on some Buthidae, new and old. Annals & Magazine of Natural History 3: 334–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222938909460342.
- Polis GA. 1990. Ecology. (p 247–293). In: The Biology of Scorpions. Polis GA (Ed.). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Polis GA, Farley RD. 1979. Behavior and ecology of mating in the cannibalistic scorpion, Paruroctonus mesaensis Stahnke (Scorpionida: Vaejovidae). The Journal of Arachnology 7: 33–46.
- Polis GA, Myers C, Quinlan M. 1986. Burrowing biology and spatial distribution of desert scorpions. Journal of Arid Environments 10: 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(18)31254-0.
- Polis GA, Sissom WD. 1990. Life history. (pp 161–223). In: Polis GA (Ed.), The biology of scorpions. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
- Pordeus LM, Lira AFA, Albuquerque CMR. 2019. Male courtship behavior is triggered by female chemical cues in the scorpion Tityus pusillus (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 97: 1122–1125. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2019-0020.
- Prendini L. 2000a. Chelicerata (Scorpiones). Cimbebasia Memoir 9: 109–120.
- Prendini L. 2000b. Phylogeny of Parabuthus (Scorpiones, Buthidae). Zoologica Scripta 30: 13–35. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1463-6409.2001.00056.x.
- Prendini L. 2001. Substratum specialisation and speciation in southern African scorpions: the Effect Hypothesis revisited. (pp 113–138). In: Scorpions 2001: In memoriam Gary A. Polis. Fet V, Selden PA (Eds). Cape Town: Percy FitzPatrick Institute.
- Prendini L. 2004. The systematics of southern African Parabuthus Pocock (scorpiones, buthidae): Revisions to the taxonomy and key to the species. The Journal of Arachnology 32: 109–187. https://doi.org/10.1636/H03-17.
- Prendini L. 2005. Scorpion diversity and distribution in southern Africa: pattern and process. In: African Biodiversity. Boston: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24320-8_2.
- Prendini L, Volschenk ES, Maaliki S, Gromov AV. 2006. A ‘living fossil’ from Central Asia: The morphology of Pseudochactas ovchinnikovi Gromov, 1998 (Scorpiones: Pseudochactidae), with comments on its phylogenetic position. Zoologischer Anzeiger 245: 211–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2006.07.001.
- Ralls K. 1977. Sexual dimorphism in mammals: Avian models and unanswered questions. American Naturalist 111: 917–938. https://doi.org/10.1086/283223.
- Sánchez-Quirós C, Arévalo E, Barrantes G. 2012. Static allometry and sexual size dimorphism in Centruroides margaritatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae). The Journal of Arachnology 40: 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1636/B12-14.1.
- Sentenská L, Graber F, Richard M, Kropf C. 2017. Sexual dimorphism in venom gland morphology in a sexually stinging scorpion. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London 122: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blx067.
- Shulov A, Amitai P. 1958. On mating habits of three scorpions: Leiurus quinquestriatus H. et F., Buthotus judaicus E. Sim. and Nebo hierichonticus E. Sim. Archives de l’Institut Pasteur d’Algérie Institut Pasteur d’Algérie 1958: 351–69.
- Sissom WD. 1990. Redescription of the scorpion Centruroides thorelli Kraepelin (Buthidae) and description of two new species. The Journal of Arachnology 23: 91–99.
- Steinmetz SB, Bost KC, Gaffin DD. 2004. Response of male Centruroides vittatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) to aerial and substrate-borne chemical signals. Euscorpius 2004(12): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2004.vol2004.iss12.1.
- Tallarovic SK, Melville JM, Brownell PH. 2000. Courtship and mating in the giant hairy desert scorpion, Hadrurus arizonensis (Scorpionida, Iuridae). Journal of Insect Behavior 13: 827–838. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007858400402.
- Taylor MS, Cosper CR, Gaffin DD. 2012. Behavioral evidence of pheromonal signaling in desert grassland scorpions Paruroctonus utahensis. The Journal of Arachnology 40: 240–244. https://doi.org/10.1636/Hi11-75.1.
- Toscano-Gadea CA. 2010. Sexual behavior of Bothriurus buecherli (Scorpiones: Bothriuridae) and comparison with the B. prospicuus group. The Journal of Arachnology 38: 360–363. https://doi.org/10.1636/Hi09-31.1.
- Trabalon M, Bagnères AG. 2010. Contact recognition pheromones in spiders and scorpions. (pp 344–374). In: Insect hydrocarbons: biology, biochemistry, and chemical ecology. Blomquist GJ, Bagnères AG (Eds). New York: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511711909.017.
- Van der Meijden A, Kleinteich T, Coelho P. 2012. Packing a pinch: functional implications of chela shapes in scorpions using finite element analysis. Journal of Anatomy 220: 423–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01485.x.
- Van der Meijden A, Coelho PL, Sousa P, Herrel A. 2013. Choose your weapon: defensive behavior is associated with morphology and performance in scorpions. PLoS ONE 8(11): e78955. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078955.
- Van der Meijden A, Koch B, Van der Valk T, Vargas-Muñoz LJ, Estrada-Gómez S. 2017. Target-specificity in scorpions: Comparing lethality of scorpion venoms across arthropods and vertebrates. Toxins 9: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9100312.
- Vrech DE, Olivero PA, Mattoni CI, Peretti AV. 2014. Testes mass, but not sperm length, increases with higher levels of polyandry in an ancient sex model. PloS ONE 9: e94135. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094135.