117
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Preserving plant diversity on extensive green roofs – theory to practice

&
Pages 103-111 | Received 10 Oct 2014, Accepted 23 Mar 2015, Published online: 12 Sep 2016

References

  • Adler PB, HilleRisLambers J, Levine JM. 2007. A niche for neutrality. Ecol Lett. 10:95–104.
  • Alonso D, Etienne RS, McKane AJ. 2006. The merits of neutral theory. Trends Ecol Evol. 21:451–457.
  • Anderson M, Lambrinos J, Schroll E. 2010. The potential value of mosses for stormwater management in urban environments. Urban Ecosyst. 13(3):319–332.
  • Angert AL, Horst JL, Huxman TE, Lawrence Venable D. 2010. Phenotypic plasticity and precipitation response in Sonoran Desert winter annuals. Am J Bot. 97:405–411.
  • Bartelheimer M, Gowing D, Silvertown J. 2010. Explaining hydrological niches: the decisive role of below-ground competition in two closely related Senecio species. J Ecol. 98:126–136.
  • Bell G. 2001. Neutral macroecology. Science. 293:2413–2418.
  • Brenneisen S. 2006. Space for urban wildlife: designing green roofs as habitats in Switzerland. Urban Habitats. 4:27–36.
  • Butler C, Butler E, Orians CM. 2012. Native plant enthusiasm reaches new heights: perceptions, evidence, and the future of green roofs. Urban For Urban Greening. 11:1–10.
  • Butler C, Orians CM. 2011. Sedum cools soil and can improve neighboring plant performance during water deficit on a green roof. Ecol Eng. 37:1796–1803.
  • Caneva G, Kumbaric A, Savo V, Casalini R. 2013. Ecological approach in selecting extensive green roof plants: a data-set of Mediterranean plants. Plant Biosyst. 149(2):374–383.
  • Carlisle S, Piana M. 2013. Growing resilience: long term plant dynamics and green roof performance. Paper presented at: Cities Alive - 11th Annual green roof and wall conference; San Francisco, USA.
  • Chase JM. 2007. Drought mediates the importance of stochastic community assembly. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 104:17430–17434.
  • Chave J. 2004. Neutral theory and community ecology. Ecol Lett. 7:241–253.
  • Chen C. 2013. Performance evaluation and development strategies for green roofs in Taiwan: a review. Ecol Eng. 52:51–58.
  • Chesson P. 2000. Mechanisms of maintenance of species diversity. Annu Rev Ecol Syst. 31:343–366.
  • Chesson P, Gebauer RLE, Schwinning S, Huntly N, Wiegand K, Ernest MSK, Sher A, Novoplansky A, Weltzin JF. 2004. Resource pulses, species interactions, and diversity maintenance in arid and semi-arid environments. Oecologia. 141:236–253.
  • Cook-Patton SC, Bauerle TL. 2012. Potential benefits of plant diversity on vegetated roofs: a literature review. J Environ Manag. 106:85–92.
  • Day KJ, Hutchings MJ, John EA. 2003. The effects of spatial pattern of nutrient supply on yield, structure and mortality in plant populations. J Ecol. 91:541–553.
  • Dunnett N, Nagase A, Hallam A. 2008. The dynamics of planted and colonising species on a green roof over six growing seasons 2001–2006: influence of substrate depth. Urban Ecosyst. 11:373–384.
  • Dvorak B, Volder A. 2010. Green roof vegetation for North American ecoregions: a literature review. Landscape Urban Plann. 96:197–213.
  • Ewel JJ, Putz FE. 2004. A place for alien species in ecosystem restoration. Front Ecol Environ. 2(7):354–360.
  • Fargione J, Brown CS, Tilman D. 2003. Community assembly and invasion: an experimental test of neutral versus niche processes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U.S.A. 100:8916–8920.
  • Fargione J, Tilman D. 2005. Niche differences in phenology and rooting depth promote coexistence with a dominant C4bunchgrass. Oecologia. 143:598–606.
  • Farrell C, Szota C, Williams NGS, Arndt SK. 2013. High water users can be drought tolerant: using physiological traits for green roof plant selection. Plant Soil. 372:177–193.
  • Gordon DR. 1998. Effects of invasive, non-indigenous plant species on ecosystem processes: lessons from Florida. Ecol Appl. 8(4):975–989.
  • Greenlee JT, Callaway RM. 1996. Abiotic stress and the relative importance of interference and facilitation in montane bunchgrass communities in western Montana. Am Nat. 148:386–396.
  • Grubb PJ. 1977. The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biol Rev. 52:107–145.
  • Heim A, Lundholm J. 2014a. Species interactions in green roof vegetation suggest complementary planting mixtures. Landscape Urban Plann. 130:125–133.
  • Heim A, Lundholm J. 2014b. The effects of substrate depth heterogeneity on plant species coexistence on an extensive green roof. Ecol Eng. 68:184–188.
  • Heim A, Lundholm J, Philip L. 2014. The impact of mosses on the growth of neighbouring vascular plants, substrate temperature and evapotranspiration on an extensive green roof. Urban Ecosyst. 11:1–15.
  • Holt G, Chesson P. 2014. Variation in moisture duration as a driver of coexistence by the storage effect in desert annual plants. Theor Popul Biol. 92:36–50.
  • Hubbell SP. 2001. The unified neutral theory of biodiversity and biogeography. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
  • Hubbell SP. 2005. Neutral theory in community ecology and the hypothesis of functional equivalence. Functional Ecol. 19:166–172.
  • Hubbell SP. 2006. Neutral theory and the evolution of ecological equivalence. Ecology. 87:1387–1398.
  • Hutchinson GE. 1957. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symposia Quantitative Biol. 22:415–427.
  • Isbell F, Calcagno V, Hector A, Connolly J, Harpole WS, Reich PB, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schmid B, Tilman D, van Ruijven J, et al. 2011. High plant diversity is needed to maintain ecosystem services. Nature. 477:199–202.
  • Kadmon R, Allouche O. 2007. Integrating the effects of area, isolation, and habitat heterogenety on species diversity: a unification of island biogeography and niche theory. Am Nat. 170:443–454.
  • Köhler M. 2006. Long-term vegetation research on two extensive green roofs in Berlin. Urban Habitats. 4:3–25.
  • Landolt E. 2001. Orchideen-wiesen in wollishofen (Zürich): ein erstaunliches Relikt aus dem Anfang des 20 [Orchid meadows in Wollishofen (Zurich): an amazing relic from the early 20s]. Jahrhunderts Vierteljahresschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zürich. 146:41–51.
  • Lavorel S, de Bello F, Grigulis K, Lepš J, Garnier E, Castro H, Dolezal J, Godolets C, Quétier F, Thébault A. 2011. Response of herbaceous vegetation functional diversity to land use change across five sites in Europe and Israel. Isr J Ecol Evol. 57(1–2):53–72.
  • Lee KE, Williams KJH, Farrell C, Williams NS, Sargent LD. 2014. Living roof preference is influenced by plant characteristics and diversity. Landscape Urban Plann. 122:152–159.
  • Leibold MA, McPeek MA. 2006. Coexistence of the niche and neutral perspectives in community ecology. Ecology. 87:1399–1410.
  • Levine JM, HilleRisLambers J. 2009. The importance of niches for the maintenance of species diversity. Nat Lett. 461:254–257.
  • Luck GW, Daily GC, Ehrlich PR. 2003. Population diversity and ecosystem services. Trends Ecol Evol. 18(7):331–336.
  • Lundholm JT. 2006. Green roofs and facades: a habitat template approach. Urban Habitats. 4:87–101.
  • Lundholm JT. 2009. Plant species diversity and environmental heterogeneity: spatial scale and competing hypotheses. J Vegetation Sci. 20:377–391.
  • Lundholm J, Heim A, Tran S, Smith T. 2014. Leaf and life history traits predict plant growth in a green roof ecosystem. PLoS ONE. 9:1–9.
  • Lundholm J, MacIvor JS, MacDougall Z, Ranalli M. 2010. Plant species and functional group combinations affect green roof ecosystem functions. PLoS ONE. 5:1–11.
  • MacArthur R, Levins R. 1967. The limiting similarity, convergence, and divergence of coexisting species. Am Nat. 101:377–385.
  • MacIvor JS, Lundholm JT. 2011. Performance evaluation of native plants suited to extensive green roof conditions in a maritime climate. Ecol Eng. 37(3):407–417.
  • MacIvor JS, Margolis L, Puncher CL, Carver-Mathews BJ. 2013. Decoupling factors affecting plant diversity and cover on extensive green roofs. J Environ Manag. 130:297–305.
  • MacIvor JS, Ranalli MA, Lundholm JT. 2011. Performance of dryland and wetland plant species on extensive green roofs. Ann Bot. 107:671–679.
  • Madre F, Vergnes A, Machon N, Clergeau P. 2014. Green roofs as habitats for wild plant species in urban landscapes: first insights from a large-scale sampling. Landscape Urban Plann. 122:100–107.
  • Maire V, Gross N, Börger L, Proulx R, Wirth C, Pontes LS, Soussana J, Louault F. 2012. Habitat filtering and niche differentiation jointly explain species relative abundance within grassland communities along fertility and disturbance gradients. New Phytologist. 196:497–509.
  • Mamolos AP. 2006. Temporal differentiation in maximum biomass and nutrient accumulation rates in two coexisting annual plant species. J Arid Environ. 64:377–389.
  • Mathias A, Chesson P. 2013. Coexistence and evolutionary dynamics mediated by seasonal environmental variation in annual plant communities. Theor Popul Biol. 84:56–71.
  • May RM. 1973. Stability in randomly fluctuating versus deterministic environments. Am Nat. 107:621–650.
  • McGill BJ, Maurer BA, Weiser D. 2006. Empirical evaluation of neutral theory. Ecology. 87(6):1411–1423.
  • Molineux CJ, Connop SP, Gange AC. 2014. Manipulating soil microbial communities in extensive green roof substrates. Sci Total Environ. 493:632–638.
  • Mutshinda CM, O'Hara, RB. 2011. Integrating the niche and neutral perspectives on community structure and dynamics. Oecologia. 166:241–251.
  • Nagase A, Dunnett N. 2010. Drought tolerance in different vegetation types for extensive green roofs: effects of watering and diversity. Landscape Urban Plann. 97:318–327.
  • Oberndorfer E, Lundholm J, Bass B, Coffman RR, Doshi H, Dunnett N, Gaffin S, Köhler M, Liu KKY, Rowe B. 2007. Green roofs as urban ecosystems: ecological structures, functions, and services. BioScience. 57:823–833.
  • Oelmann Y, Richter AK, Roscher C, Rosenkranz S, Temperton VM, Weisser WW, Wilcke W. 2011. Does plant diversity influence phosphorus cycling in experimental grasslands? Geoderma. 167–168:178–187.
  • Olly LM, Bates AJ, Sadler JP, Mackay R. 2011. An initial experimental assessment of the influence of substrate depth on floral assemblage for extensive green roofs. Urban For Urban Greening. 10:311–316.
  • Pauw A. 2013. Can pollination niches facilitate plant coexistence? Trends Ecol Evol. 28:30–37.
  • Pierce S, Luzzaro A, Caccianiga M, Ceriani RM, Cerabolini B. 2007. Disturbance is the principal α‐scale filter determining niche differentiation, coexistence and biodiversity in an alpine community. J Ecol. 95:698–706
  • Price JN, Gazol A, Tamme R, Hiiesalu I, Partel M. 2014. The functional assembly of experimental grasslands in relation to fertility and resource heterogeneity. Functional Ecol. 28:509–519.
  • Rowe DB, Getter KL, Durhman AK. 2012. Effect of green roof media depth on Crassulacean plant succession over seven years. Landscape Urban Plann. 104:310–319.
  • Schindler BY, Blank L, Levy S, Kadas G, Pearlmutter D, Blaustien L. 2016. Integration of photovoltaic panels and green roofs: review and predictions of effects on electricity production and plant community. Isr J Ecol Evol. 62(1–2):68–73.
  • Shmida A, Wilson MV. 1985. Biological determinants of species diversity. J Biogeography. 12:1–20.
  • Silvertown J. 2004. Plant coexistence and the niche. Trends Ecol Evol. 19:605–611.
  • Thuring CE, Dunnett N. 2014. Vegetation composition of old extensive green roofs (from 1980s Germany). Ecol Processes. 3(1):1–11.
  • Tilman D. 1982. Resource competition and community structure. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press.
  • Tilman D, Pacala S. 1993. The maintenance of species diversity in ecological communities: historical and geographical perspectives. Chicago (IL): University of Chicago press. Chapter 2, The maintenance of species richness in plant communities;p. 13–25.
  • Turner R, Alcorn S, Olin G, Booth J. 1966. The influence of shade, soil, and water on saguaro seedling establishment. Bot Gaz. 127:95–102.
  • Van Mechelen C, Dutoit T, Hermy M. 2014. Mediterranean open habitat vegetation offers great potential for extensive green roof design. Landscape Urban Plann. 121:81–91.
  • Van Mechelen C, Dutoit T, Kattge J, Hermy M. 2014. Plant trait analysis delivers an extensive list of potential green roof species for Mediterranean France. Ecol Eng. 67:48–59.
  • Williams NS, Rayner JP, Raynor KJ. 2010. Green roofs for a wide brown land: opportunities and barriers for rooftop greening in Australia. Urban For Urban Green. 9:245–251.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.